عدد الوحش

عدد الوحش أو رقم الوحش فكرة مذكورة في سفر رؤيا يوحنا في العهد الجديد من الكتاب المقدس المسيحي. الرقم هو 666 في معظم المخطوطات والترجمات الحديثة والطبعات النقدية للنص اليوناني، لكن هناك بعض الشكوك حول القراءة الأصلية للنص حيث أظهرت الدراسات الحديثة أن أقدم مخطوطة معروفة لسفر الرؤيا والتي تعود للقرن الثالث استخدمت الرقم 616. وفي مخطوطة من القرن الحادي عشر الرقم 665. والموضوع محل خلاف بين عدد من جماعات وعلماء الكنيسة. [1] يؤكد بعض العلماء أن الرقم 666 رمز للإمبراطور الروماني نيرو،[2][3]، ويقول آخرون إن الرقم 616 رمز للإمبراطور الروماني كاليجولا.[4]

العهد الجديد

666

يذكر رقم الوحش في رؤيا يوحنا 13: 18. النص اليوناني الأصلي:

ωδέ η σοφία εστίν; ο έχων νουν ψηφισάτω τον αριθμόν του θηρίου; αριθμός γαρ ανθρώπου εστί; και ο αριθμός αυτού χξϛ΄.

الترجمة:

هنا الحكمة! من له فهم فليحسب عدد الوحش، فإنه عدد إنسان، وعدده: ستمئة وستة وستون.

كتب الرقم في المخطوطات اليونانية بالأحرف اليونانية χξϛ (خي إكس سيغما) [5] وأحيانا بالكلمات (εξακοσιοι εξηκοντα εξ ستمائة وست وستون). [6][7]

قال علماء مثل الدكتور ألن إتكن عميد كلية الدراسات الدينية في جامعة ماكجيل إن ذلك المقطع طريقة سرية للكلام عن شخصيات من ذلك العصر بسبب خطر الانتقاد السياسي علنا.

ويعتقد كثير من العلماء أن الرقم 666 إشارة للإمبراطور نيرو [8] والذي قيمة اسمه إذا كتب بالأرامية 666 حسب طريقة الحساب العبرية جماتريا، أي طريقة للتكلم ضد الإمبراطور بدون معرفة السلطات الرومانية).

616

ذكرت الأخبار في مايو 2005 أن علماء في جامعة أكسفورد وباستخدام تقنيات تصوير متطورة [9] استطاعوا قراءة أقسام من أقدم مخطوط لكتاب رؤيا يوحنا وهي البردية 115 (P115) التي اكتشفت في أوكسيرينخوس (البهنسا). تعود القطعة لمنتصف القرن الثالث وفيها رقم الوحش 616 χ ι ϲ باستعمال ι بدل ξ كما في معظم المخطوطات. [1] في اليونانية الشرقية يكتب رقم 616 بالأحرف XIC حيث تستعمل السيغما النهائية بشكل c بدل ς كما يشاهد في عدة آثار مسيحية قديمة. ومن الشواهد المبكرة على هذه القراءة مخطوطة أفرامي رسكريبتوس (C) حيث كتب الرقم بالكلمات (ستمائة وستة عشر). [10]

يشير السهم الأحمر إلى XIC أي 616 عدد الوحش في البردية 115 التي استطاع العلماء قراءتها في 2005

وتتفق البردية 115 مع مخطوطة الإسكندرية (A) ومخطوطة أفرامي رسكريبتوس (C) والتي تعتبر عامة أفضل شاهد لنص رؤيا يوحنا. لذلك هذه القراءة لها شواهد أفضل من قراءة البردية 47 (P47) والتي تتفق مع المخطوطة السيناتية وتشكلان معا ثاني أفضل شاهد للنص. وهذا ما دفع بعض العلماء لاستنتاج أن الرقم 616 كان القراءة الأصلية. [11][12]

يعتقد كذلك ديفيد باركر أستاذ النقد النصي للعهد الجديد والباليوغرافيا في جامعة بيرمنغهام أن الرقم 616 هو الرقم الأصلي رغم أن الرقم 666 أسهل للتذكر. وقال إن العلماء تناقشوا كثيرا حول الموضوع لكن يبدو الآن أن 616 هو الرقم الأصلي للوحش. فهو على الأرجح يسبق بمائة سنة تقريبا النسخ الأخرى. [13]

عرف أيضا إيرينايوس عن عدة حالات للرقم 616 أو غيره لكنه اعتبرها أخطاء من النساخ وأكد أن الرقم 666 موجود في أفضل وأقدم النسخ ومؤكد من أشخاص رأوا يوحنا وجها لوجه. [14]

الخوف والتطيُّر

The fear of 666 (six hundred sixty-six) as the number of the beast is called hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia [[:Media:EN-hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia.ogg|]] (المساعدة·معلومات).[15][16] Variant phobias are called hexakosioihekkaidekaphobia, which is the fear of 616 (six hundred sixteen), and hexaphobia, which is the fear of 6 (six). Known cases of these fears include:

  • In 1989, Nancy and Ronald Reagan, when moving to their home in the Bel-Air section of Los Angeles after the latter left the presidency of the United States that same year, had its address—666 St. Cloud Road—changed to 668 St. Cloud Road.[17][18]
  • In 2003, U.S. Route 666 in New Mexico was changed to U.S. Route 491. A New Mexico spokesperson stated, "The devil's out of here, and we say goodbye and good riddance."[19]
  • Some women expressed concern about giving birth on June 6, 2006 (6/6/06).[20]
  • In February 2013, "Man Quits Job Over 'Satanic' 666 on His W-2 Form", ABC News. "If you accept that number, you sell your soul to the devil," he said.[21]
  • In November 2013, Codie Thacker—a cross-country runner at Whitley County High School in Williamsburg, Kentucky—refused to run in her Kentucky High School Athletic Association regional meet, forfeiting a chance at qualifying for the state championships, when her coach drew bib number 666.[22]
  • In 2015, US Representative Joe Barton had the number of a legislative bill he had introduced changed from 666 to 702 because "the original bill number carried many different negative connotations", according to a spokesperson.[23]
  • In 2017, church leaders in Papua New Guinea were concerned by newspaper reports that the Governor-General had been requested to sign 666 writs for an upcoming election. They were reassured by the Electoral Commissioner that the number merely reflected 6 copies of each writ for 111 electorates.[24]
  • In October 2017, flight AY666 from Copenhagen to Helsinki (HEL) departed for the last time before being renamed to AY954. Since 2006, the flight had been scheduled on a Friday the 13th on 21 occasions. A Finnair spokesperson said that the number had not been renamed due to superstitious passengers.[25]
  • In 2021, Brookfield Properties decided to renumber the office building at 666 Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, which was undergoing renovation after being acquired from the Kushner family, to 660 Fifth Avenue.[26] When completed in 1957, the skyscraper had featured a red neon display of the number 666 at the top which could be seen from various locations in the city.[27]
  • In 2023, PKS Gdynia, a Polish bus operator, decided to renumber line 666, which runs to Hel, Poland, a town on the Hel Peninsula, to 669.[28]

علامة الوحش

"Mark of the beast" redirects here. For other uses, see Mark of the Beast.
Putting the mark of χξς' (666) in peoples' forehead

Revelation also references a charagma (χάραγμα), translated as mark of the beast:

And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads:
And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name.

— Revelation chapter 13:16–17

The Book of Revelation is commonly dated to about AD 95, as suggested by clues in the visions pointing to the reign of the emperor Domitian.[29] Irenaeus (c. 130 – c. 202 AD), a former student of Polycarp[30] who in turn had been a disciple of John the Apostle,[31] knew that John had written the Revelation not that long ago, since he mentions it was written: "almost in our own generation, in the last years of Domitian's reign".[32]

Irenaeus also wrote that it is "more certain, and less hazardous, to await the fulfilment of the prophecy, than to be making surmises" regarding the meaning of the number. In fact, he mentioned multiple other solutions of the number, like Evanthas (ΕΥΑΝΘΑΣ), Teitan (ΤΕΙΤΑΝ) and Lateinos (ΛΑΤΕΙΝΟΣ). On the latter, Irenaeus wrote further: "it is a very probable [solution], this being the name of the last kingdom [of the four seen by Daniel]".[32]

Various secular authors and scholars on Christian eschatology have commented the meaning of the mark of the beast.

Preterist view

A common preterist view of the mark of the beast (focusing on the past) is the stamped image of the emperor's head on every coin of the Roman Empire: the stamp on the hand or in the mind of all, without which no one could buy or sell.[33] New Testament scholar C.C. Hill notes, "It is far more probable that the mark symbolizes the all-embracing economic power of Rome, whose very coinage bore the emperor's image and conveyed his claims to divinity (e.g., by including the sun's rays in the ruler's portrait). It had become increasingly difficult for Christians to function in a world in which public life, including the economic life of the trade guilds, required participation in idolatry."[34]

Adela Yarbro Collins further denotes that the refusal to use Roman coins resulted in the condition where "no man might buy or sell".[35][36] A similar view is offered by Craig R. Koester. "As sales were made, people used coins that bore the images of Rome's gods and emperors. Thus each transaction that used such coins was a reminder that people were advancing themselves economically by relying on political powers that did not recognize the true God."[37]

In 66 AD, when Nero was emperor—about the time some scholars say Revelation was written—the Jews revolted against Rome and coined their own money.

The passage is also seen as an antithetical parallelism to the Jewish institution of tefillin—Hebrew Bible texts worn bound to the arm and the forehead during daily prayer. Instead of binding their allegiance to God to their arm and head, the place is instead taken with people's allegiance to the beast.[33]

نظرة مثالية

Idealism, also known as the allegorical or symbolic approach, is an interpretation of the book of Revelation that sees the imagery of the book as non-literal symbols.[38]

The idealist perspective on the number of the beast rejects gematria, envisioning the number not as a code to be broken, but a symbol to be understood. Idealists would contend that because there are so many names that can come to 666 and that most systems require converting names to other languages or adding titles when convenient, it has been impossible to come to a consensus.

Given that numbers are used figuratively throughout the Book of Revelation, idealists interpret this number figuratively as well. The common suggestion is that because seven is a number of "completeness" and is associated with the divine, six is "incomplete", and the three sixes are "inherently incomplete".[39](p. 722) The number is therefore suggestive that the Dragon and his beasts are profoundly deficient.

نظرة تاريخانية

Historicists believe Revelation articulates a full range of the history of the Christian church, from John's day to the Second Coming of Christ. The author alludes to Daniel 2:28 and 2:45; Daniel's vision (Daniel 2) uses symbols giving a sequence of future events in history, from the Babylonian empire, through Medo-Persian period, Greece and Rome, continuing until the end of the current civilization.

The Augsburg confession given to Charles V in its 28th article stated "They likewise cite that the Sabbath has been changed to Sunday contrary to the Ten Commandments, as they see it, and no example is hyped and cited so much as the changing of the Sabbath, and they thereby wish to preserve the great authority of the church, since it has dispensed with the Ten Commandments and altered something in them."[40] Rome was identified as the little horn power that changed times and laws (Daniel 7:25). Some Protestants such as the London minister Thomas Tillam and court physician Peter Chamberlen during the reformation began to identify Sunday worship as the Mark of the Beast.[41][42]

This apocalyptic volume builds on Daniel's approach focusing on major points of Christian history: the cross of Christ (Rev. 5:6,9,12); the Second Coming (Rev. 14:14–16; 19:11–16); the 1,000 years in heaven (Rev. 20:4–6); the third advent of Christ to earth along with his loyal followers and the destruction of Satan and those who refused Christ (Rev. 20:7–15); and the creation of a new heavens and a new earth where death, sorrow, and sin cease and God dwells with His people (Rev. 21:1–8, 21:22–27; 22:1–5). The Book of Daniel is divided into two parts: The historical narrative of the captivity of Judah, and the prophecies pointing to both promised Messiah and the events of the end of the world. Attention to the text of Revelation aids the student of Bible prophecy by showing how the Apostle John and Jesus intended us to interpret Bible apocalyptic literature as found in Daniel.[43]

Seventh-day Adventists taking this view believe that the 'mark of the beast' (but not the number 666) refers to a future, universal, legally enforced Sunday-sacredness. "Those who reject God's memorial of creatorship—the Bible Sabbath—choosing to worship and honor Sunday in the full knowledge that it is not God's appointed day of worship, will receive the 'mark of the beast'."[44] "The Sunday Sabbath is purely a child of the Papacy. It is the mark of the beast."[45] In the encyclical Dies Domini, Pope John Paul II stated that "The Sunday assembly is the privileged place of unity: it is the setting for the celebration of the sacramentum unitatis which profoundly marks the Church" [emphasis added] and this was also repeated in other catechisms and documents.[46][47][48] Adventists note the old testament definition of a hand and forehead mark in texts like Exodus 13:9, Exodus 31:13-17, Ezekiel 20:12 provide important understanding of terms in Revelation's figurative language.

Seventh-day Adventist comparisons of Revelation's warnings with the Decalogue
Do not worship the beast Commandment 1

Thou shalt have no other gods before me.

Do not worship the image of the beast Commandment 2

Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the Lord thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me; And shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me, and keep my commandments.

Do not receive the name of the beast Commandment 3

Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain; for the Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.

Do not honor Sunday with worship. Commandment 4

Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work: But the seventh day is the sabbath of the Lord thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates: For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the Lord blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it.

نظرة مستقبلية

Some fundamentalist Christian groups, as well as various Christian writers in other traditions, interpret the mark as a requirement for all commerce to mean that the mark might actually be an object in the right hand or forehead with the function of a credit card, such as RFID microchip implants.[49] Some of these groups believe the implantation of chips may be the imprinting of the mark of the beast, prophesied to be a requirement for all trade and a precursor to God's wrath.[50][51] Similar objections were raised about barcodes upon their introduction.[52]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, some groups associated COVID-19 vaccines and mask wearing with the mark of the beast, or that it was a microchip in the vaccine.[53] Some religious leaders spoke out against this as a misinterpretation of Revelation 13:16-18.[54] Medical institutions such as Hennepin County Medical Center noted this in their fact sheets about the vaccine.[55] A similar version was spread by Marjorie Taylor Greene, who referred to vaccine passports as being the mark of the beast.[56]

انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

مراجع

  1. ^ أ ب "The Other Number of the Beast". Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents. Retrieved 2006-06-23. خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "oxy" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة.
  2. ^ Hillers, D. R. (1963). "Revelation 13:18 and a Scroll from Murabba'at". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 170: 65. doi:10.2307/1355990. Retrieved 2006-08-07. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |curly= ignored (help) Note: website requires subscription.The New Jerome Biblical Commentary. Ed. Raymond E. Brown, Joseph A. Fitzmyer, and Roland E. Murphy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990. 1009
  3. ^ Just, Felix (2002-02-02). "666: The Number of the Beast". Retrieved 2006-06-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |curly= ignored (help)
  4. ^ 666 wrong number of prophetic beast?
  5. ^ "Revelation 13:18". Stephanus New Testament. Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2006-06-22.
  6. ^ "Revelation 13:18". Westcott-Hort New Testament. Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2006-06-22.
  7. ^ "Revelation 13:18" (JPEG). Codex Alexandrinus. Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. Retrieved 2006-06-22.
  8. ^ Some Recently Published NT Papyri from Oxyrhynchus: An Overview and Preliminary Assessment by Peter M. Head, Tyndale Bulletin 51 (2000), pp. 1-16 http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Tyndale/staff/Head/NTOxyPap.htm#_ftn39
  9. ^ Papyrus Reveals New Clues to Ancient World [1]
  10. ^ Hoskier, Concerning the Text of the Apocalypse, vol. 2, p. 364.
  11. ^ Philip W Comfort and David P Barrett, The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts,(Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers Incorporated, 2001)
  12. ^ CJO - Abstract - A new Oxyrhynchus Papyrus of Revelation: P115 (P. Oxy. 4499)
  13. ^ Beast's real mark devalued to '616′[2]
  14. ^ Irenaeus. "Book V, Chapter XXX.". Adversus Haereses. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Lawrence, Calvin Jr. (February 13, 2015). "Friday the 13th Fears (Paraskevidekatriaphobia) and Other Unpronounceable Phobias". ABC News. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
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  19. ^ Linthicum, Leslie (31 July 2003). "It's now US 491, not US 666". The Albuquerque Journal. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008.
  20. ^ Allen-Mills, Tony (30 April 2006). "Mothers expect Damien on 6/6/06". The Sunday Times. London, UK. Archived from the original on 12 January 2008.
  21. ^ "Man Quits Job Over 'Satanic' 666 on His W-2 Form". ABC News. February 7, 2013.
  22. ^ "Whitley County cross country runner refuses to run after being assigned '666' number". Lexington, Kentucky: WLEX-TV. 4 November 2013. Archived from the original on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
  23. ^ Barron-Lopez, Laura (2 February 2015). "Republican avoids apocalyptic 666". The Hill. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015.
  24. ^ Tlozek, Eric (3 April 2017). "PNG's electoral commissioner reassures church leaders on 666 writs". Australia: ABC News. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017.
  25. ^ Buckley, Julia (13 October 2017). "Finnair's flight 666 to HEL makes its last Friday the 13th run today". The Independent. Archived from the original on 23 January 2018.
  26. ^ Cuozzo, Steve (January 31, 2021). "660 Fifth Ave. sheds Satanic address, to reopen next year". New York Post. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
  27. ^ Bonanos, Christopher (August 12, 2021). "So Long, 666 Fifth Avenue". Curbed.
  28. ^ O'Carroll, Lisa; Oryński, Tomasz (14 June 2023). "No 666 to Hel: Polish bus route drops 'devil's number' after Christian protests". The Guardian.
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  30. ^ Eusebius (1890). Philip Schaff; Henry Wace (eds.). Church History - Book V Chapter 5. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series. Vol. 1. Translated by Arthur Cushman McGiffert. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co.
  31. ^ Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses III.3
  32. ^ أ ب Against Heresies (Irenaeus) 5.30.3
  33. ^ أ ب Spilsbury, Paul (2002). The Throne, the Lamb & the Dragon: A reader's guide to the Book of Revelation. InterVarsity Press. p. 99.
  34. ^ Hill, Craig C. (2002). In God's Time: The Bible and the future. Eerdmans. p. 124.
  35. ^ Revelation 13:17 {{{3}}}
  36. ^ "Collins, 1984, p. 126: Adela Yarbro Collins: "The juxtaposition of buying and selling with the mark of the beast refers to the fact that Roman coins normally bore the image and name of the current emperor. "The inability to buy or sell would then be the result of the refusal to use Roman coins."
  37. ^ Craig R. Koester (2001), Revelation and the End of All Things, Eerdmans; p. 132
  38. ^ Campbell, Stan; Bell, James S. (2001). The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Book of Revelation. Alpha Books. pp. 212–213. ISBN 978-0-02-864238-3.
  39. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Beale-1999
  40. ^ Luther, Martin (1580). CONCORDIA ... Christliche, Widerholete, einmütige Bekentnüs nachbenanter Churfürsten, Fürsten vnd Stende Augspurgischer Confession, vnd derselben zu ende des Buchs vnderschriebener Theologen Lere vnd glaubens. Mit angeheffter, in Gottes wort, als der einigen Richtschnur, wolgegründter erklerung etlicher Artickel bey welchen nach D. Martin Luthers seligen absterben, disputation und streit vorgefallen. Aus einhelliger vergleichung und beuehl obgedachter Churfürsten, Fürsten vnd Stende derselben Landen, Kirchen, Schulen vnd Nachkommen, zum vnderricht vnd warnung in Druck vorfertiget (in الألمانية). Matthes Stöckel. p. 18.
  41. ^ Doctrine - Sabbath - Thomas Tillam - The Seventh Day Sabbath Sought Out -1657 (in English).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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  43. ^ Dybdahl, Jon (2010). Andrews Study Bible. Berrien Springs: Sutherland House. p. 1659. LCCN 2010924514.
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  50. ^ Albrecht, Katherine; McIntyre, Liz (2006). The Spychips Threat: Why Christians Should Resist RFID and Electronic Surveillance. Nelson Current. ISBN 978-1-4185-5175-9. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
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  53. ^ "Some evangelical Christians say covid vaccine is the mark of the beast - The Washington Post". The Washington Post.
  54. ^ "Some say COVID-19 vaccine is the 'mark of the beast.' is there a connection to the Bible?". USA Today.
  55. ^ "No, the COVID-19 vaccine is not linked to the mark of the beast – but a first-century Roman tyrant probably is". 7 April 2021.
  56. ^ "Marjorie Taylor Greene blasts COVID-19 vaccine passports: 'Biden's mark of the beast'". 30 March 2021.

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