بلو هوريزونتي

Município de Belo Horizonte بلدية بيلو هوريزونتي Belo Horizonte
حاضرة
من أعلى، مع عقارب الساعة: Aerial view of Praça da Liberdade (Liberty Square) and Downtown; Niemeyer Building; Belo Horizonte skyline; view of Afonso Pena Avenue; aerial view of Lagoa da Pampulha; Rui Barbosa Square; Our Lady of Good Voyage Cathedral.
Flag الدرع
Nicknames:  BH (pronounced "beagá") المدينة الحديقة Belô
الموقع في البرازيل
بلو هوريزونتي الموقع ضمن البرازيل بلو هوريزونتي الموقع ضمن أمريكا الجنوبية
الإحداثيات: 19°55′S 43°56′W
البلد	البرازيل
المنطقة	Southeast
الولاية	Minas Gerais
Founded	December 12, 1897
الحكومة
• العمدة	Alexandre Kalil (PSD)
المساحة
• حاضرة	330٫9 كم² (127٫8 ميل²)
• الحضر	282٫3 كم² (109�0 ميل²)
• العمران	9٬459٫1 كم² (3٬652٫2 ميل²)
المنسوب	760 m (2٬490 ft)
التعداد  (2020 )
• حاضرة	2٬721٬564
• الترتيب	6th
• العمران	12٬778٬091 (3rd)
صفة المواطن	Belo-horizontino
منطقة التوقيت	UTC−3 (BRT)
Postal code	30000-001 a 31999-999
Area code	+55 31
الموقع الإلكتروني	www.pbh.gov.br

بيلو هوريزونتي (برتغالية: Belo Horizonte)، هي عاصمة ولاية ميناس جيرايس - البرازيل ، وصل عدد سكانها في 2007 ال 2.424.295 مليون نسمة و تعتبر ثالث أهم مدينية إقتصاديا في البرازيل . بيلو هوريزونتي هي 43 في قائمة أكبر مدن العالم حسب التعداد السكاني.

التاريخ

صورة قديمة للمدينة

كانت قرية صغيرة، أسسها جواو دا سيلڤا لييتي أورتيز ، مستكشف من ساو باولو. وقد عثر في المكان طقس جميل المناظر الطبيعيه وتربة جيدا للزراعة ، استقر في المنطقة في 1701. ثم انشأ مزرعه تدعى "كورال دل ريي". نجاح المزرعه شجع "كورال دل ريي" الناس من الأماكن المحيطة الانتقال إلى المنطقة، وأصبحت كورال دل ري قرية تحيط بها المزارع الصغيرة.

الإمبراطورية ثم الجمهورية البرازيلية

تأسيس المدينة في 1897

The previous capital of Minas Gerais, Ouro Preto (meaning "black gold," due to dark rocks with gold inside found on the region), originally called "Vila Rica" ("wealthy village"), was a symbol of both the monarchic Brazilian Empire and the period when most of Brazilian income was from the mining industry. That never pleased the members of the Inconfidência Mineira, republican intellectuals who conspired against the Portuguese dominion of Brazil.

ملف:Belo Horizonte (MG).tif

بيلو هوريزونتي، ع1970، الأرشيف الوطني للبرازيل

In 1906 the name was changed to Belo Horizonte, which translates to "Beautiful Horizon" in English. The city's name is derived from the surrounding Curral del Rey Mountains, which create a visually striking, hilly ridge that appears as a "beautiful horizon" when viewed from the city. At that time, the city was experiencing a considerable industrial expansion that increased its commercial and service sectors. From its very beginning, the city's original plan prohibited workers from living inside the urban area, which was defined by Avenida do Contorno (a long avenue that goes around the city's central areas). Reserved for government workers (hence the name of the trendy neighbourhood "Funcionários"), and bringing about an accelerated occupation outside the city's area well provided with infrastructure since its very beginning. Naturally, the city's original planners did not count on its ongoing population growth, which proved especially intense in the last 20 years of the 20th century.

In the 1940s a young Oscar Niemeyer designed the Pampulha Neighbourhood to great acclaim, a commission he got thanks to then-mayor and soon-to-be-president Juscelino Kubitschek. These two men are largely responsible for the wide avenues, large lakes, parks, and jutting skylines that characterize the city today. A 1949 American government film favorably reviewed the planning and building of the city.

المدينة

Praça Sete de Setembro (September Seven Square) with an obelisk that celebrates Brazilian Independence.

بيلو هوريزونتي مدينة حديثة و متطورة زاخرة بالجامعات والمتاحف والمكتبات العامة والملاعب. و هي احدى المدن الـ 18 المرشحة لإقامة مباريات مونديال 2014 على ملاعبها.

ومقر نادي كروزيرو ( نادي كرة قدم برازيلي) هو مدينة بيلو هوريزونتي.

شهدت مدينة بيلو هوريزونتي في بطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 1950 مفاجأة من العيار الثقيل تردد صداها في أنحاء العالم وتمثلت بفوز الولايات المتحدة المغمورة على إنجلترا مهد اللعبة بهدف سجله الهاييتي الأصل لوري جايتجنس.

الجغرافيا

المدن المحيطة والمنطقة الحضرية

Belo Horizonte from ISS في الليل

The term "Grande BH" ("Greater Belo Horizonte") denotes any of various definitions for the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte. The legally defined Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte consists of 34 municipalities in total, and a population of around six million inhabitants (اعتبارا من 2021, according to Brazil's National Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)).

The intense process of urbanization that is taking place in the metropolitan region has made some of the political boundaries between municipalities in the region obsolete. The city is now composed of a relatively contiguous urban area, centred on Belo Horizonte, which extends out into municipalities such as Contagem, Betim, Nova Lima, Raposos, Ribeirão das Neves, Ibirité, Santa Luzia and Sabará, among others. The municipality is bounded to the north by Vespasiano, to the north east by Santa Luzia, by Sabará to the east, by Nova Lima to the southeast, Brumadinho to the south and Ribeirão das Neves, Contagem and Ibirité to the west.

According to the current geographic classification by IBGE, the municipality belongs to the Immediate Geographic Region of Belo Horizonte, in the Intermediate Geographic Region of Belo Horizonte.

الجيولوجيا وشكل الأرض

Belo Horizonte lies on a region of contact between different geological series of the Proterozoic. The geology largely comprises crystalline rocks, which give rise to the varied morphology of the landscape. It is located in a large geological unit known as the craton of São Francisco, referring to extensive crustal nucleus of central-eastern Brazil, tectonically stable at the end of the Paleoproterozoic and bordering areas that suffered the regeneration at the Neoproterozoic.

The archean rocks members of Belo Horizonte complex and supracrustal sequences of the Paleoproterozoic is predominant. The area of Belo Horizonte complex includes the geomorphological unit called Depression of Belo Horizonte, which represents about 70% of the municipality area and has its greatest expression in the northern Ribeirão Arrudas pipeline. The metasedimentary rocks has its area of occurrence on the south of Ribeirão Arrudas pipeline, constituting about 30% of the area of Belo Horizonte. The characteristics of this area are lithological diversities and rugged topography, which has its maximum expression in the Serra do Curral (Corral Ridge), the southern boundary of the municipality.

Its soil comprises a succession of layers of rocks of varied composition, represented by itabirite, dolomite, quartzite, phyllites and schists different from the general direction northwest–southeast and dip to the southeast. The hills of Belo Horizonte are part of the Espinhaço Mountains and belong to the larger Itacolomi mountain chain. The highest point in the municipality is in the Serra do Curral, reaching 1،538 متر (5،046 ft).

المنتزهات

Serra do Rola-Moça State Park

A centre for conservation and preservation of animals and plants it has also developed environmental education projects. The Zoo, which encompasses a total area of 1.4 million square meters, is located at the Foundation's headquarters and is regarded as one of the most complete in Latin America. It has a collection of close to 900 animals representing 200 species, from Brazil and other parts of the world, as well as the first public butterfly sanctuary in South America.

Pampulha Ecological Park is administered by the Zoo-Botanical Foundation of Belo Horizonte and was inaugurated on May 21, 2004. It is 30 acre (12 ha) of green area that offers to the population and the tourists a permanent programming of environmental, cultural and patrimonial education.

The city contains the 102 هكتار (250 acre) Baleia State Park, created in 1988 but still not implemented as of 2014. It contains part of the 3،941 هكتار (9،740 acre) Serra do Rola-Moça State Park, created in 1994.

المناخ

A small farm in Curral del Rey.

تعتبر مدينة بيلو هوريزونتي من المدن ذات الطقس الإستوائي، وتتراوح درجة الحرارة فيها ما بين 9 درجة مئوية إلى 35 درجة مئوية.

بيلو هوريزونتي
جدول طقس (التفسير)
ي ف م أ م ي ي أ س أ ن د     193   28 20     122   29 20     123   29 20     49   28 18     17   26 16     7   25 14     4   25 14     12   26 15     37   27 17     65   28 18     147   28 19     237   28 19 متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °س إجمالي الهطل - مم المصدر: MSN Weather
التحويل لوحدات إمبراطورية ي ف م أ م ي ي أ س أ ن د     7.6   82 68     4.8   84 68     4.8   84 68     1.9   82 64     0.7   79 61     0.3   77 57     0.2   77 57     0.5   79 59     1.5   81 63     2.6   82 64     5.8   82 66     9.3   82 66 متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °ف إجمالي الهطل - بوصة

الاقتصاد

Savassi district, a major financial center of Belo Horizonte. Standing to the left, Chevrolet Hall is a very important venue for sports and cultural events

The major thoroughfare Afonso Pena Avenue is a hotspot for business and culture

Belo Horizonte receives large numbers of visitors, as it is in the Brazilian main economic axis, exerting influence even on other states. Multinational and Brazilian companies, such as Google, Deloitte, Thoughtworks, Localiza and Oi, maintain offices in the city. The service sector plays a very important role in the economy of Belo Horizonte, being responsible for 85% of the city's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), with other industry making up most of the remaining 15%. Belo Horizonte has a developed industrial sector, being traditionally a hub of the Brazilian steel-making and metallurgical industries, as the state of Minas Gerais has always been very rich in minerals, specifically iron ore.

Belo Horizonte is the distribution and processing centre of a rich agricultural and mining region and the nucleus of a burgeoning industrial complex. Production is centred on steel, steel products, automobiles, and textiles. Gold, manganese, and gemstones mined in the surrounding region are processed in the city. The main industrial district of the city was set during the 1940s in Contagem, a part of greater Belo Horizonte. Multinational companies like FIAT (which opened its plant in Betim in 1974), Arcelor, and Toshiba have subsidiaries in the region, along with textiles like Group Rachelle Textil, Ematex and Cedro Textil, cosmetic, food, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, furnishing and refractory companies.

Among the companies headquartered in the city are steel producer Açominas (held by Gerdau, one of the largest multinationals originated in Brazil); Usiminas; Belgo-Mineira (held by Arcelor); Acesita (partially held by Arcelor); mobile communication Vivo; and Telecom Italia Mobile, Dasein Executive Search, executive coaching company, as well as the NYSE-listed electrical company CEMIG. Leading steel product makers Sumitomo Metals of Japan and Vallourec of France also have plans to construct an integrated steel works on the outskirts of the city.

There are also a large number of small enterprises in the technology sector with regional to nationwide success, particularly in the fields of computing and biotechnology. Because of both governmental and private funding in the diversification of its economy, the city has become an international reference in Information Technology and Biotechnology, and is also cited because of the advanced corporate and university research in Biodiesel fuel. The number of jobs in the Information sector has been growing at annual rates above 50%. The Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area, composed of 33 cities under the capital's direct influence, is home to 16% of the country's biotechnology companies, with annual sales of over R$550 million.

Projects in these fields are likely to expand because of integration between universities, the oil company Petrobras and the Brazilian Government. One of the largest events that ever took place in the city, the Inter-American Development Bank meeting, occurred in 2005 and attracted people from all over the world. For a long time Belo Horizonte was marked by the predominance of its industrial sector, but from the 1990s there has been a constant expansion of the service sector economy, particularly in computer science, biotechnology, business tourism, fashion and the jewelry-making. The city is considered to be a strategic leader in the Brazilian economy. The move towards business tourism transformed the capital into a national hub for this segment of the tourist industry.

• In 2008, the city's GDP was R$42 billion (or about US$26,2 billion).
• In 2008, the Greater Belo Horizonte's GDP was R$98,5 billion (or about US$61 billion).
• In 2008, the city's per capita income was R$17,313 (or US$10,820). In 2007, it was R$15,830 (about US$9,893).

التعليم

Modern office buildings at Afonso Pena Avenue.

الجامعات والكليات

Federal University of Minas Gerais

• Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG);
• Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais (UEMG);
• Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (PUC-MG);
• Centro Universitário UNA
• Universidade FUMEC
• Universidade José do Rosário Vellano (UNIFENAS);
• Centro Universitário Newton Paiva
• Centro Federal de Ensino Tecnológico de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG);

الثقافة

A slogan that has become as popular among Belo Horizontinians as I ♥ NY to New Yorkers

السياحة

The Viaduto Santa Tereza is dated from the foundation of Belo Horizonte and is still a very important connection between Floresta and Downtown.

المدينة نهارا

مدن شقيقة

• تورنتو، اونتاريو، كندا
• بورتو، البرتغال (1986)
• ميلانو، يطاليا
• هاڤانا، كوبا
• بيت لحم، فلسطين
• بوسطن، الولايات المتحدة (2007)
• فورت لودرديل، الولايات المتحدة (2003)
• نوارك، نيوجرزي، الولايات المتحدة (2006)
• ماسايا، نيكارجوا (2002)
• غرناطة، أسبانيا (1975)
• منسك، بلاروس (1987)
• لواندا، أنجولا (1968)
• تگوسيگالپا, هندوراس (2004)
• زحلة، لبنان (1974)
• حمص، سوريا (2001)
• طرابلس، ليبيا (2003)
• كوينكا، إكوادور (2004)
• كوردوبا، الأرجنتين (2007)
• ريو دي جانيرو، البرازيل
• ليسبو، البرتغال (2007)
• ووشي، الصين (1996)

انظر أيضا

• ميناس جيرايس

وصلات خارجية

المواقع الرسمية

• (البرتغالية) Official homepage
• (البرتغالية) Estado de Minas Gerais Newspaper

التعليم

• (البرتغالية) PUC-MG - the Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais
• (البرتغالية) UFMG - Federal University of Minas Gerais
• (إنگليزية) Escola Americana de Belo Horizonte - (American School of Belo Horizonte)

الصور

• Images of Belo Horizonte

السياحة

• بلو هوريزونتي travel guide from Wikitravel
• (البرتغالية) Maplink - Belo Horizonte Street Guide and Maps
• (البرتغالية) Belo Horizonte Yellow Pages
• (البرتغالية) Culture in Belo Horizonte