هامپتون رودز

Coordinates: 36°57′N 76°24′W / 36.950°N 76.400°W / 36.950; -76.400
(تم التحويل من Hampton Roads)
هامپتون رودز
Hampton Roads
Metropolitan area
Virginia Beach-Chesapeake-Norfolk, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area
Satellite view of Hampton Roads with the Hampton Roads channel at center (city urban centers visible, clockwise from top: Newport News, Hampton, Norfolk, Portsmouth)
Satellite view of Hampton Roads with the Hampton Roads channel at center (city urban centers visible, clockwise from top: Newport News, Hampton, Norfolk, Portsmouth)
Flag of هامپتون رودز
Flag
خريطة
خريطة تفاعلية لـ ڤرجينيا بيتش-تشساپيك-نورفوك، ڤرجينيا-نورث كارولينا CSA
الإحداثيات: 36°57′N 76°24′W / 36.950°N 76.400°W / 36.950; -76.400
البلدالولايات المتحدة
الولاية ڤرجينيا
 كارولاينا الشمالية
المدن المستقلةHampton Roads MSA:
 - Virginia Beach
 - Norfolk
 - Chesapeake
 - Newport News
 - Hampton
 - Portsmouth
 - Suffolk
 - Williamsburg
 - Poquoson
المقاطعاتHampton Roads MSA:
 - James City County
 - York County
 - Isle of Wight County
 - Gloucester County
 - Mathews County
 - Surry County
 - Camden County, NC
 - Currituck County, NC
 - Gates County, NC
Hampton Roads CSA:
- Dare County, NC
- Pasquotank County, NC
Settledمايو 14, 1607; 419 years ago (1607-05-14)
المساحة
[1]
4٬553٫46 ميل² (11٬793٫41 كم²)
البر3٬201٫89 ميل² (8٬292٫85 كم²)
الماء1٬351٫57 ميل² (3٬500٫56 كم²)  29.7%
 • الحضر
[2]
557٫96 ميل² (1٬445٫12 كم²)
 • CSA6٬384٫53 ميل² (16٬535٫85 كم²)
المنسوب
0–144 ft (0–44 m)
التعداد
 (2025)[3]
1٬797٬213 (37th)
 • الكثافة561٫30/sq mi (216٫72/km2)
 • CSA
1٬877٬659 (36th)
GDP
[4]
 • Metropolitan area$127.459 billion (2023)
منطقة التوقيتUTC-5 (EST)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC-4 (EDT)
Zip Codes
VA: 230xx, 231xx, 233xx, 234xx,
235xx, 236xx, 237xx ,238xx
NC: 279xx
رمز المنطقة757, 804, 948, 252

هامپتون رودز Hampton Roads، هو اسم مسطح مائي ومنطقة نورفوك-ڤرجينيا بيتش-نيوپورت نيوز الحضرية، التي تقع في جنوب ڤرجينيا، الولايات المتحدة. يشتهر هامپتون رودز بمرفأه الخالي من الجليد على مدار السنة، والذي يشمل على مرافق للبحرية الأمريكية، حرس السواحل، الجيش، وأحواض سفن، رصيف فحم، ويمتد بطول مئات الأميال على واجهة بحرية وشواطئ، مما أسهم في استقرار وتوزيع اقتصاد الاقليم.

تعتبر منطقة هامپتون رودز البحرية واحدة من أكبر المرافئ الطبيعية في العالم، حيث تتجمع مصبات نهر إليزابث، وجيمس مع مختلف الأنهار الصغيرة وتصب جميعها في خليج چساپيك بالقرب من المحيط الأطلسي.[5]

Comprising the Virginia Beach-Chesapeake-Norfolk, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area and an extended combined statistical area that includes the Elizabeth City, North Carolina, micropolitan statistical area and Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, micropolitan statistical area, Hampton Roads is known for its large military presence, ice-free harbor, shipyards, coal piers, and miles of waterfront property and beaches.

The body of water known as Hampton Roads is one of the world's largest natural harbors (more accurately a roadstead or "roads"). It incorporates the mouths of the Elizabeth, Nansemond, and James rivers, together with several smaller rivers, and empties into the Chesapeake Bay near its mouth leading to the Atlantic Ocean.[6][7]

The land area includes a collection of cities, counties, and towns on the Virginia Peninsula and in South Hampton Roads. Some of the outlying areas further from the harbor may or may not be included as part of "Hampton Roads", depending upon the organization or usage. For example, as defined for federal economic purposes, the Hampton Roads metropolitan statistical area (MSA) includes three counties in northeastern North Carolina and two counties in Virginia's Middle Peninsula. The Virginia Beach-Chesapeake-Norfolk, VA-NC MSA has an estimated 2025 population of 1,797,213, making it the 37th-largest metropolitan area in the United States.[3] The combined statistical area (CSA) includes two additional counties in North Carolina, pushing the regional population to 1,877,659 residents, the 36th-largest CSA in the country.[3]

The area is home to hundreds of historical sites and attractions. The harbor was the key to Hampton Roads' growth, both on land and in water-related activities and events. While the harbor and its tributaries were (and still are) important transportation conduits, at the same time they presented obstacles to land-based commerce and travel.

Creating and maintaining adequate infrastructure has long been a major challenge. The Hampton Roads Bridge–Tunnel (HRBT) and the Monitor–Merrimac Memorial Bridge–Tunnel (MMMBT) are major harbor crossings of the Hampton Roads Beltway interstate, which links the large population centers of Hampton Roads. In 2009, the Hampton Roads Transportation Authority (HRTA) was abolished by the Virginia General Assembly less than two years after its creation.[8] In 2014, the Hampton Roads Transportation Accountability Commission was established to oversee the Hampton Roads Transportation Fund.

أصل الاسم

The term "Hampton Roads" is a centuries-old designation that originated when the region was a struggling English outpost nearly four hundred years ago.

The word "Hampton" honors one of the founders of the Virginia Company of London and a great supporter of the colonization of Virginia, Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton. The early administrative center of the new colony was known as Elizabeth Cittie, named for Princess Elizabeth, the daughter of King James I, and formally designated by the Virginia Company in 1619. The town at the center of Elizabeth Cittie became known as "Hampton", and a nearby waterway was designated Hampton Creek (also known as the Hampton River).

Other references to the Earl include the area to the north across the bay (in what is now the Eastern Shore) which became known as Northampton, and an area south of the James River which became Southampton. As with Hampton, both of these names remain in use today.

The term "Roads" (short for roadstead) indicates the safety of a port; as applied to a body of water, it is "a partly sheltered area of water near a shore in which vessels may ride at anchor".[9] Examples of other roadsteads are Castle Roads, in another of the Virginia Company's settlements, Bermuda, and Lahaina Roads, in Hawaii.

In 1755, the Virginia General Assembly recorded the name "Hampton Roads" as the channel linking the James, Elizabeth, and Nansemond rivers with the Chesapeake Bay.[10]

Hampton Roads is among the world's largest natural harbors. It is the northernmost major East Coast port of the United States which is ice-free year round. (This status is claimed with the notable exception of the extraordinarily cold winter of 1917, which was the entire U.S.'s coldest year on record.)

Over time, the entire region has come to be known as "Hampton Roads", a label more specific than its other moniker, "Tidewater Virginia", which includes the whole coastal region of the state. The U.S. Postal Service changed the area's postmark from "Tidewater Virginia" to "Hampton Roads, Virginia" beginning in 1983.[10]

تعريفات

المثلث التاريخي في ڤرجينيا

المقاطعات والمدن المستقلة

The U.S. Census Bureau defines the "Virginia Beach-Chesapeake-Norfolk, VA-NC MSA" as 18 county-level jurisdictions—six counties and nine independent cities in Virginia, and three counties in North Carolina. While the borders of what locals call "Hampton Roads" may not perfectly align with the definition of the MSA, Hampton Roads is most often the name used for the metropolitan area.

"Virginia Beach-Chesapeake-Norfolk, VA-NC MSA" is a U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). In 2025, the population was estimated to be 1,797,213.[3]

Since a state constitutional change in 1871, all cities in Virginia are independent cities and they are not legally located in a county. The OMB considers these independent cities to be county-equivalents for the purpose of defining MSAs in Virginia. Each MSA is listed by its counties, then cities, in alphabetical order and not by size.[citation needed]

في ڤرجينيا

The MSA consists of these locations in Virginia:[11]

المقاطعات

المدن

تاريخ تعداد عمران هامبتون رودز 1950–2020[12]
# المدينة المستقلة المقاطعة 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
1 Virginia Beach – 5,390 8,091 172,106 262,199 393,069 425,257 437,994 459,470
2 Chesapeake – 99,537 51,612 89,580 114,486 151,976 199,184 222,209 249,422
3 Norfolk - 213,513 305,872 307,951 266,979 261,229 234,403 242,803 238,005
4 Newport News – 42,358 113,788 138,177 144,903 170,045 180,150 180,719 186,247
5 Hampton - 5,966 89,258 120,779 122,617 133,811 146,437 137,436 137,148
6 Portsmouth – 80,039 114,773 110,963 104,577 103,910 100,565 95,535 97,915
7 Suffolk – 12,339 12,609 9,858 47,621 52,141 63,677 84,585 94,324
8 Williamsburg – 6,735 6,832 9,069 9,870 11,530 11,998 14,068 15,425
9 Poquoson – – 4,278 5,441 8,726 11,005 11,566 12,150 12,460
– South Norfolk (defunct, 1950–1963) – 10,434 22,035 – – – – – –
10 – James City County, VA 6,317 11,539 17,853 22,763 34,859 48,102 67,009 78,254
11 – York County, VA 11,750 21,583 33,203 35,463 42,422 56,297 65,464 70,045
12 – Gloucester County, VA 10,343 11,919 14,059 20,107 30,131 34,780 36,858 38,711
13 – Isle of Wight County, VA 14,906 17,164 18,285 21,603 25,503 29,728 35,270 38,606
14 – Currituck County, NC 6,201 6,601 6,976 11,089 13,736 18,190 23,547 28,100
15 – Gates County, NC 9,555 9,254 8,524 8,875 9,305 10,516 12,197 10,478
16 – Camden County, NC 5,223 5,598 5,453 5,829 5,904 6,885 9,980 10,355
17 – Mathews County, VA 7,148 7,121 7,168 7,995 8,348 9,207 8,978 8,533
18 – Surry County, VA 6,220 6,220 5,882 6,046 6,145 6,829 7,058 6,561
– – Norfolk County, VA (defunct, 1950–1963) 99,537 51,612 – – – – – –
– – Princess Anne County, VA (defunct, 1950–1963) 42,277 77,127 – – – – – –
إجمالي المنطقة العمرانية 445,800 579,510 680,600 806,951 1,443,715 1,576,370 1,676,822 1,780,059
تاريخ تعداد عمران شبه جزيرة ڤرجينيا 1960–1980[12]
# مدينة مستقلة مقاطعة 1960 1970 1980
1 نيوپورت نيوز – 113,662 138,177 144,903
2 Hampton - 89,258 120,779 122,617
3 Williamsburg – 6,832 9,069 9,870
4 Poquoson – 4,278 5,441 8,726
5 – York County, VA 21,583 33,203 35,463
6 – James City County, VA 11,539 17,853 22,763
7 – Gloucester County, VA 11,919 14,059 20,107
Metropolitan area total 224,503 292,159 364,449

في نورث كارولينا

The MSA also includes the following locations in North Carolina:

تطور هامبتون رودز

The Hampton Roads metropolitan area was first defined in 1950 as the "Norfolk–Portsmouth Metropolitan Statistical Area", whuch contained the independent cities of Norfolk, Portsmouth and South Norfolk and the counties of Norfolk and Princess Anne. In 1952, Virginia Beach separated from Princess Anne County.[13]

In 1963, Virginia Beach and Princess Anne County merged, retaining the name Virginia Beach. The city was added to the MSA that year, while South Norfolk lost its metropolitan status. Also in 1963, Norfolk County and the City of South Norfolk merged to create the city of Chesapeake.[14]

In 1970, Chesapeake was added to the MSA,[15] while Virginia Beach became a primary city.[16]

In 1973, Currituck County, North Carolina was added to the MSA.[17]

In 1983, the "Newport News–Hampton Metropolitan Statistical Area", at that time consisting of the cities of Newport News, Hampton, Poquoson and Williamsburg, and the counties of Gloucester, James City and York, was combined with the Norfolk–Virginia Beach–Portsmouth MSA and renamed the "Norfolk–Virginia Beach–Newport News MSA".

In 1993, Isle of Wight, Mathews and Surry counties were added. Although Virginia Beach had passed Norfolk as the state's largest city by 1990, it was not made the first primary city of the MSA until 2010.

As a result of the 2010 Census, Gates County, North Carolina was added to the MSA, while Surry County, Virginia was removed.[18]

In 2023, Surry County was added back to the MSA, which was renamed the Virginia Beach-Chesapeake-Norfolk, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area.[19]

Combined Statistical Area

The Virginia Beach-Chesapeake-Norfolk, VA–NC, Combined Statistical Area additionally includes the Elizabeth City, NC, Micropolitan Statistical Area, comprising:

and the Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, Micropolitan Statistical Area, comprising:

The estimated population in 2025 of the Combined Statistical Area was 1,877,659. It is the 36th largest in the country. Among the metropolitan areas in Virginia, only the Northern Virginia portion of the Washington–Arlington–Alexandria, DC–VA–MD–WV, MSA is larger.

الجغرافيا

The metropolitan area and water area is in the Tidewater region, a low-lying plains region composed of southeastern portions of Virginia and northeastern portions of North Carolina.

View of the Elizabeth River with Downtown Norfolk at top right. The carrier in the foreground is يوإس‌إس Harry S. Truman (CVN-75).

The water area known as Hampton Roads is a wide channel through which the waters of the James River, Nansemond River, and Elizabeth River pass (between Old Point Comfort to the north and Sewell's Point to the south) into the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean.[20]

Norfolk and Hampton Roads are among the worst-hit parts of the United States by the effects of global warming. As of 2016, the region is a few decades ahead in feeling the effects of sea-level rise compared to many American coastal areas.[21][22][23][24]

The geology and topography of the Hampton Roads region is influenced by the Chesapeake Bay impact crater, one of three factors contributing to the sinking of Hampton Roads at a rate between 15 و 23 سنتيمتر (5.9 و 9.1 بوصات) per century.[25]

The region has extensive natural areas, including 26 ميل (42 km) of Atlantic Ocean and Chesapeake Bay beaches, the Great Dismal Swamp, picturesque rivers, state parks, wildlife refuges, and botanical gardens. Inland from the bay, the region includes Lake Drummond, one of only two natural lakes in Virginia, and miles of waterfront property along the various rivers and waterways. The region's native flora is consistent with that of the Southeast Coastal Plain and the lower Southeast Maritime Forest.

The land area that constitutes Hampton Roads varies depending upon perspective and purpose. Most of Hampton Roads' land is geographically divided into two smaller regions: the eastern portion of the Virginia Peninsula (the Peninsula) and South Hampton Roads (locally known as "the Southside"), which are separated by the harbor. When speaking of communities of Hampton Roads, virtually all sources include the seven major cities, two smaller ones, and three counties within those two subregions.

In addition, the Middle Peninsula counties of Gloucester and Mathews, while not part of the geographical Hampton Roads area, are included in the metropolitan region's population, as is a small portion of northeastern North Carolina (Currituck County). Due to a peculiarity in the drawing of the Virginia-North Carolina border, Knott's Island in that county is connected to Virginia by land, but is only accessible to other parts of North Carolina by water via a ferry system.

The extreme points of the Hampton Roads region are abiguous, largely dependent on whether the Combined statistical area is accounted for. Dare County influences the southernmost and easternmost points of the region, while the northernmost and westernmost points remain unchanged whether the MSA or CSA is being measured.

Each of the following current cities, counties and towns is included by at least one of the three organizations that define Hampton Roads:

Hampton is a Hampton Roads community.

The Hampton Roads area consists of nine independent cities (which are not part of any county). Chesapeake, Norfolk, Portsmouth, Suffolk, and Virginia Beach cover the Southside of Hampton Roads while Hampton, Newport News, Poquoson, and Williamsburg are on the Peninsula. Franklin borders Suffolk but the Census Bureau does not consider it part of the metro area.[27]

The metro area has three counties in North Carolina, Currituck, Camden, and Gates. The remaining counties, in Virginia, include Isle of Wight and Surry on the Southside, James City and York on the Virginia Peninsula, and Gloucester and Mathews on the Middle Peninsula. While Southampton is adjacent to Surry, Isle of Wight, and the City of Suffolk, the Census Bureau does not consider it part of the metro area.[27]

Five incorporated towns are in the metro area, including Claremont in Surry County, Dendron in Surry County, Smithfield in Isle of Wight County, Surry, Surry County's seat, and Windsor in Isle of Wight County. (Two other incorporated towns, Boykins and Courtland, are in Southampton County, and therefore, like the county within which they are located, are not part of the federally defined metropolitan area).[27]

Other unincorporated towns and communities in the metropolitan area that are not within its cities include Gloucester Courthouse and Gloucester Point in Gloucester County, Isle of Wight Courthouse, Rushmere, Rescue, Carrollton, Benns Church, and Walters in Isle of Wight County, Yorktown, Grafton, Seaford, and Tabb in York County, Jamestown, Ford's Colony, Grove, Lightfoot, Toano, and Norge in James City County, Moyock, Knotts Island, and Currituck in Currituck County, North Carolina.[27]

The Hampton Roads MSA, with a population of about 1.8 million, is the eighth-largest metropolitan area in the Southeastern United States, after the Atlanta–Sandy Springs–Marietta, GA MSA; Washington–Arlington–Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV MSA; Miami–Fort Lauderdale–Pompano Beach, FL MSA; Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater, FL MSA; Orlando–Kissimmee, FL MSA; Charlotte–Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC–SC MSA; and Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Franklin, TN MSA.

التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ هامپتون رودز
The harbor area of Hampton Roads, from official state map of pre-civil war Virginia circa 1858. image from the Library of Virginia


ثورة وحرب 1812

الحرب الأهلية

ما بعد الحرب

القرن 20

مستعمرة وليامزبرگ

المقالة الرئيسية: مستعمرة وليامزبرگ
انظر أيضاً: المثلث التاريخي

الحكومة

الديموغرافيا

النقل

المقالة الرئيسية: النقل في هامپتون رودز
عبارة ما بين نورفوك وپورتسماوث.


قارب في نورفوك



I-64 on the Hampton Roads Beltway, north of I-264


التعليم

The David Student Union at Christopher Newport University


Crim Dell in the heart of William & Mary's wooded campus

الاقتصاد

هامپتون من الفضاء


Northrop Grumman Newport News Shipbuilding


التأثير الفدرالي

مركز ناسا لانگلي للأبحاث


النمو التجاري

Lynnhaven Mall, opened in 1981, has 1،400،000 أقدام مربعة (130،000 m2) and 180 stores.


MacArthur Center, opened in 1999, has 1،100،000 أقدام مربعة (100،000 m2) and 140 stores.



Patrick Henry Mall, opened in 1987, has 714،310 أقدام مربعة (66،362 m2) and 120+ stores


مركز التسوق الموقع عدد المتاجر المساحة سنة الافتتاح
Lynnhaven Mall Virginia Beach 180 1،400،000 sq ft (130،000 m2) 1981
MacArthur Center Norfolk 140 1،100،000 sq ft (100،000 m2) 1999
Chesapeake Square Mall Chesapeake 130 800،000 sq ft (70،000 m2) 1989
Greenbrier Mall Chesapeake 120 809،017 sq ft (75،160 m2) 1981
Patrick Henry Mall Newport News 120+ 714،310 sq ft (66،400 m2) 1987
The Gallery at Military Circle Norfolk 120 944،447 sq ft (87،742 m2) 1970
Pembroke Mall Virginia Beach 100 650،000 sq ft (60،000 m2) 1966

إقليم أمريكا الأول

العلم

علم هامپتون رودز، أعلن في 1998


الثقافة

المثلث التاريخي

المعالم السياحية

المنتزهات

الرياضة والترفيه

الاعلام

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ "2025 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 22, 2026.
  2. ^ "2025 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 22, 2026.
  3. ^ أ ب ت ث "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Area Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2025". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 22, 2026.
  4. ^ "Total Gross Domestic Product for Virginia Beach-Chesapeake-Norfolk, VA-NC (MSA)". fred.stlouisfed.org.
  5. ^ http://www.norfolkdevelopment.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=137&Itemid=69
  6. ^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed April 1, 2011
  7. ^ "Norfolk Development – Norfolk Development". Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  8. ^ "LIS > Bill Tracking > HB1580 > 2009 session". lis.virginia.gov.
  9. ^ "the definition of road". Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  10. ^ أ ب "What's in a name? – Hampton Roads". Archived from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  11. ^ "OMB Bulletin No. 23-01: Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas" (PDF). United States Office of Management and Budget. July 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 21, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
  12. ^ أ ب "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  13. ^ "Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Components" (TXT). Metropolitan statistical areas and metropolitan divisions defined by the Office of Management and Budget, October 1963. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. October 13, 1950. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  14. ^ "Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Components" (TXT). Metropolitan statistical areas and metropolitan divisions defined by the Office of Management and Budget, October 1963. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. October 18, 1963. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  15. ^ "Historical Delineation Files" (TXT). Historical Delineation Files, February 1971. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 2, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  16. ^ "Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Components" (TXT). Metropolitan statistical areas and metropolitan divisions defined by the Office of Management and Budget, February 1971. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. February 23, 1971. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  17. ^ "Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Components" (TXT). Metropolitan statistical areas and metropolitan divisions defined by the Office of Management and Budget, April 1971. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. April 27, 1973. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  18. ^ "Hampton Roads loses Surry Co., gains Gates Co., N.C." Archived from the original on March 18, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
  19. ^ "Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. Retrieved 22 August 2026.
  20. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hampton Roads" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 12 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 906–907. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  21. ^ Gillis, Justin (September 3, 2016). "Flooding of Coast, Caused by Global Warming, Has Already Begun; Scientists' warnings that the rise of the sea would eventually imperil the United States' coastline are no longer theoretical". New York Times. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  22. ^ "The Latest: Storm surge likely up coast from Virginia to NJ". KFDA-TV. Associated Press. September 3, 2016. Archived from the original on September 14, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  23. ^ "National Security and the Accelerating Risks of Climate Change" (PDF). CNA Military Advisory Board. Retrieved September 9, 2016. May 2014
  24. ^ Brady Dennis and Chris Mooney (March 30, 2016). "Scientists nearly double sea level rise projections for 2100, because of Antarctica". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  25. ^ Hafner, Katherine (May 2, 2023). "A "hidden vulnerability:" Land in Hampton Roads is sinking twice as fast as sea levels are rising". WHRO.org. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
  26. ^ "TIGERweb Geography Division". TIGERweb. Retrieved October 22, 2026.
  27. ^ أ ب ت ث "OMB bulletin no. 07-01" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 20, 2007. Retrieved November 25, 2007.


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