الهيروغليفية الأناضولية

(تم التحويل من Anatolian hieroglyphs)
الهيروغليفية الأناضولية
الهيروغليفية الحيثية اللوڤية
الهيروغليفية الحيثية
Hamath inscription.jpg
نقش من حماة، بالهيروغليفية الأناضولية
النوع
اللغاتاللغة اللوڤية
U+14400–U+1467F
Final Accepted Script Proposal
هذا المقال يضم رموز صوتية من أص‌د. بدون دعم كتابة مناسب، قد يظهر لك علامات استفهام أو مربعات أو رموز أخرى بدلاً من أحرف اليونيكود. لدليل مقدمة إلى رموز أص‌د، انظر مساعدة:أص‌د.

الهيروغليفية الأناضولية هي كتابة أصيلة برسوم لفظية موطنها وسط الأناضول، تتكون من نحو 500 علامة. وقد شاع لبعض الوقت تعريفها بأنها الهيروغليفية الحيثية، ولكن اللغة التي تدوّنها ثبت أنها لوڤية، وليست حيثية، والمصطلح الهيروغليفية اللوڤية يُستخدم في الأدبيات بالإنگليزية. وهي نمطياً مشابهة للهيروغليفية المصرية، إلا أنها ليست مشتقة شكلياً من تلك الكتابة، ولا يُعرف أنها لعبت الدور المقدس الذي لعبته الهيروغليفية في مصر. ولا توجد علاقة مثبَتة بالمسمارية الحيثية.[1][2][3]

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التاريخ

Geographical distribution of Anatolian hieroglyphs. Thick lines represent the most finds

Individual Anatolian hieroglyphs are attested from the second and early first millennia BC across Anatolia and into modern Syria. The earliest examples occur on personal seals, but these consist only of names, titles, and auspicious signs, and it is not certain that they represent language. Most actual texts are found as monumental inscriptions in stone, though a few documents have survived on lead strips.

The first inscriptions confirmed as Luwian date to the Late Bronze Age, ca. 14th to 13th centuries BC. After some two centuries of sparse material, the hieroglyphs resume in the Early Iron Age, ca. 10th to 8th centuries BC. In the early 7th century BC, the Luwian hieroglyphic script, by then aged some 700 years, was marginalized by competing alphabetic scripts and fell into oblivion.

Drawing of the hieroglyphic seal found in the Troy VIIb layer.


اللغة

While almost[4] all the preserved texts employing Anatolian hieroglyphs are written in the Luwian language,[5] some features of the script suggest its earliest development within a bilingual Hittite-Luwian environment. For example, the sign which has the form of a "taking" or "grasping" hand has the value /ta/, which is precisely the Hittite word ta-/da- "to take," in contrast with the Luwian cognate of the same meaning which is la-.[6] There was occasionally some use of Anatolian hieroglyphs to write foreign material like Hurrian theonyms, or glosses in Urartian (such as Hieroglyph Luwian Urartian aqarqi.jpg á - ḫá+ra - ku for Hieroglyph Urartian aqarqi.jpg aqarqi or Hieroglyph Luwian Urartian tyerusi 1.jpg tu - ru - za for Hieroglyph Urartian tyerusi.jpg ṭerusi, two units of measurement).

  • The Marash Lion, with Anatolian hieroglyphs

    The Marash Lion, with Anatolian hieroglyphs

  • The Marash Lion, with Anatolian hieroglyphs

    The Marash Lion, with Anatolian hieroglyphs

  • God Tarḫunz with inscription in Anatolian hieroglyphs

    God Tarḫunz with inscription in Anatolian hieroglyphs

الكتابة

As in Egyptian, characters may be logographic or phonographic—that is, they may be used to represent words or sounds. The number of phonographic signs is limited. Most represent CV syllables, though there are a few disyllabic signs. A large number of these are ambiguous as to whether the vowel is a or i. Some signs are dedicated to one use or another, but many are flexible.

Words may be written logographically, phonetically, mixed (that is, a logogram with a phonetic complement), and may be preceded by a determinative. Other than the fact that the phonetic glyphs form a syllabary rather than indicating only consonants, this system is analogous to the system of Egyptian hieroglyphs.

A more elaborate monumental style is distinguished from more abstract linear or cursive forms of the script. In general, relief inscriptions prefer monumental forms, and incised ones prefer the linear form, but the styles are in principle interchangeable. Texts of several lines are usually written in boustrophedon style. Within a line, signs are usually written in vertical columns, but as in Egyptian hieroglyphs, aesthetic considerations take precedence over correct reading order.


فك الشفرة

الهيروغليفية الحيثية تحيط بشكل شخص يرتدي إزاراً ملكياً. The inscription, repeated in cuneiform around the rim, gives the seal owner's name: the Hittite ruler Tarkummuwa. This famous bilingual inscription provided the first clues for deciphering Hittite hieroglyphs.

Anatolian hieroglyphs first came to Western attention in the nineteenth century, when European explorers such as Johann Ludwig Burckhardt and Richard Francis Burton described pictographic inscriptions on walls in the city of Hama, Syria. The same characters were recorded in Boğazköy, and presumed by A. H. Sayce to be Hittite in origin.[7]

By 1915, with the Luwian language known from cuneiform, and a substantial quantity of Anatolian hieroglyphs transcribed and published, linguists started to make real progress in reading the script.[7] In the 1930s, it was partially deciphered by Ignace Gelb, Piero Meriggi, Emil Forrer, and Bedřich Hrozný. Its language was confirmed as Luwian in 1973 by J.D. Hawkins, Anna Morpurgo Davies and Günther Neumann, who corrected some previous errors about sign values, in particular emending the reading of symbols *376 and *377 from i, ī to zi, za.

سجل الرموز

The script consists of the order of 500 unique signs,[8] some with multiple values; a given sign may function as a logogram, a determinative or a syllabogram, or a combination thereof. The signs are numbered according to Laroche's sign list, with a prefix of 'L.' or '*'. Logograms are transcribed in Latin in capital letters. For example, *90, an image of a foot, is transcribed as PES when used logographically, and with its phonemic value ti when used as a syllabogram. In the rare cases where the logogram cannot be transliterated into Latin, it is rendered through its approximate Hittite equivalent, recorded in Italic capitals, e.g. *216 ARHA. The most up-to-date sign list is that of Marazzi (1998).

Hawkins, Morpurgo-Davies and Neumann corrected some previous errors about sign values, in particular emending the reading of symbols *376 and *377 from i, ī to zi, za.

Roster of CV syllabograms:

-a -i -u
- *450, *19 *209 *105
h- *215, *196 *413 *307
k- *434 *446 *423
l- *176 *278 *445
m- *110 *391 *107
n- *35 *411, *214 *153, *395
p- *334 *66 *328
r- *383 *412
s- *415 *433, *104, *402, *327 - -
t- *100, *29, *41, *319, *172 *90 *89, *325
w- *439 -
y- *210 - -
z- *377 *376 *432(?)

Transliteration of logograms is conventionally the term represented in Latin, in capital letters (e.g. PES for the logogram for "foot"). The syllabograms are transliterated, disambiguating homophonic signs analogously to cuneiform transliteration, e.g. ta=ta1, tá=ta2, tà=ta3, ta4, ta5 and ta6 transliterate six distinct ways of representing phonemic /ta/.[9] Some of these homophonic signs have received further attention and new phonetic interpretation in recent years, e.g. tà has been argued to stand for /da/,[10] and á seems to have stood for /ʔa/ (distinct from /a/), representing the descendant of Proto-Indo-European */h₁/.[11]

يونيكود

المقالة الرئيسية: Anatolian Hieroglyphs (Unicode block)

Anatolian hieroglyphs were added to the Unicode Standard in June, 2015 with the release of version 8.0.

The Unicode block for Anatolian Hieroglyphs is U+14400–U+1467F:

الهيروغليفية الأناضولية[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+1440x 𔐀 𔐁 𔐂 𔐃 𔐄 𔐅 𔐆 𔐇 𔐈 𔐉 𔐊 𔐋 𔐌 𔐍 𔐎 𔐏
U+1441x 𔐐 𔐑 𔐒 𔐓 𔐔 𔐕 𔐖 𔐗 𔐘 𔐙 𔐚 𔐛 𔐜 𔐝 𔐞 𔐟
U+1442x 𔐠 𔐡 𔐢 𔐣 𔐤 𔐥 𔐦 𔐧 𔐨 𔐩 𔐪 𔐫 𔐬 𔐭 𔐮 𔐯
U+1443x 𔐰 𔐱 𔐲 𔐳 𔐴 𔐵 𔐶 𔐷 𔐸 𔐹 𔐺 𔐻 𔐼 𔐽 𔐾 𔐿
U+1444x 𔑀 𔑁 𔑂 𔑃 𔑄 𔑅 𔑆 𔑇 𔑈 𔑉 𔑊 𔑋 𔑌 𔑍 𔑎 𔑏
U+1445x 𔑐 𔑑 𔑒 𔑓 𔑔 𔑕 𔑖 𔑗 𔑘 𔑙 𔑚 𔑛 𔑜 𔑝 𔑞 𔑟
U+1446x 𔑠 𔑡 𔑢 𔑣 𔑤 𔑥 𔑦 𔑧 𔑨 𔑩 𔑪 𔑫 𔑬 𔑭 𔑮 𔑯
U+1447x 𔑰 𔑱 𔑲 𔑳 𔑴 𔑵 𔑶 𔑷 𔑸 𔑹 𔑺 𔑻 𔑼 𔑽 𔑾 𔑿
U+1448x 𔒀 𔒁 𔒂 𔒃 𔒄 𔒅 𔒆 𔒇 𔒈 𔒉 𔒊 𔒋 𔒌 𔒍 𔒎 𔒏
U+1449x 𔒐 𔒑 𔒒 𔒓 𔒔 𔒕 𔒖 𔒗 𔒘 𔒙 𔒚 𔒛 𔒜 𔒝 𔒞 𔒟
U+144Ax 𔒠 𔒡 𔒢 𔒣 𔒤 𔒥 𔒦 𔒧 𔒨 𔒩 𔒪 𔒫 𔒬 𔒭 𔒮 𔒯
U+144Bx 𔒰 𔒱 𔒲 𔒳 𔒴 𔒵 𔒶 𔒷 𔒸 𔒹 𔒺 𔒻 𔒼 𔒽 𔒾 𔒿
U+144Cx 𔓀 𔓁 𔓂 𔓃 𔓄 𔓅 𔓆 𔓇 𔓈 𔓉 𔓊 𔓋 𔓌 𔓍 𔓎 𔓏
U+144Dx 𔓐 𔓑 𔓒 𔓓 𔓔 𔓕 𔓖 𔓗 𔓘 𔓙 𔓚 𔓛 𔓜 𔓝 𔓞 𔓟
U+144Ex 𔓠 𔓡 𔓢 𔓣 𔓤 𔓥 𔓦 𔓧 𔓨 𔓩 𔓪 𔓫 𔓬 𔓭 𔓮 𔓯
U+144Fx 𔓰 𔓱 𔓲 𔓳 𔓴 𔓵 𔓶 𔓷 𔓸 𔓹 𔓺 𔓻 𔓼 𔓽 𔓾 𔓿
U+1450x 𔔀 𔔁 𔔂 𔔃 𔔄 𔔅 𔔆 𔔇 𔔈 𔔉 𔔊 𔔋 𔔌 𔔍 𔔎 𔔏
U+1451x 𔔐 𔔑 𔔒 𔔓 𔔔 𔔕 𔔖 𔔗 𔔘 𔔙 𔔚 𔔛 𔔜 𔔝 𔔞 𔔟
U+1452x 𔔠 𔔡 𔔢 𔔣 𔔤 𔔥 𔔦 𔔧 𔔨 𔔩 𔔪 𔔫 𔔬 𔔭 𔔮 𔔯
U+1453x 𔔰 𔔱 𔔲 𔔳 𔔴 𔔵 𔔶 𔔷 𔔸 𔔹 𔔺 𔔻 𔔼 𔔽 𔔾 𔔿
U+1454x 𔕀 𔕁 𔕂 𔕃 𔕄 𔕅 𔕆 𔕇 𔕈 𔕉 𔕊 𔕋 𔕌 𔕍 𔕎 𔕏
U+1455x 𔕐 𔕑 𔕒 𔕓 𔕔 𔕕 𔕖 𔕗 𔕘 𔕙 𔕚 𔕛 𔕜 𔕝 𔕞 𔕟
U+1456x 𔕠 𔕡 𔕢 𔕣 𔕤 𔕥 𔕦 𔕧 𔕨 𔕩 𔕪 𔕫 𔕬 𔕭 𔕮 𔕯
U+1457x 𔕰 𔕱 𔕲 𔕳 𔕴 𔕵 𔕶 𔕷 𔕸 𔕹 𔕺 𔕻 𔕼 𔕽 𔕾 𔕿
U+1458x 𔖀 𔖁 𔖂 𔖃 𔖄 𔖅 𔖆 𔖇 𔖈 𔖉 𔖊 𔖋 𔖌 𔖍 𔖎 𔖏
U+1459x 𔖐 𔖑 𔖒 𔖓 𔖔 𔖕 𔖖 𔖗 𔖘 𔖙 𔖚 𔖛 𔖜 𔖝 𔖞 𔖟
U+145Ax 𔖠 𔖡 𔖢 𔖣 𔖤 𔖥 𔖦 𔖧 𔖨 𔖩 𔖪 𔖫 𔖬 𔖭 𔖮 𔖯
U+145Bx 𔖰 𔖱 𔖲 𔖳 𔖴 𔖵 𔖶 𔖷 𔖸 𔖹 𔖺 𔖻 𔖼 𔖽 𔖾 𔖿
U+145Cx 𔗀 𔗁 𔗂 𔗃 𔗄 𔗅 𔗆 𔗇 𔗈 𔗉 𔗊 𔗋 𔗌 𔗍 𔗎 𔗏
U+145Dx 𔗐 𔗑 𔗒 𔗓 𔗔 𔗕 𔗖 𔗗 𔗘 𔗙 𔗚 𔗛 𔗜 𔗝 𔗞 𔗟
U+145Ex 𔗠 𔗡 𔗢 𔗣 𔗤 𔗥 𔗦 𔗧 𔗨 𔗩 𔗪 𔗫 𔗬 𔗭 𔗮 𔗯
U+145Fx 𔗰 𔗱 𔗲 𔗳 𔗴 𔗵 𔗶 𔗷 𔗸 𔗹 𔗺 𔗻 𔗼 𔗽 𔗾 𔗿
U+1460x 𔘀 𔘁 𔘂 𔘃 𔘄 𔘅 𔘆 𔘇 𔘈 𔘉 𔘊 𔘋 𔘌 𔘍 𔘎 𔘏
U+1461x 𔘐 𔘑 𔘒 𔘓 𔘔 𔘕 𔘖 𔘗 𔘘 𔘙 𔘚 𔘛 𔘜 𔘝 𔘞 𔘟
U+1462x 𔘠 𔘡 𔘢 𔘣 𔘤 𔘥 𔘦 𔘧 𔘨 𔘩 𔘪 𔘫 𔘬 𔘭 𔘮 𔘯
U+1463x 𔘰 𔘱 𔘲 𔘳 𔘴 𔘵 𔘶 𔘷 𔘸 𔘹 𔘺 𔘻 𔘼 𔘽 𔘾 𔘿
U+1464x 𔙀 𔙁 𔙂 𔙃 𔙄 𔙅 𔙆
U+1465x
U+1466x
U+1467x
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 11.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points


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انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ Payne, A. (2004). Hieroglyphic Luwian. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 1. ISBN 3-447-05026-8.
  2. ^ Melchert, H. Craig (2004). "Luvian". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56256-2.
  3. ^ Melchert, H. Craig (1996). "Anatolian Hieroglyphs". In Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (eds.). The World's Writing Systems. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507993-0.
  4. ^ For a Hurrian text written with Anatolian Hieroglyphs, see Hawkins, J.D. (2003). Scripts and Texts, in Melchert, H.C. (ed.), The Luwians, Brill, p. 141. On loanwords from different languages in the hieroglyphic texts of the Iron age see Giusfredi, F. (2012). Note sui prestiti accadici e urartei in luvio-geroglifico di età del Ferro, in P. Cotticelli Kurras et al. (eds.), Interferenze linguistiche e contatti culturali in Anatolia tra II e I millennio a.C. Studi in onore di Onofrio Carruba in occasione del suo 80° compleanno, pp. 153-171.
  5. ^ Plöchl, R. (2003). Einführung ins Hieroglyphen-Luwische (in الألمانية). Dresden: Verlag der TU Dresden. p. 12. ISBN 3-86005-351-5.
  6. ^ Yakubovich, I. (2008). "Hittite-Luvian Bilingualism and the Origin of Anatolian Hieroglyphs". Acta Linguistica Petropolitana. 4 (1): 9–36.
  7. ^ أ ب Pope, Maurice (1999). The Story of Decipherment: From Egyptian Hieroglyphs to Mayan Script (rev. ed.). New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28105-X.
  8. ^ Laroche (1960) lists 524, but several signs separated by Laroche are now considered identical (e.g. *63 and *64 with *69, itself possibly a variant of *59 MANUS; *94 with *91 PES.SCALA.ROTAE (the "rollerskate" glyph); *136 with *43 CAPERE, etc.)
  9. ^ see also the article at the Indo-European Database Archived يوليو 12, 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Rieken, E. (2008): "Die Zeichen <ta>, <tá> und <tà> in den hieroglyphen-luwischen Inschriften der Nachgroßreichszeit." In: Archi, A.; Francia, R. (eds.): VI Congresso Internazionale die Ittitilogia, Roma, 5.-9. Settembre 2005. Roma: CNR, 637-647.
  11. ^ Simon, Zsolt (2013). "Once again on the Hieroglyphic Luwian sign *19 〈á〉". Indogermanische Forschungen. 118: 1–22.

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