1297
| القرون: | قرن 12 · قرن 13 · قرن 14 |
| العقود: | ع1260 ع1270 ع1280 ع1290 ع1300 ع1310 ع1320 |
| السنوات: | 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 |
| ألفية: | الألفية 2 |
|---|---|
| قرون: | القرن 12 – القرن 13 – القرن 14 |
| عقود: | عقد 1260 عقد 1270 عقد 1280 – عقد 1290 – عقد 1300 عقد 1310 عقد 1320 |
| سنين: | 1294 1295 1296 – 1297 – 1298 1299 1300 |
| 1297 حسب الموضوع | |
| السياسة | |
| زعماء الدول – الدول ذات السيادة | |
| تصنيفا المواليد والوفيات | |
| المواليد – الوفيات | |
| تصنيفا التأسيسات والانحلالات | |
| التأسيسات – الانحلالات | |
| الفن والأدب | |
| 1297 في الشعر | |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 1297 MCCXCVII |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 2050 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 746 ԹՎ ՉԽԶ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 6047 |
| التقويم البهائي | −547 – −546 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 704 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 2247 |
| سنة العهد الإنگليزي | 25 Edw. 1 – 26 Edw. 1 |
| التقويم البوذي | 1841 |
| التقويم البورمي | 659 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 6805–6806 |
| التقويم الصيني | 丙申年 (النار القرد) 3993 أو 3933 — إلى — 丁酉年 (النار الديك) 3994 أو 3934 |
| التقويم القبطي | 1013–1014 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 2463 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 1289–1290 |
| التقويم العبري | 5057–5058 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1353–1354 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 1219–1220 |
| - كالي يوگا | 4398–4399 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 11297 |
| تقويم الإگبو | 297–298 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 675–676 |
| التقويم الهجري | 696–697 |
| التقويم الياباني | Einin 5 (永仁５年) |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | 1297 MCCXCVII |
| التقويم الكوري | 3630 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 615 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前615年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 1840 |
Year 1297 (MCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.
أحداث
حسب المكان
أوروبا
- January 8 - Guelph forces, led by the Genoese leader François Grimaldi (il Malizia), storm and capture the Rock of Monaco. François, disguised as a Franciscan friar, gains entry to the city, and opens the gates for his soldiers. He seizes the castle with his stepson Rainier I, an event that is commemorated on the coat of arms of Monaco. Rainier becomes the first sovereign ruler of the House of Grimaldi in Monaco; he rules initially until 1301, but the family will be ruling there into the 21st century.
- Treaty of Alcañices: Kings Denis of Portugal ("the Poet King") and 11-year-old Ferdinand IV of Castile ("the Summoned") (under the guidance of his mother, Queen-Regent Maria de Molina) sign a treaty between Portugal and Castile, which establishes an alliance of friendship and mutual defense, leading to a peace of 40 years between the two kingdoms.[1]
- August 20 - Battle of Furnes: French forces under Robert II defeat the Flemings at Veurne. During the battle, Robert's son Philip of Artois is gravely wounded and dies a year later of his wounds.[2]
الجزر البريطانية
- April 14 - King Edward I of England makes an appeal outside Westminster Hall for support for the war against France. He apologizes for the high tax demands he has previously levied. Edward asks the Barons (some 1,500 knights) to swear allegiance to his 12-year-old son, Prince Edward of Caernarfon. Aware of the dangers of the opposition to his power, Edward appears before a large crowd and receives total loyalty.
- May - William Wallace, Scottish rebel leader, leads an uprising against the English at Lanark and kills Sheriff William Hesselrig. He joins with William Douglas the Hardy, the first Scottish nobleman in rebellion – combining forces at Sanquhar, Durisdeer and Scone Abbey (known as the Raid on Scone) in June. Later, Wallace captures the English treasury at Scone to finance the rebellion against Edward I of England.[3]
- Summer - Edward I of England orders a punitive expedition against the rebellious Scots. At Roxburgh, an army of some 9,000 men (including 2,000 cavalry) led by John de Warenne is assembled. Meanwhile, William Wallace leaves the forest of Selkirk with reinforcements and turns his attention north of the River Forth.[4]
- July - In Scotland, a group of nobles forms a confederacy (organized by Robert Wishart, bishop of Glasgow), but are defeated by English troops at Irvine. An agreement of submission to Edward I of England is signed by the future Scottish king Robert the Bruce and other Scottish leaders.
- August 22 - Edward I of England leads an expedition to Flanders. He moves with an army (some 8,000 men) supported by 800 knights to Ghent and makes the city his base of operations in Flanders.
- September 11 - Battle of Stirling Bridge: Scottish forces (some 6,000 men) led by Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeat an English army under John de Warenne at Stirling on the Forth.[5]
- October-November - Scottish forces led by William Wallace begin raids in Northumberland and Cumberland. During a ceremony at Selkirk, Wallace is knighted and appointed Guardian of Scotland.[6] (Contradicts First Scottish War of Independence that cites William Wallace as having been made a knight and Guardian of Scotland in March, 1298)
- Winter - Edward I of England accepts a truce proposed by King Philip IV of France ("the Fair") and leaves Flanders. He returns to London and prepares a campaign against William Wallace in Scotland.
حسب الموضوع
الدين
- May 3 - Stefano Colonna, Italian chief magistrate and papal official, captures the treasure of the tomb of Caecilia Metella near Rome, which is sent by the rival Caetani family to Pope Boniface VIII.[7]
- July 11 - King Louis IX of France (died 1270) is canonized by Boniface VIII. Louis a devout Christian of the Catholic Church, banned during his reign prostitution, gambling, blasphemy and judicial duels.[8]
- Boniface VIII attempts to end the rivalry between Genoa and Pisa over the Tyrrhenian islands of Sardinia and Corsica, naming King James II of Aragon ("the Just") as regent of the islands.
- A Portuguese Water Dog is first described in a monk's report of a drowning sailor, who has been pulled from the sea by a dog.[9]
مواليد
- March 25
- Andronikos III Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (ت. 1341)
- Arnošt of Pardubice, Czech archbishop and advisor (ت. 1364)
- July 8 - Tarabya I of Sagaing, Burmese ruler (Myinsaing Kingdom) (ت. 1339)
- August 14 - Hanazono, Japanese emperor and poet (ت. 1348)
- Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman, Marinid ruler of Morocco (ت. 1351)
- Bernardo Canaccio, Italian nobleman, poet and writer (ت. 1360)
- Charles II, Count of Alençon ("Magnanimous"), French nobleman and knight (ت. 1346)
- Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, German nobleman and prince (House of Welf) (ت. 1361)
- Ingeborg Eriksdottir, Norwegian princess and co-regent (ت. 1357)
- Isabella of Sabran, Spanish noblewoman and princess (ت. 1315)
- Kęstutis, Grand Duke of Lithuania (House of Gediminids) (ت. 1382)
- Mary de Monthermer (or MacDuff), English noblewoman (ت. 1371)
- Thomas Wake, 2nd Baron Wake of Liddell, English nobleman, governor and knight (ت. 1349)
- Yanagiwara Sukeakira, Japanese nobleman (kugyō) (ت. 1353)
وفيات
- January 23 - Florent of Hainaut, Latin prince of Achaea (و. 1255)
- February 22 - Margaret of Cortona, Italian nun and saint (و. 1247)
- April 7 - Siegfried II of Westerburg, German nobleman and archbishop (و. 1258)
- May 21 - Judith of Habsburg, Bohemian queen consort (و. 1271)
- June 11 - Jeguk (Jangmok), Korean princess and queen consort (و. 1259)
- June 27 - Bérard de Got, French cardinal, bishop and diplomat
- August 13 - Gertrude of Aldenberg, German noblewoman (و. 1227)
- August 14 - Frederick III, Burgrave of Nuremberg, German nobleman and knight (و. 1220)
- August 16 - John II, Byzantine emperor of Trebizond (و. 1262)
- August 18 - Simon de Beaulieu, French nobleman and bishop
- August 19 - Louis of Toulouse, Neapolitan archbishop (و. 1274)
- August 20 - William Fraser, Scottish monk, chancellor and bishop
- September 11 - Hugh de Cressingham, English advisor and knight
- November 21 - Roger de Mowbray, English nobleman (و. 1254)
- December 28 - Hugh Aycelin, French priest and cardinal (و. 1230)
- Andrew Moray (or de Moray), Scottish nobleman and rebel leader
- Hesso, Margrave of Baden-Baden, German nobleman, co-ruler and knight (و. 1268)
- Louis of Brienne, French nobleman and knight (County of Brienne)
- Muktabai (or Mukta), Indian religious leader and mystic (و. 1279)
- Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas, Latin ruler (despot) of Epirus
- Radulphus de Canaberiis, French nobleman, teacher and canon
- Richard FitzJohn, English nobleman, judge, constable and knight
- Roger de Montalt, Norman nobleman and rebel leader (و. 1265)
المراجع
- ^ Sheila R. Ackerlind (1990). King Dinis of Portugal and the Alfonsine heritage, pp. 10–11. Peter Lang Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8204-0921-4.
- ^ Charles T. Wood (1966). The French Apanages and the Capetian Monarchy, 1224–1328, p. 59. Harvard University Press.
- ^ Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98, pp. 30–32. ISBN 1-84176-510-4.
- ^ Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98, p. 33. ISBN 1-84176-510-4.
- ^ Cowan, Edward J. (2007). The Wallace Book, p. 69. ISBN 978-0-85976-652-4.
- ^ Sarah Crome (1999). Scotland's First War of Independence, p. 57. ISBN 978-0-9536316-0-5.
- ^ Maire Vigueur, Jean-Claude (2010). L'autre Rome. Une histoire des Romains a l'époque communale (XIIe-XIVe siècle). Paris: Tallandier. p. 241. ISBN 978-2-84734-719-7.
- ^ Chronicle of the Twenty-Four Generals of the Order of Friars Minor. Ordo Fratrum Minorum. p. 2.
- ^ "History of the Portuguese Water Dog", Kathryn Braund and Deyanne Farrell Miller. The Complete Portuguese Water Dog, 1986, DeLeao.