1259
| القرون: | قرن 12 · قرن 13 · قرن 14 |
| العقود: | ع1220 ع1230 ع1240 ع1250 ع1260 ع1270 ع1280 |
| السنوات: | 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 |
| ألفية: | الألفية 2 |
|---|---|
| قرون: | القرن 12 – القرن 13 – القرن 14 |
| عقود: | عقد 1220 عقد 1230 عقد 1240 – عقد 1250 – عقد 1260 عقد 1270 عقد 1280 |
| سنين: | 1256 1257 1258 – 1259 – 1260 1261 1262 |
| 1259 حسب الموضوع | |
| السياسة | |
| زعماء الدول – الدول ذات السيادة | |
| تصنيفا المواليد والوفيات | |
| المواليد – الوفيات | |
| تصنيفا التأسيسات والانحلالات | |
| التأسيسات – الانحلالات | |
| الفن والأدب | |
| 1259 في الشعر | |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 1259 MCCLIX |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 2012 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 708 ԹՎ ՉԸ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 6009 |
| التقويم البهائي | −585 – −584 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 666 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 2209 |
| سنة العهد الإنگليزي | 43 Hen. 3 – 44 Hen. 3 |
| التقويم البوذي | 1803 |
| التقويم البورمي | 621 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 6767–6768 |
| التقويم الصيني | 戊午年 (التراب الحصان) 3955 أو 3895 — إلى — 己未年 (التراب الماعز) 3956 أو 3896 |
| التقويم القبطي | 975–976 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 2425 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 1251–1252 |
| التقويم العبري | 5019–5020 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1315–1316 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 1181–1182 |
| - كالي يوگا | 4360–4361 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 11259 |
| تقويم الإگبو | 259–260 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 637–638 |
| التقويم الهجري | 656–658 |
| التقويم الياباني | Shōka 3 / Shōgen 1 (正元元年) |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | 1259 MCCLIX |
| التقويم الكوري | 3592 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 653 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前653年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 1802 |
Year 1259 (MCCLIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
أحداث
حسب المكان
الإمبراطورية المنغولية
- الغزو المنغولي لپولندا بقيادة بورونداي.
- الحملة العسكرية بقيادة هولاگو ضد الأيوبيين في الشام.
- مملكة كوريو تخضع للقوات المنغولية.
- After the death of the Great Khan Möngke, Arig-Buga began to claim the rule of the Mongol Empire , but he did not have general support, which led to civil war.
- Kublai Khan waged a successful campaign against the Song dynasty , but upon learning of Mongke's death, he concluded a truce with the enemy.
- بدء إنشاء مرصد المراغة.
- The new Tatar-Mongol military leader Burundai, who replaced Kuremsa, made a campaign against the Galicia-Volyn principality and forced Daniil Galitsky to flee to Hungary , and his younger brother Vasilko Romanovich and son Lev Vasilkovich were forced to accept the conditions of the Tatar-Mongols - to tear down the fortifications of cities in Volyn : Kremenets ، لوتسك و Vladimir-Volynsky.
العالم العربي
- 12 نوفمبر - السلطان قطز يطيح بـ المنصور علي ويصبح سلطان مصر.
أوروبا
- سبتمبر -
- معركة پلاگونيا: إمبراطورية نيقيا تهزم إمارة آخايا، فتضمن إعادة فتح القسطنطينية في 1261.[1][2]
- معركة كاسانو: الگلف يهزمون جيش إزلينو الثالث دا رومانو.
- 4 ديسمبر - الملكان لويس التاسع من فرنسا وهنري الثالث من إنگلترة يتفقان في معاهدة پاريس، على تخلي هنري عن مطالبه في الأراضي التي تسيطر عليها فرنسا من القارة الأوروبية (بما في ذلك نورماندي)، مقابل سحب لويس دعمه للمتمردين الإنجليز.[3]
- الملك بيلا الرابع من المجر is at war with King Constantine Tikh of Bulgaria .
 |
- الجصيات الشهيرة في كنيسة بويانا في بلغاريا تكتمل (الكنيسة وجدارياتها هم الآن من موقع تراث عالمي حسب اليونسكو).[4]
- المدن الألمانية لوبك و Wismar, وروستوك enter into a pact to defend against pirates of the بحر البلطيق, laying the groundwork for the Hanseatic League.[5]
- Nogai Khan leads the second Mongol Golden Horde attack against Lithuania, and Poland.[6]
- Epirote–Nicaean conflict.[7]
آسيا
- August 11 - While conducting a siege against the Song Dynasty city known as Fishing Town in the province of Chongqing, China, the Mongol Great Khan, Möngke Khan, dies in the nearby hills. Persian, Chinese, and Mongol records have different accounts of how he died, including succumbing to an arrow wound received by a Chinese archer in the siege, dysentery, and even a cholera epidemic. His death sparks a succession crisis in the Mongol Empire, while his brothers Ariq Böke and Kublai soon convene their own kurultai to elect themselves as the next Khan of Khans, opening the path to a four–year-long Toluid Civil War from 1260 to 1264. In the end, Ariq Böke surrenders to Kublai.[8][9]
- While engaged in a war with the Mongols, the Song Chinese official Li Zengbo writes in his Kozhai Zagao, Xugaohou that the city of Qingzhou is manufacturing one to two thousand strong iron-cased gunpowder bomb shells a month, dispatching to Xiangyang and Yingzhou about ten to twenty thousand such bombs at a time.[10]
- Lannathai, a kingdom in the north of Thailand, is founded by King Mangrai.[11][12]
- The Goryeo Kingdom in Korea surrenders to invading Mongol forces.[13]
- The Chinese era Kaiqing begins and ends, in the Northern Song Dynasty of China.[14]
- The Japanese Shōka era ends, and the Shōgen era begins.[15][16]
مواليد
- February 25 - Infanta Branca of Portugal, daughter of King Afonso III of Portugal and Urraca of Castile (d. 1321)[17][18]
- March 25 - Andronikos II Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1332)[19]
- Pietro Cavallini, Italian painter (d. 1330)[20][21]
- Demetre II of Georgia (d. 1289)[22][23]
- Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster (d. 1326)[24]
وفيات
- January - Matilda II, Countess of Boulogne, ruler of Boulogne, queen consort of Portugal (b. 1202)[25]
- February 7 - Thomas, Count of Flanders[26][27]
- May 29 - King Christopher I of Denmark (b. 1219)[28][29]
- July 21 - Gojong of Goryeo[30]
- August 11 - Möngke Khan of the Mongol Empire[8]
- October 7 - Ezzelino III da Romano, Italian ruler[31]
- November 18 - Adam Marsh, English scholar and theologian[32][33]
- date unknown - Matthew Paris, English chronicler[34]
المراجع
- ^ David, Brewer (2011) [2010]. Greece, the Hidden Centuries: Turkish Rule from the Fall of Constantinople to Greek (in الإنجليزية). New York: I.B.Tauris. p. 17. ISBN 9780857730046.
- ^ Geanakoplos, Deno John (1984). Byzantium: Church, Society, and Civilization Seen Through Contemporary Eyes (in الإنجليزية). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. p. 106. ISBN 9780226284606.
- ^ Thackeray, Frank W.; Findling, John E. (2001). Events that Changed the World Through the Sixteenth Century (in الإنجليزية). Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 52. ISBN 9780313290794.
- ^ Marani, Enrico; Heida, Ciska (2018). Head and Neck: Morphology, Models and Function (in الإنجليزية). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 167. ISBN 9783319921051.
- ^ Hammel-Kiesow, Rolf (2015). "The Early Hansas". In Harreld, Donald J. (ed.). A Companion to the Hanseatic League (in الإنجليزية). Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 56. ISBN 9789004284760.
- ^ Sedlar, Jean W. (2013) [1994]. East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500 (in الإنجليزية). Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. p. 379. ISBN 9780295800646.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East (in الإنجليزية). Vol. I: ca. 3000 BCE - 1499 CE. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 283. ISBN 9781851096725.
- ^ أ ب Rossabi, Morris (2009). Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times (in الإنجليزية). Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp. 96–97. ISBN 9780520261327.
- ^ Kolbas, Judith (2013). The Mongols in Iran: Chingiz Khan to Uljaytu 1220–1309 (in الإنجليزية). New York and London: Routledge. p. 160. ISBN 9781136802898.
- ^ Andrade, Tonio (2016). The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History (in الإنجليزية). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 48. ISBN 9781400874446.
- ^ London, Ellen (2008). Thailand Condensed: 2,000 Years of History & Culture (in الإنجليزية). Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p. 32. ISBN 9789812619761.
- ^ Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (2012) [1996]. Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places (in الإنجليزية). Vol. 5: Asia and Oceania. New York and London: Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 9781136639791.
- ^ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne (2013). Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800 (in الإنجليزية). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. p. 169. ISBN 9781133606512.
- ^ Mostern, Ruth (2011). "Dividing the Realm in Order to Govern": The Spatial Organization of the Song State (960-1276 CE) (in الإنجليزية). Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press. p. 83. ISBN 9780674056022.
- ^ Griffis, William Elliot (2014). The Mikado's Empire. Cambridge Library Collection (in الإنجليزية). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 613. ISBN 9781108080507.
- ^ Adolphson, Mikael S. (2000). The Gates of Power: Monks, Courtiers, and Warriors in Premodern Japan (in الإنجليزية). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. p. 398. ISBN 9780824823344.
- ^ Carvalho e Araújo, Alexandre Herculano de (1849). Historia de Portugal (in البرتغالية). Lisbon, Portugal: Casa de Viuva Bertrand e Flihos. p. 73.
- ^ de Pinho Leal, Augusto Soares de Azevedo Barbosa (1876). Portugal Antigo e Moderno: Diccionario Geographico, Estatistico, Chorographico, Heraldico, Archeologico, Historico, Biographico E Etymologico De Todas as Cidades, Villas E Freguezias De Portugal E De Grande Numero De Aldeias ... (in البرتغالية). Lisbon, Portugal: Mattos Moreira & Companhia. p. 221.
- ^ Russell, Eugenia (2013). Literature and Culture in Late Byzantine Thessalonica (in الإنجليزية). London, New Delhi, New York, Sydney: Bloosmbury. p. 159. ISBN 9781441155849.
- ^ Crowe, Joseph Archer; Cavalcaselle, Giovanni Battista; Jameson, Anna (2014). Early Italian Painting (in الإنجليزية). Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Parkstone International. p. 118. ISBN 9781783103928.
- ^ Kurian, George Thomas (2015). A Quick Look at Christian History (in الإنجليزية). Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers. p. 82. ISBN 9780736953788.
- ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia (in الإنجليزية). Lanham, MA: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 260. ISBN 9781442241466.
- ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994) [1988]. The Making of the Georgian Nation (in الإنجليزية). Bloomington, IN and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780253209153.
- ^ Lacey, Gerry (1994). The Legacy of the de Lacy, Lacey, Lacy Family, 1066-1994 (in الإنجليزية). Midland, MI: Mashue Printing. p. 59.
- ^ Tanner, Heather J. (2019). Medieval Elite Women and the Exercise of Power, 1100--1400: Moving Beyond the Exceptionalist Debate. The New Middle Ages (in الإنجليزية). Columbus, OH and Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 304. ISBN 9783030013462.
- ^ Phillips, Lawrence Barnett (1871). The Dictionary of Biographical Reference: Containing One Hundred Thousand Names, Together with a Classed Index of the Biographical Literature of Europe and America (in الإنجليزية). London: S. Low, Son, & Marston. pp. 903.
1259 thomas flanders.
- ^ Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (1843). The Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (in الإنجليزية). Vol. II. London: Longman, Brown. p. 385.
- ^ Dunham, Samuel Astley (1839). History of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway (in الإنجليزية). Vol. II. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans and John Taylor. p. 223.
- ^ Rosse, J. Willoughby (1877). An Index of Dates: Comprehending the Principal Facts in the Chronology and History of the World, from the Earliest to the Present Time (in الإنجليزية). Vol. I: A - J. London: G. Bell and Sons. p. 178.
- ^ Park, Sang-jin (2014). Under the Microscope: The Secrets of the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks (in الإنجليزية). Translated by Kim, Ji-hyun Philippa. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. xii. ISBN 9781443867320.
- ^ McKitterick, Rosamond; Abulafia, David; Fouracre, Paul; Reuter, Timothy; Allmand, C. T.; Luscombe, David Edward; Jones, Michael; Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1995). The New Cambridge Medieval History (in الإنجليزية). Vol. V: c. 1198 - c.1300. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 460. ISBN 9780521362894.
- ^ Power, Amanda (2017). "The Friars in Secular and Ecclesiastical Governance, 1224–c. 1259". In Robson, Michael J. P. (ed.). The English Province of the Franciscans (1224-c.1350) (in الإنجليزية). Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 36. ISBN 9789004331624.
- ^ Brown, Stephen F.; Flores, Juan Carlos (2018). Historical Dictionary of Medieval Philosophy and Theology (in الإنجليزية). Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 46. ISBN 9781538114315.
- ^ Jefferson, Melvin (2006). "The Conservation of Parker MSS 16 and 26 "The Chronica Majora"". In Fellows-Jensen, Gillian; Springborg, Peter (eds.). Care and Conservation of Manuscripts 9: Proceedings of the Ninth International Seminar Held at the University of Copenhagen 14th-15th April 2005 (in الإنجليزية). Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 69. ISBN 9788763505543.