معركة كرتسانيسي

معركة كرتسانيسي
جزء من الغزوات الفارسية لجورجيا
Valerian Sidamon-Eristavi 11.jpg
معركة كرتسانيسي بريشة Valerian Sidamon-Eristavi
التاريخSeptember 8-September 11, 1795
(3 days)
الموقع
كرتسانيسي، تفليس
41°36′35″N 44°54′10″E / 41.60972°N 44.90278°E / 41.60972; 44.90278Coordinates: 41°36′35″N 44°54′10″E / 41.60972°N 44.90278°E / 41.60972; 44.90278
النتيجة نصر قاجاري
التغيرات
الإقليمية		 تفليس فـُتِحت ونُهِبت، وشرق جورجيا أعادت فارس احتلالها[1][2][3][4]
المتحاربون
Flag of Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti.svg مملكة كرتلي-كاختي
Imeretiflag.jpg مملكة إمرتي

Flag of Agha Mohammad Khan.svg إيران القاجارية

القادة والزعماء
Flag of Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti.svg هرقليوس الثاني
Imeretiflag.jpg سولومون الثاني		 Flag of Agha Mohammad Khan.svg أغا محمد خان
القوى
Flag of Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti.svg 3,000
Imeretiflag.jpg 2,000		 35,000[5][6] or 40,000[7]
الضحايا والخسائر
4,000 troops killed. Unknown number of wounded or captured[5]
15,000[7][8][9] captives (civilians) moved to mainland Persia		 13,000 killed. Unknown number of wounded or captured[5]
معركة كرتسانيسي is located in جورجيا
معركة كرتسانيسي
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الموقع داخل جورجيا

معركة كرتسانيسي (بالجورجية: კრწანისის ბრძოლა, k'rts'anisis brdzola؛ إنگليزية: Battle of Krtsanisi) نشبت بين جيشي القاجار من إيران و الگرج مملكة كرتلي-كاختي و مملكة إيمرتي في موقع كرتسانيسي بالقرب من تفليس، جورجيا، من 8 سبتمبر إلى 11 سبتمبر 1795، كجزء من حرب أغا محمد خان قاجار رداً على تحالف الملك إركلى الثاني من جورجيا مع الامبراطورية الروسية.[10] أسفرت المعركة عن هزيمة ساحقة للگرج والاستيلاء على عاصمتهم تفليس وتدميرها بالكامل،[8] وكذلك الاستحواذ المؤقت للأجزاء الشرقية من جورجيا في الامبراطورية الإيرانية.[3][4][11][12]

Although the Qajars were victorious and Agha Mohammad Khan kept his promise to Heraclius (Erekle) that if he would not drop the alliance with Russia and voluntarily reaccept Iranian suzerainty they would invade his kingdom, it also showed that Russia's own ambitions and agenda were set as the most important reason for Russia not to intervene at Krtsanisi, even though the latter had officially declared in the معاهدة گيورگييڤسك of 1783 that it would protect Erekle's kingdom against any new Iranian ambitions to re-subjugate Georgia. Subsequently, in order to restore Russian prestige, Catherine would launch a حملة تأديبية against Iran the next year, but it was shortly recalled after her death. The following years remained turbulent and were known as a time of muddle and confusion. Reestablishment of Iranian rule over Georgia did not last long, for the shah was assassinated in 1797 in Shusha, and the Georgian king had died the year after. With Georgia laying in ruins and the central rule in Iran being concerned with the next heir to the throne, it opened the way for Georgia's annexation by Russia several years later by القيصر پاڤل.

ولما لم يكن بمقدور إيران السماح بالتنازل عن بلاد عبر القوقاز وداغستان، التي كانت جزءاً لا يتجزأ من إيران لقرون، فإن عواقب معركة كرتسانيسي أدت مباشرة إلى اندلاع الحرب الروسية الفارسية (1804-1813) و الحرب الروسية الفارسية (1826-1828) المريرتين، التي حاول فيها فتح علي شاه، خليفة أغا محمد خان، أن يدحر تقدم القوات الروسية وأن يستعيد سلطة الإيرانيين شمال نهري أراكس وكورا.[13] بعد تلك الحروب، تنازلت إيران عن بلاد عبر القوقاز وداغستان للامبراطورية الروسية حسب معاهدة گولستان (1813) ومعاهدة تركمن‌چاي (1828).[13]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

خلفية

شرق جورجيا، المكون من مملكتي كرتلي وكاختي، had been in the early modern era under Iranian suzerainty since the 1510s.[14] In 1744, Nader Shah had granted the kingship of Kartli and Kakheti to Teimuraz II and his son Erekle II (Heraclius II) respectively, as a reward for their loyalty.[15] When Nader Shah died in 1747, they capitalized on the chaos that had erupted in mainland Iran, and declared de facto independence. After Teimuraz II died in 1762, Erekle II assumed control over Kartli, and united the two kingdoms in a personal union as the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, becoming the first Georgian ruler to preside over a politically unified eastern Georgia in three centuries.[16] At about the same time, Karim Khan Zand had ascended the Iranian throne; Erekle II quickly tendered his de jure submission to the new Iranian ruler, however, de facto, he remained autonomous.[17][18] In 1783, Heraclius placed his kingdom under the protection of the Russian Empire in the Treaty of Georgievsk. In the last few decades of the 18th century, Georgia had become a more important element in Russo-Iranian relations than some provinces in northern mainland Persia, such as Mazandaran or even Gilan.[19] Unlike Peter I, Catherine, the then ruling monarch of Russia, viewed Georgia as a pivot for her Caucasian policy, as Russia's new aspirations were to use it as a base of operations against both Iran and the Ottoman Empire,[20] both immediate bordering geo-political rivals of Russia. On top of that, having another port on the Georgian coast of the Black Sea would be ideal.[19] A limited Russian contingent of two infantry battalions with four artillery pieces arrived in Tbilisi in 1784,[17] but was withdrawn, despite the frantic protests of the Georgians, in 1787 as a new war against Ottoman Turkey had started on a different front.[17]


الغزو الفارسي

أغا محمد خان يستولي على تفليس. منمنمة فارسية من العصر القاجاري، في المكتبة البريطانية.

In August 1795, Agha Mohammad Khan crossed the Aras river with a 70,000-strong army.[5] This force was divided in three: the left wing was sent in the direction of Erivan, the right one parallel to the Caspian Sea into the Mughan across the lower Aras towards Dagestan and Shirvan, while the Shah headed the centre force himself, advancing towards the fortress of Shusha in the Karabakh Khanate, which he besieged between 8 July and 9 August 1795.[7] His right and left wing forced the Khans of Ganja and Erivan into alliance respectively.[21] Having abandoned the siege of Shusha due to stiff resistance,[22] which was further aided by Georgian crown prince Aleksandre,[5] the Khan of Karabakh, Ibrahim Khan, eventually surrendered to Mohammad Khan after discussions, including the paying of regular tribute and to surrender hostages, though the Qajar forces were still denied entrance to Shusha.[22] Since the main objective was Georgia, Mohammad Khan was willing to have Karabakh secured by this agreement for now, for he and his army subsequently moved further.[22] While at Ganja, having secured Shirvan, he was joined by Javad Khan Qajar and the rest of his right wing contingent.[21] At Ganja, Mohammad Khan sent Erekle his last ultimatum, who received it in September 1795:

Your Highness knows that for the past 100 generations you have been subject to Iran; now we deign to say with amazement that you have attached yourself to the Russians, who have no other business than to trade with Iran... Last year you forced me to destroy a number of Georgians, although we had no desire at all for our subjects to perish by our own hand...It is now our great will that you, an intelligent man, abandon such things... and break relations with the Russians. If you do not carry out this order, then we shall shortly carry out a campaign against Georgia, we will shed both Georgian and Russian blood and out of it will create rivers as big as the Kura....[5]


الأعقاب

Entrance of the Russian troops in Tiflis, 26 November 1799, by Franz Roubaud, 1886

On his return, after the conquest of Tbilisi and being in effective control of eastern Georgia,[4][11][23] Agha Mohammad was formally crowned Shah in 1796 in the Mughan plain, just like his predecessor Nader Shah was about sixty years earlier.[4] As The Cambridge History of Iran notes; "Russia's client, Georgia, had been punished, and Russia's prestige, damaged." Heraclius II returned to Tbilisi to rebuild the city, but the destruction of his capital was a death blow to his hopes and projects. Upon learning of the fall of Tbilisi General Gudovich put the blame on the Georgians themselves.[24] To restore Russian prestige, Catherine II declared war on Persia, upon the proposal of Gudovich,[24] and sent an army under Valerian Zubov to the Qajar possessions on April of that year, but the new Tsar Paul I, who succeeded Catherine in November, shortly recalled it.



الذكرى

حفل تذكاري لقتلى معركة كرتسانيسي في ذكرى مرور مائة سنة على نشوبها. 1895.

انظر أيضاً


المراجع

  1. ^ Yarshater, Ehsan (2010). Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. 8. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 72. (..) Aga Mohammad Khan then proceeded to punish Erekle and capture Tbilisi, which resulted in the bloody conquest of eastern Georgia.
  2. ^ Fisher, William Bayne (1991). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. pp. 128–129. Agha Muhammad Khan remained nine days in the vicinity of Tiflis. His victory proclaimed the restoration of Iranian military power in the region formerly under Safavid domination.
  3. ^ أ ب Axworthy, Michael (2010). Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant. I.B.Tauris. p. 283. The Qajars eventually won the struggle, and under Agha Mohammad Khan set about re-establishing Persia's traditional boundaries. Agha Mohammad Khan reconquered Georgia in September 1795.
  4. ^ أ ب ت ث Michael Axworthy. Iran: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day Penguin UK, 6 nov. 2008 ISBN 0141903414
  5. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Donald Rayfield. Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia Reaktion Books, 15 feb. 2013 ISBN 1780230702 p 255
  6. ^ Kalistrat Salia. History of the Georgian nation N. Salia, 1983. University of Wisconsin - Madison p 351
  7. ^ أ ب ت Fisher et al. 1991, p. 128.
  8. ^ أ ب Lang, David Marshall (1962), A Modern History of Georgia, p. 38. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
  9. ^ Malcolm, Sir John (1829), The History of Persia from the Most Early Period to the Present Time, pp. 189-191. London: John Murray.
  10. ^ "Tiflis", in: Yust, Walter (ed., 1952), The Encyclopædia Britannica - A new survey of universal knowledge. Volume 14, p. 209.
  11. ^ أ ب Fisher, William Bayne (1991). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. pp. 128–129. (...) Agha Muhammad Khan remained nine days in the vicinity of Tiflis. His victory proclaimed the restoration of Iranian military power in the region formerly under Safavid domination.
  12. ^ Yarshater, Ehsan (2010). Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. 8. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 72. (..) Aga Mohammad Khan then proceeded to punish Erekle and capture Tbilisi, which resulted in the bloody conquest of eastern Georgia.
  13. ^ أ ب Fisher et al. 1991, pp. 329-330.
  14. ^ "Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia". Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  15. ^ Suny 1994.
  16. ^ Hitchins 1998.
  17. ^ أ ب ت Fisher et al. 1991, p. 328.
  18. ^ Perry 1991.
  19. ^ أ ب Fisher et al. 1991, p. 327.
  20. ^ Mikaberidze 2011, p. 327.
  21. ^ أ ب Tapper, Richard (1997), Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan, p. 122. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-58336-5.
  22. ^ أ ب ت Fisher et al. 1991, p. 126.
  23. ^ Cronin, Stephanie (2011). "ARMY iv a. Qajar Period". Encyclopaedia Iranica. In the late 18th century Āḡā Moḥammad Khan, with the military forces he was able to muster, successfully established Qajar rule throughout Iran and temporarily drove the forces of the advancing Russian empire back beyond Tbilisi, reasserting Iranian supremacy over the kingdom of Georgia (cf. Atkin, 99-122). {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  24. ^ أ ب Fisher et al. 1991, p. 329.

المصادر

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