عائلة واربرگ

عائلة واربرگ (إنگليزية: Warburg family، بالألمانية عائلة ڤاربورگ)، هي عائلة صيارفة يهود بارزين من ألمانيا وأمريكا ينحدرون من يهود البندقية، اشتهروا أيضاً بإنجازاتهم المتنوعة في الكيمياء الحيوية وعلم النبات والنشاط السياسي والاقتصاد والبنوك الاستثمارية والقانون والفيزياء والموسيقى الكلاسيكية وتاريخ الفن وعلم الصيدلة والفسيولوجيا والتمويل والمحاصصة الخاصة وعمل البر.[1]

كان لعائلة واربوگ تأثيراً كبيراً على الخدمات المصرفية الأوروپية. يمكن إرجاع القصة الملحمية لعائلة واربرگ من المصرفيين الأوروپيين إلى أوائل القرن السادس عشر عندما استقر سايمون فون كاسيل في مدينة واربورگ الألمانية في وستڤاليا (التي أسسها في الأصل شارلمان عام 778 وكانت تُعرف بعد ذلك باسم واربورگوم) وبدأ سعي العائلة للحصول على المال والقوة المالية. على الرغم من تفوق عائلة واربورگ في العديد من المهن الأخرى في جميع أنحاء أوروپا، إلا أن هذه العائلة هي التي أنتجت بعضًا من أنجح المصرفيين في العالم. بفضل العقول الحادة والحس التجاري الجيد، اكتسبت أجيال عائلة واربورگ أموالًا وقوة لا حدود لها على ما يبدو.[2]

وفي القرن الثامن عشر انقسمت العائلة إلى مجموعتين. ذهب البعض إلى ألتونا بالدنمارك وآخرون إلى هامبورگ بألمانيا. على الرغم من إبعادهم إلى الأحياء اليهودية، ويُشار إليهم بموجب القانون باسم "المرابين" وليس المصرفيين، فقد أسس أحد أفراد عائلة واربورگ عام 1774 شركة "س. ج. واربورگ" للخدمات المصرفية التجارية. وسرعان ما ذاع اسم الشركة مع نمو العائلة وبدأ الأبناء والأحفاد في المساهمة في أعمال العائلة. عام 1807، بيعت أعمال عائلة واربورگ في ألتونا إلى العائلة في هامبورگ، لتتأسس شركة "م. م. واربورگ وشركاه"، التي أسسها موزس وگرسون واربورگ عام 1798.

عندما غزا ناپليون ألمانيا، استولى الجيش الفرنسي على هامبورگ عام 1804، وكذلك جگرسون شقيق موزس. احتجز ناپليون نفسه گرسون كرهينة وطالب بفدية من الجالية اليهودية بأكملها في هامبورگ مقابل إطلاق سراحه. ومع ذلك، فإن موزس شقيق گرسون لم يدفع المبلغ. ولم يتمكن موزس أخيرًا من دفع المال إلا بعد ضغط هائل من الجالية اليهودية، والذي كان لا يزال مبلغًا أقل بكثير مما كان متوقعًا منه. على الرغم من هذا النقص في الولاء، دخل الأخوان شراكة عام 1810، وقاما بتوسيع م. م. واربورگ معاً.

كانت نهاية الحروب الناپليونية بمثابة بداية إعادة البناء الاقتصادي لألمانيا. عندما انسحب الفرنسيون عام 1814، رأى موزس وگرسون الحاجة إلى تجديد مخزون البلاد من العملة الفضية لتعزيز الاقتصاد الألماني.


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التاريخ

The earliest known ancestor of the Warburg family is Anselmo Asher Levi Del Banco (1480–1532). At the beginning of the 16th century, Del Banco was one of the leading money and pawnbrokers in the Italian commercial metropolis of Venice . By decree of March 29, 1516, the government of Venice decided to ghettoize the Jewish community in a single district . [1] After further restrictions, members of the Del Banco family left Venice and settled in the Principality of Hesse in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation .

Letter of protection from the Hanseatic city of Warburg for Simon von Cassel (1559)

From 1556, Simon Del Banco (1500–1566) worked as a moneylender for farmers and grain merchants in Kassel, the residence of Philip I. After a house search, Del Banco changed his name to Simon von Cassel out of fear of further reprisals and in the interests of integration. [2] Via Herford and Beckum , Simon von Cassel finally settled in 1557 with his wife, children and servants in the Westphalian Hanseatic city of Warburg in the Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn . [3] In Warburg, on January 3, 1559, he was granted a one-off payment of 100 thalersas well as other annual fees to be paid by the Warburg City Council for a limited period of time. Until the 19th century, Jews needed a permit to settle down. They had to pay fees for this, and at the same time these letters of protection sometimes formulated rigid conditions for their stay. Although the ban on interest was no longer in effect, the city needed lenders who were experienced in the business. Accordingly, the economic activity of the Warburg family became the moneylending business. [4]The residence permit, which was initially limited to ten years, was repeatedly extended by the Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn, so that the family stayed in Westphalia for almost 100 years. Apparently she gained wealth and prestige during this time. [5] After a few years, Simon von Cassel finally adapted Warburg as the new family name and has been considered the Warburg family's great-ancestor ever since.


شجرة العائلة

خطا ألستروفر و ميتل‌ڤگ

Die Mittelweg-Warburgs (1884); v.l.: Felix, Paul, Olga, Hausmädchen, Franziska Jahns, Charlotte, Moritz, Théophilie, Louisa, Aby
البارون هوراس گونزبورگ (1833–1909)

The family is traditionally divided into two prominent lines, the Alsterufer Warburgs and the Mittelweg Warburgs. The Alsterufer Warburgs descended from Siegmund Warburg (1835–1889) and the Mittelweg Warburgs descended from his brother Moritz M. Warburg (1838–1910). They took their nicknames from the brothers' respective addresses in Hamburg's Rotherbaum neighborhood. The brothers were grandsons of Moses Marcus Warburg.[1]

Siegmund George Warburg was of the Alsterufer lines; the five brothers Abraham (Aby) M., Max M., Paul M., Felix M. and Fritz Moritz Warburg were of the Mittelweg line.

The brothers Moses Marcus Warburg (1763–1830) and Gerson Warburg (1765–1826) founded the M. M. Warburg & Co. banking company in 1798. Moses Warburg's great-great grandson, Siegmund George Warburg, founded the investment bank S. G. Warburg & Co in London in 1946. Siegmund's second cousin, Eric Warburg, founded Warburg Pincus in New York in 1938. Eric Warburg's son Max Warburg Jr. (not to be confused with Eric's father Max Warburg) is currently one of the three partners of M.M.Warburg & Co., Warburg. Max Warburg's elder brother Aby Warburg used family resources to establish the Kulturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek Warburg in Hamburg, since 1934 The Warburg Institute in London.[3] Paul Warburg is most famous as an architect[4] of the US Federal Reserve System, established in 1913. Paul was a member of the first Federal Reserve Board, and its Vice Chairman until his resignation in August 1918.[5][6][7][8]

واربرگ الأمريكية وڤاربورگ الألمانية

The former Felix M. Warburg House في منهاتن، مدينة نيويورك

Felix and Paul Warburg emigrated to the United States. There they became the two mainstays of the German-American branch, out of the five German born Warburg brothers. The brothers worked out of New York City where nearly all the male members formed a close bond with the Kuhn, Loeb & Co. investment banking firm. An American based, but internationally sound firm which at one time toyed with creating a branch abroad that was presumed would operate most efficiently with the aid of the families international connections. While in NYC, Felix Warburg married Frieda Schiff, only daughter of Jacob H. Schiff, a banker who grew up in Frankfurt and had ties to the German Warburgs. Schiff financed most of the American rail system through his investment bank of Kuhn, Loeb & Co. and interacted with newly American Warburgs, as brothers Felix and Paul each eventually made senior partner for, and each married into some of the prominent families with the investment banking firm of Kuhn, Loeb & Co., at the time, run by Schiff. Beginning with the marriage of Jacob Schiff in 1875 to Therese Loeb, a daughter of co-founder Solomon Loeb, becoming a full partner in the business firm shortly after. In 1895, Paul Warburg married Nina Loeb, daughter of Solomon Loeb of Kuhn, Loeb & Co.,having met her at the wedding of brother Felix Warburg who had married Jacob Schiff's daughter, Frieda. But, originally it was founding partner Abraham Kuhn who concentrated the family wealth and cemented business relations with newly immigrated distant cousin, Solomon Loeb, by his marriage to Kuhn's sister. Shortly thereafter the two became full partners in their newly established New York banking investment firm of, Kuhn, Loeb & Co.[9] In more recent times Schiff's great-great grandson Drew, previously was married to Al Gore's daughter, Karenna, who has risen in place at the Union Theological Seminary. UTS shares a partnership with the Jewish Theological Seminary, each located in NYC in Manhattan, where the JTS has historically been associated as well, with the Jewish Museum. Having ties to America and Germany like many other prominent Jewish financial families, the Warburgs abroad maintained close ties to their Jewish roots. The Felix M. Warburg House in New York City is now the Jewish Museum, and Kfar Warburg in Israel is named for him. Otto Warburg, a cousin of the German-based Warburgs was a wealthy botanist who was elected head of the World Zionist Organization in 1911. Felix's brother, Paul Warburg was one of the original founders of the board[10] of the U.S. Federal Reserve System, a collection of 12 regional Reserve Banks headed by a Board of Governors which regulates and oversees private commercial banks.[11] As one of the most prominent bankers of his time, his brother Max Warburg attended the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 at Versailles, as part of the German delegation.[12][13]

During the Weimar Republic, Max Warburg served on the board ('Generalrat') of the Reichsbank from 1924 to 1933, under two successive chairmen, Hjalmar Schacht, (until 1930), and Hans Luther (1930-1933); until 1934, he was also on the Board of the Bankenverband.[14] Max Warburg emigrated in 1938. In the 1920s and 1930s, until the end of the Weimar Republic in 1933, Max Warburg also served on several Supervisory Boards ("Aufsichtsrat") in industry, notably HAPAG, Blohm &Voss, Beiersdorf, and, until his resignation in 1932, as a member of the Supervisory Board ("Aufsichtsrat") [15] of the German conglomerate/ chemical firm known as I.G. Farben (Interessen Gemeinschaft Farben). His brother Paul Warburg, who died in January 1932 – a year before Hitler was elected Chancellor – also served on numerous Supervisory Boards ("Aufsichtsrat") including allegedly that of an I.G. Farben wholly owned US subsidiary.

Most members of the German Warburg family had fled to the United States or Great Britain by the end of 1938. However, Max Warburg's brother, Fritz Warburg, who was preparing his exile in Sweden, was arrested by the Gestapo in Hamburg in early November 1938 and spent some months in prison before he could leave for Stockholm in May 1939.[16] His daughter Eva came to organize the emigration for 500 German Jewish children from Germany and Austria to Sweden in 1938 and 1939.[17] Also, three cousins, mother, Gerta and daughters Betty and Helene Julie (Burchard) Warburg, stayed in Altona. Gerta and Betty were murdered in the Sobibor extermination camp in 1940 and Helena Julie in Auschwitz in 1942.[18][19][20] A life size portrait of Helene Julie by the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch today hangs in the Kunsthaus in Zurich (The Lady in White).[21][22] Eric Warburg, son of Max Warburg, returned to Germany as an officer (colonel) in the American Air Force[23] and was influential in restoring German-Jewish relations[24][25] and rebuilding Germany's economic ties after the Second World War through his international business associations.[26][27] Eric's son, also called Max, is currently a partner in M.M. Warburg & Co. in Hamburg.

أصول بندقية

The Warburg family is thought to have originated from Venice, at which point they bore the surname del-Banco. The historical documents describe Anselmo del Banco as Jewish and as having been one of the wealthiest residents of Venice in the early 16th century. In 1513, del Banco was granted a charter by the Venetian government permitting the lending of money with interest. Del Banco left with his family after new restrictions were placed upon the Jewish community coinciding with the establishment of the Venetian Ghetto. The family settled in Bologna, and from there to the German town of Warburg, and adopted that town's name as their own surname, after having moved to Hamburg after the Thirty Years' War.[28][29]

أعضاء بارزون

Aby Warburg
Max M. Warburg (1867–1946)
Paul M. Warburg (1868–1932)
Felix M. Warburg (1871–1937)
Otto Heinrich Warburg, 1931
الأقارب


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انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب "Warburg family". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
  2. ^ "5 - The Architect: Paul M. Warburg". مطبوعات جامعة كمبردج. 2023-08-16. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  3. ^ "History of the Warburg Institute". Warburg Institute, University of London. 2016-05-20.
  4. ^ Warburg, Paul M. (1930). The Federal Reserve System: Its Origin and Growth. New York: Macmillan.
  5. ^ Broz, J. Lawrence (1997). The International Origins of the Federal Reserve System. Ithaca, London: Cornell University Press. p. 141. ISBN 9780801475955.
  6. ^ "Federal Reserve History Paul Warburg". Federal Reserve History.
  7. ^ Whitehouse, Michael A. (May 1989). "Paul Warburg's Crusade to Establish a Central Bank in the United States". The Region (Publication of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis).
  8. ^ Naclerio, Richard A. (2013). "Paul M. Warburg: Founder of the United States Federal Reserve". History Faculty Publications (99) – via Sacred Heart University.
  9. ^ Naomi Wiener Cohen, Jacob H. Schiff: a study in American Jewish leadership
  10. ^ Lowenstein, Roger (2015). America's Bank: The Epic Struggle to Create the Federal Reserve. New York: Penguin Random House. ISBN 9780143109846.
  11. ^ Fereral Reserve Board (2002). "Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Planning Document" (PDF). Federal Reserve Board.
  12. ^ "Records of American Delegation at United States' National Archives: RECORDS OF THE AMERICAN COMMISSION TO NEGOTIATE PEACE 1918-31". Records of American Delegation at United States' National Archives. 2016-08-15.
  13. ^ Macmillan, Margaret (2001). Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0719562372.
  14. ^ Dorothea Hauser and Christoph Kreutzmüller (2007). "Max Warburg", in Hans Pohl (ed.), Deutsche Bankiers des 20. Jahrhunderts. Stuttgart: Steiner. pp. 419–432.
  15. ^ Chernow, Ron (1993). The Warburgs: The Twentieth Century Odyssey of a Remarkable Jewish Family. New York: Random House. p. 365. ISBN 978-0525431831.
  16. ^ Hauser, Dorothea, Zwischen Gehen und Bleiben: Das Sekretariat Warburg und sein Netzwerk des Vertrauens, 1938 – 1941, in: Susanne Heim; Beate Meyer; Francis R. Nicosia (eds.), "Wer bleibt, opfert seine Jahre, vielleicht sein Leben". Deutsche Juden 1938-1941. Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag. 2010. pp. 127–128.
  17. ^ Rudberg, Pontus, The Swedish Jews and the Victims of Nazi Terror, Uppsala 2015, pp. 48-49.
  18. ^ Yad Vashem and Memorial book. "Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny in Germany 1933 - 1945" prepared by the German Federal Archives. German Federal Archives.
  19. ^ "Stolpersteine".
  20. ^ Wenzel, Gertrud (1981). Broken Star: The Warburgs of Altona. Smithtown, NY: Exposition Press.
  21. ^ Ron Chernow, The Warburgs (Vantage: 1993)
  22. ^ "BildArchiv".
  23. ^ Warburg, Eric M. (1983). Times and Tide. Hamburg: Hans Christians. pp. 173–219.
  24. ^ Warburg, Eric M. (1983). Times and Tide. Hamburg: Hans Christians. p. 222.
  25. ^ Adler, Cyrus (1937). "Felix M. Warburg in Memoriam". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 68: 2–4. doi:10.1086/BASOR3218851. S2CID 167115956.
  26. ^ Bird, Kai (1992). The Chairman: John J. McCloy. The Making of the American Establishment. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 324 (Talk with McCloy, 1949).
  27. ^ Adler, Cyrus (1937). "Felix M. Warburg in Memoriam". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 68 (68): 2–4. doi:10.1086/BASOR3218851. JSTOR 3218851. S2CID 167115956.
  28. ^ Chernow, Ron (1993). The Warburgs: The Twentieth Century Odyessy of a Remarkable Jewish Family. New York: Random House. pp. 3–5.
  29. ^ Aschoff, Diethard (1986). "Simon von Kassel: Ein Judenschicksal in der Zeit Philipps des Großmütigen". Zeitschrift des Vereins für Hessische Geschichte und Landeskunde. 91: 31–48.
  30. ^ Roeck, Bernd (2005). "Die Warburgs". In Reinhardt, Volker; Lau, Thomas (eds.). Deutsche Familien: Historische Portraits von Bismarck bis Weizsäcker (in الألمانية). C. H. Beck. ISBN 978-3406529054.
  31. ^ "Carola W. Rothschild, Ex-Girl Scout Official". The New York Times. September 1, 1987.
  32. ^ Whitman, Alden (July 11, 1973). "Frederick M. Warburg, 75, Dies; Investment Banker, Sportsman". The New York Times.
  33. ^ "Gerald F. Warburg, 69, Is Dead; Cellist and a Patron of the Arts". The New York Times. February 15, 1971.
  34. ^ "Paul Felix Warburg Dead; Was 61; Funeral Services Tomorrow". Jewish Telegraph Agency. October 11, 1965.

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