صمويل دي شامپلين

"شامبلين" redirects here. For other uses, see شامبلين (توضيح).

Samuel de Champlain
تفصيلة مكبرة من قلب النقش "هزيمة الإيروكوي عند بحيرة شامپلين"، من كتاب شامبلين Voyages (1613). وها هو التصوير الوحيد المعاصر له للتعرف على ملامحه (الپورتريه الشائع له هو في الواقع غير أصلي). كما أن هذا الرسم، أعلاه، هو پورتريه ذاتي.
وُلِدَ	Samuel Champlain 1567 برواج، مقاطعة سانتونج، فرنسا
توفي	25 ديسمبر 1635 (عن عمر يناهز 55) كويبك، فرنسا الجديدة (كندا)
المهنة	ملاح، رسام خرائط، جندي، مستكشف، اداري وكاتب يوميات فرنسا الجديدة
عـُرِف بـ	استكشاف فرنسا الجديدة، تأسيس مدينة كويبك، كندا، ولذلك فقد سُمي أبو فرنسا الجديدة
التوقيع

صمويل دي شامپلين ( Samuel Champlain ؛ فرنسية: [samɥɛl də ʃɑ̃plɛ̃]؛ عـُمـِّد في 13 أغسطس 1574 – 25 ديسمبر 1635)، مستعمر وملاح ورسام خرائط وجندي وجغرافي ودبلوماسي ومؤرخ فرنسي في أمريكا الشمالية. مؤسس مدينة كويبك وفرنسا الجديدة كمستعمرة فرنسية دائمة في أمريكا الشمالية.

Champlain made between 21 and 29 voyages across the Atlantic Ocean during his career, founding Quebec on 3 July 1608. As an accomplished cartographer, he created the first accurate maps of North America's eastern coastline and the Great Lakes region, combining direct observation with information provided by Indigenous peoples. His detailed maps and written accounts provided Europeans with their first comprehensive understanding of the geography and peoples of northeastern North America.

ولد في عائلة من البحارة في مدينة برواج Browage وهي مدينة صغيرة محصنة من إقليم شارانت Charente ، كان لها في القرن السادس عشر ميناء نشط يحمي الأراضي الجديدة ، بينما يُعتبر الميناء اليوم أثراً قديماً. Champlain began exploring North America in 1603 under the guidance of François Gravé Du Pont. From 1604 to 1607, he participated in establishing Port Royal in Acadia, the first permanent European settlement north of Florida. His subsequent founding of Quebec in 1608 marked the beginning of sustained French colonization in the St. Lawrence River valley.

Champlain forged crucial alliances with local Innu (Montagnais), Algonquin, and Wendat (Huron) peoples, relationships that proved essential to the survival and growth of New France. He participated in their conflicts against the Iroquois confederacy and spent extended periods living among Indigenous communities, making detailed ethnographic observations that formed the basis of his published works.

In 1620, King Louis XIII ordered Champlain to cease exploration and focus on colonial administration. Although he never held the formal title of governor due to his non-noble status, Champlain effectively governed New France until his death in Quebec on 25 December 1635. His legacy includes numerous geographical features named in his honor, most notably Lake Champlain, and recognition as the "Father of New France."

 النشأة

Inauthentic depiction of Champlain, by Théophile Hamel (1870), after the one by Ducornet, based on a portrait of Michel Particelli d'Émery by Balthasar Moncornet. No authentic portrait of Champlain is known to exist.

 المولد وأصل العائلة

من المؤكد أن مرحلة شباب صمويل شامبلان ، كانت حافلة بالأقاصيص العديدة ، التي كانت تروى عن الرحلات الطويلة. ولقد صرح هو نفسه ، بأنه تعلم فن الملاحة وهو في الثانية عشرة من عمره. وأنه "فن أحببته منذ باكورة عمري ، وكان يحثني على التعرض ، طيلة حاتي ، لأمواج المحيط العاتية" ، ولكن الحروب الدنية كانت تجتاح البلاد في ذلك العصر ، وعندما بلغ صمويل سن المراهقة ، إنضم إلى هنري دي نافار ، الذي كان يحاول السيطرة على مملكته ، وظل لبضعة سنين ، يقاتل برا وبحراً، حصل خلالها على رتبة رقيب في سلاح الفرسان ، فضلا عن منحة ملكية. وبعد توقيع صلح ڤرڤان Vervins مع أسبانيا في عام 1598 ، رافق عمه الذي كان قد كلف بإعادة فرقة من الجنود الأسبان إلى بلادهم.

Samuel de Champlain's exact birth date and location remain subjects of scholarly debate. He was the son of Antoine Champlain (also recorded as "Anthoine Chappelain" in some documents) and Marguerite Le Roy, and was likely born in the French province of Aunis, in either Hiers-Brouage or the port city of La Rochelle.

The traditional birth year of 1567, established by 19th-century historian Pierre-Damien Rainguet and reinforced by Canadian Catholic priest Laverdière in his 1870 Œuvres de Champlain, has been widely accepted and appears on numerous monuments. However, Léopold Delayant challenged this date as early as 1867, and subsequent research has revealed that Rainguet's calculations were based on incorrect assumptions.

In 1978, historian Jean Liebel conducted groundbreaking archival research and concluded that Champlain was born in approximately 1580 in Brouage. Liebel suggested that earlier scholars may have preferred dates when Brouage was under Catholic control (1567, 1570, and 1575) rather than Protestant occupation.

Most recently, in 2012, French genealogist Jean-Marie Germe discovered a baptismal record dated 13 August 1574 in the Saint-Yon Protestant temple register at La Rochelle for one Samuel Chapeleau, son of Antoine Chapeleau and Marguerite Le Roy. While the similarity between "Chapeleau" and "Champlain" is striking, and the parental names match, scholars remain cautious about definitively identifying this record as Champlain's baptism. The names Antoine and Marguerite Le Roy were common in the region, and "Chapeleau" was a frequent surname in Saintonge. Before this document can be accepted as Champlain's baptismal certificate, additional corroborating sources are essential.قالب:Says who

 خلفية العائلة والبيئة المبكرة

Champlain belonged to a Roman Catholic family, though his Old Testament first name suggests possible Protestant origins, which would align with the 1574 baptismal record found in a Protestant temple. The family appears to have owned property in both Brouage and La Rochelle, explaining historical confusion about his birthplace.

Brouage, a fortified port town important for the salt trade, frequently changed hands between Catholic and Protestant forces during the French Wars of Religion. From 1627 until his death in 1635, Cardinal Richelieu served as governor of this royal fortress. At the time of Champlain's birth, his parents were living in Brouage, where they owned substantial property that Samuel would later inherit.

 التعليم البحري والتدريب المبكر

Sir Sandford Fleming Park, Halifax, Nova Scotia – Stone from Samuel de Champlain's birthplace in Brouage, France (1574)

Born into a family of mariners—both his father and uncle-in-law were sailors or navigators—Champlain received practical maritime education from an early age. He learned navigation, cartography, drafting, and the writing of practical reports. Unlike many educated men of his era, his education did not include Ancient Greek or Latin, indicating a practical rather than classical schooling focused on seamanship and commerce.

As French vessels were required to provide their own defense, Champlain also acquired military skills with firearms. He gained combat experience serving with King Henry IV's army during the final stages of the French Wars of Religion in Brittany from 1594 or 1595 to 1598. Beginning as a quartermaster responsible for provisioning and horse care, he advanced to "capitaine d'une compagnie" by 1597, commanding a garrison near Quimper.

During this military service, Champlain claimed to undertake a "certain secret voyage" for the king and likely participated in combat, possibly including the Siege of Fort Crozon in late 1594. This military experience would prove valuable in his later colonial endeavors, providing him with leadership skills and knowledge of defensive tactics essential for establishing settlements in contested territories.

 الأراضي الجديدة

شامپلين ودليل في إيل لا موت، ڤرمونت، في الموقع الذي قيل أنه أول ما وطأت قدما شامپلين في ڤرمونت (وعسكر هناك) في 1609. بحيرة شامپلين تبدو في الخلفية. (Sculptor E.L.Weber, 1967; Photo by Matt Wills, 2009)

في إشبيلية ، وكان شامبلين قد إمتلأ حماسة للمغامرات البعيدة ، حصل على قيادة السفينة سان جوليان، التي كانت على وشك الإبحار إلى المكسيك. ظل الحماس مسيطرا على شامبلين ، فقام بزيارة جزر الأنتيل ، ثم المكسيك ، كما زار عاصمتها. وبما جبل عليه من حب الإستطلاع والدقة ، كان يسجل بعناية كل ما يشاهده من فصائل الأشجار ، والحيوان والعوامل الطبيعية ، وغير ذلك. وعند عودته إلى فرنسا في بداية عام 1601 ، إستقبله الملك هنري الرابع ، الذي إهتم بما قصه عليه شامبلان ، ومنحه لقب حبير الكون الملكي.

In year 3, his uncle-in-law François Gravé du Pont, a navigator whose ship Saint-Julien was to transport Spanish troops to Cádiz under the Treaty of Vervins, allowed Champlain to accompany him.

After a difficult passage, he spent some time in Cádiz before his uncle, whose ship was then chartered to accompany a large Spanish fleet to the West Indies, again offered him a place on the ship. His uncle, who gave command of the ship to Jeronimo de Valaebrera, instructed the young Champlain to watch over the ship.

This journey lasted two years and allowed Champlain to see or hear about Spanish holdings from the Caribbean to Mexico City. Along the way, he took detailed notes, wrote an illustrated report on what he learned on this trip, and gave this secret report to King Henry, who rewarded Champlain with an annual pension.

This report was published for the first time in 1870, by Laverdière, as Brief Discours des Choses plus remarquables que Samuel Champlain de Brouage a reconneues aux Indes Occidentalles au voiage qu'il en a faict en icettes en l'année 1599 et en l'année 1601, comme ensuite (and in English as Narrative of a Voyage to the West Indies and Mexico 1599–1602).

The authenticity of this account as a work written by Champlain has frequently been questioned, due to inaccuracies and discrepancies with other sources on some points; however, recent scholarship indicates that the work probably was authored by Champlain.

On Champlain's return to Cádiz in August 1600, his uncle Guillermo Elena (Guillaume Allene), who had fallen ill, asked him to look after his business affairs. This Champlain did, and when his uncle died in June 1601, Champlain inherited his substantial estate. It included an estate near La Rochelle, commercial properties in Spain, and a 150-ton merchant ship.

This inheritance, combined with the king's annual pension, gave the young explorer a great deal of independence, as he did not need to rely on the financial backing of merchants and other investors.

From 1601 to 1603 Champlain served as a geographer in the court of King Henry IV. As part of his duties, he traveled to French ports. He learned much about North America from the fishermen that seasonally traveled to coastal areas from Nantucket to Newfoundland to capitalize on the rich fishing grounds there.

He also made a study of previous French failures at colonization in the area, including that of Pierre de Chauvin at Tadoussac. When Chauvin forfeited his monopoly on the fur trade in North America in 1602, responsibility for renewing the trade was given to Aymar de Chaste. Champlain approached de Chaste about a position on the first voyage, which he received with the king's assent.

Champlain's first trip to North America was as an observer on a fur-trading expedition led by François Gravé Du Pont. Du Pont was a navigator and merchant who had been a ship's captain on Chauvin's expedition, and with whom Champlain established a firm lifelong friendship.

He educated Champlain about navigation in North America, including the Saint Lawrence River. In dealing with the natives there (and in Acadia after). The Bonne-Renommée (the Good Fame) arrived at Tadoussac on March 15, 1603. Champlain was anxious to see all of the places that Jacques Cartier had seen and described sixty years earlier, and wanted to go even further than Cartier, if possible.

Champlain created a map of the Saint Lawrence on this trip and, after his return to France on 20 September, published an account as Des Sauvages: ou voyage de Samuel Champlain, de Brouages, faite en la France nouvelle l'an 1603 ("Concerning the Savages: or travels of Samuel Champlain of Brouages, made in New France in the year 1603").

Included in his account were meetings with Begourat, chief of the Montagnais at Tadoussac, in which positive relationships were established between the French and the many Montagnais gathered there, with some Algonquin friends.

Promising to King Henry to report on further discoveries, Champlain joined a second expedition to New France in the spring of 1604. This trip, once again an exploratory journey without women and children, lasted several years, and focused on areas south of the St. Lawrence River, in what later became known as Acadia. It was led by Pierre Dugua de Mons, a noble and Protestant merchant who had been given a fur trading monopoly in New France by the king. Dugua asked Champlain to find a site for winter settlement.

After exploring possible sites in the Bay of Fundy, Champlain selected Saint Croix Island in the St. Croix River as the site of the expedition's first winter settlement. After enduring a harsh winter on the island the settlement was relocated across the bay where they established Port Royal. Until 1607, Champlain used that site as his base, while he explored the Atlantic coast. Dugua was forced to leave the settlement for France in September 1605, because he learned that his monopoly was at risk. His monopoly was rescinded by the king in July 1607 under pressure from other merchants and proponents of free trade, leading to the abandonment of the settlement.

In 1605 and 1606, Champlain explored the North American coast as far south as Cape Cod, searching for sites for a permanent settlement. Minor skirmishes with the resident Nausets dissuaded him from the idea of establishing one near present-day Chatham, Massachusetts. He named the area Mallebar ("bad bar").

 المحاولات الإستعمارية

Order of Good Cheer, أكاديا (1606)، بريشة تشارلز وليام جفريز في 1925.

وصل شامبلان إلى كندا لأول مرة عام 1693 ، ولكن إقامته الأولى بها لم تطل. وهناك وجد حفاوة من الهنود، فإتخذ طريقه صاعداً نهر سانت لورانس حتى الشلالات المطلة على مونتريال.

وعند عودته إلى فرنسا لم يمكث طويل ، بل بادر بتكرار الرحلة ، وبينما كان سكان المستعمرات الجدد بستقرون عند مصب نهر سانت كروا ، أخذ شابلان يستطلع منطقة خليج فومدي ، وتمكن من إكتشاف وقع مناسب إقامة مخفر. وقد تبعه رجاله إلى هذا الموقع ، وأنشأوا فيه معسكرهم ، وأطلقوا عليه إسم بورت رويال.

وفي خلال الخمسين سنة التي تلت أخر رحلة قام بها جاك كارتييه مكتشف الأراضي الواقعة حول نهر سانت لورانس، لم تلق حركة إستعمار كندا نجاحا كبيرا ، وأخذت المتشآت الأولى التي أنشأها المستعمرون تتداعي. ومن جهة أخرى ، كانت الحروب الدينية تمزق فرنسا ، مما صرفها عن الإهتمام بالبعثات الاستعمارية ، وإن كان القباطنة وتجار السلاح قد إستمروا في زيارتهم لمصب نهر سانت لورانس ، بقصد الإتجار.

غير أن أحد الرجال تمكن من أن يضفي على تلك الجهود التناثرة ، التي لم تكن تهتم بغير تجارة الجلود والسلاح ، نشاطا جديدا واسع النطاق. ففي بداية عام 1603 ، وصلت السفينة الفرنسية "بون رينوميه "، المحملة بالرجال والمؤن إلى مشارق ميناء نادوساك المشهور بتجارة الرقيق في ذلك الوقت ، عند ملتقى نهر سانت لورنس وساجناي. وعلى ظهرها كان صمويل شامبلان.

 العلاقات والحرب مع المواطنين الأصليين

نقش مبنى على رسم قام به شامبلين لرحلته عام 1609. ويصور معركة بين قبائل إيروكوي وألگونكوين، بالقرب من بحيرة شامپلين.

وقد قام شامبلان بعدة إتصالات مع قبائل الألجونكوين والهورون ، كان يشاركهم عاداتهم الاجتماعية وقد بدأ شامبلين بتحسين واستصلاح الأراضي والزراعة، ورمم منشآت المستعمرة، وحافظ على الروح المعنوية للجميع.

ولسوء الحظ وعلى أثر مؤامرات تجار الفراء الذين كانوا يطالبون بحرية التجارة مع كندا صدرت أوامر بعودت جميع سكان المستعمرة إلى فرنسا في عام 1607.

 الزواج

One route Champlain may have chosen to improve his access to the court of the regent was his decision to enter into marriage with the 12 year old Hélène Boullé. She was the daughter of Nicolas Boullé, a man charged with carrying out royal decisions at court. The marriage contract was signed on 27 December 1610 in presence of Dugua, who had dealt with the father, and the couple was married three days later. Champlain was then 36 years old. The terms of the contract called for the marriage to be consummated two years later.

Champlain's marriage was initially quite troubled, as Hélène rallied against joining him in August 1613. Their relationship, while it apparently lacked any physical connection, recovered and was apparently good for many years. Hélène lived in Quebec for several years, but returned to Paris and eventually decided to enter a convent. The couple had no children, and Champlain adopted three Montagnais girls named Faith, Hope, and Charity in the winter of 1627–28.

 تأسيس كويبك

في Honfleur، بقايا مغادرات شامپلين

تصوير بريشة جورج أگنيو ريد، مرسوم بمناسبة المئوية الثالثة (1908)، يُظهر وصول صمويل دى شامپلين إلى موقع مدينة كويبك.

في أبريل عام 1608 ، عاد شامبلان إلى كندا ، وفي هذه المرة كان قد عقد العزم على تكملة ما بدأه من قبل ن وتمكن من العثور على آثار قديمة، وهناك وعلى الشاطئ الصخري على إرتفاع فوق المائة متر، قرر أن يبنى الملجأ الذ كان الغرض منه إيواء سكان المستعمرات، كان ذلك بمثابة حجر الأساس لمدينة كويبك، وقد مر الشتاء الأول قاسياً، وواصل شامپلين معاونته ومساعدته للهنود من ضحايا المجاعة وبذلك كسب عطفهم.

وعندما تحسن الجو ورغبة منه في توطيد العلاقة والصداقة مع سكان المستعمرة الأصليين قرر شامبلين ان يشارك في حملة حربية ضد أعدائهم الإيروكوي.

وقد تم اللقاء بين الطرفين فوق بحيرة جورج، جنوب بحيرة شامپلين ، وبفضل بنادق الفرنسيين كان النصر حليف الألجونكوين.

 استكشاف فرنسا الجديدة

خليج شالور و خليج سانت لورنس — مأخوذة من خريطة لشامپلين، عام 1612.

 شامبلين نائب الملك

في عام 1930 حصل شامبلين على لقب نائب الملك في كندا ، وقد عزز هذا اللقب مركزه إزاء التجار الذي كان حرصهم على امتيازتهم التجارية باعثا على قلقهم من تقدم الإستعمار.

إلا أن حادثا جديدا أدى إلى إكتساب شامبلين تأييدا فعالا وحاسما ، في عام 1926 حصل ريشيليو، بمرسوم ملكي على لقب السيد العظيم، والمشرف العام على الملاحة والتجارة في فرنسا، وبعد ذلك بزمن قصير أنشأت شركة المائة، وكانت تقوم بحمل سكان المتسعمرات والمهمات، مقابل احتكار التجارة مع فرنسا الجديدة.

وكانت بداية عمل الشركة الجديدة تعيسة. ففي عام 1628 تمكن الانجليز في حربهم مع فرنسا من الاستيلاء على مدينة كوبيك، ولم يستطع شامبلين الدفاع عنها، فقرر الرجوع لفرنسا.

ولحسن الحظ أعيدت كندا إلى فرنسا بعد عقد الصلح وعبر شامبلين المحيط ووصل إلى كويبك في عام 1633.

عاد شامبلين للعمل إصلاح المنشآت التي دمرت واستئناف أعمال التحصين، وإستصلاح الأراضي الزراعية ، وتجديد الصلات من السكان الاصليين .

 التجريدة العسكرية

Samuel de Champlain, Nepean Point, Ottawa by Hamilton MacCarthy

On 1 September 1615, at Cahiagué (a Wendat village near what is now Lake Simcoe), he and the northern tribes started a third military campaign against the Iroquois. While he was at Cahiagué, Champlain learned that the Susquehannock were interested in joining the proposed expedition against the Iroquois. The Huron dispatched a dozen warriors to carry their plans to this tribe, along with Champlain's interpreter Etienne Brule. Although the total number of warriors that finally assembled is not stated, if it resembled the average large Huron war-party, it would’ve been about 500. After several days of delay due to war being an occasion for ritual among the Huron, it left to invade enemy territory. They passed Lake Ontario at its eastern tip, stopping frequently at intervals to hunt and fish for meat to feed the army, then when reaching the Bay of Quinte, they hid their canoes and continued their journey by land. They followed the Oneida River until they arrived at the village of the community they were intending to attack on October 10. The exact location of this place is still a matter of debate. Although the traditional location, Nichols Pond, is regularly disproved by professional and amateur archaeologists, many still claim that Nichols Pond is the location of the battle, 10 ميل (16 km) south of Canastota, New York. Pressured by the Indians to attack prematurely, the assault failed. Champlain was wounded twice in the leg by arrows, one in his knee. The conflict ended on October 16 when the French Wendat were forced to flee.

Etienne Brule and the twelve warriors dispatched by the Huron, despite being successful in their plans of convincing the Susquehannock to join them, arrived at the appointed rendezvous two days after the Huron had left for home. Once it was evident that they were too late, they turned back for Carantouan, the principal village of the Susquehannock.

Although he did not want to, the Huron insisted that Champlain spend the winter with them. During his stay, he set off with them in their great deer hunt, during which he became lost and was forced to wander for three days living off game and sleeping under trees until he met up with a band of First Nations people by chance. He spent the rest of the winter learning "their country, their manners, customs, modes of life". On 22 May 1616, he left the Wendat country and returned to Quebec before heading back to France on 2 July.

 النهاية: تحسين الإدارة في فرنسا الجديدة

خريطة فرنسا الجديدة (شامبلين، 1612). الخريطة الأكثر دقة رسمها شاملين في 1632.

19th century artist's conception of Champlain by E. Ronjat.

هكذا إستطاع شامبلين أن يساعد بعث العمل الذي كرس له حياته، وهو تعمير فرنسا الجديدة المسماة كندا حالياً.

 Last return, and last years working in Quebec

Champlain returned to Quebec on 22 May 1633, after an absence of four years. Richelieu gave him a commission as Lieutenant General of New France, along with other titles and responsibilities, but not that of governor. Despite this lack of formal status, many colonists, French merchants, and Indians treated him as if he had the title; writings survive in which he is referred to as "our governor". On 18 August 1634, he sent a report to Richelieu stating that he had rebuilt on the ruins of Quebec, enlarged its fortifications, and established two more habitations. One was 15 leagues upstream, and the other was at Trois-Rivières. He also began an offensive against the Iroquois, reporting that he wanted them either wiped out or "brought to reason".

داهمه المرض. وقد ظل يصارع هذا المرض طيلة ثلاثة شهور ، إلى أن توفى في عيد الميلاد عام 1635. ولا يعرف بالتحديد أين دفن.

 Death and burial

Champlain had a severe stroke in October 1635, and died on 25 December, leaving no immediate heirs. Jesuit records state he died in the care of his friend and confessor Charles Lallemant.

Although his will (drafted on 17 November 1635) gave much of his French property to his wife Hélène Boullé, he made significant bequests to the Catholic missions and to individuals in the colony of Quebec. However, Marie Camaret, a cousin on his mother's side, challenged the will in Paris and had it overturned. It is unclear exactly what happened to his estate.

Samuel de Champlain was temporarily buried in the church while a standalone chapel was built to hold his remains in the upper part of the city. This small building, along with many others, was destroyed by a large fire in 1640. Though immediately rebuilt, no traces of it exist. His exact burial site is still unknown, despite much research since about 1850, including several archaeological digs in the city. There is general agreement that the previous Champlain chapel site, and the remains of Champlain, should be somewhere near the Notre-Dame de Québec Cathedral.

The search for Champlain's remains supplies a key plot-line in the crime writer Louise Penny's 2010 novel, Bury Your Dead.

 تكريمه

Statue of Samuel de Champlain at sunrise (looking to the north-west; with a similar expressive face as traditionally Jacques Cartier's), by Paul-Romain Marie Léonce Chevré (Paris, 1896–1898), as newly repaired for 2008, at Quebec City since 1898, near Château Frontenac grand hotel, on the Terrasse Dufferin.

العديد من المواقع والأعلام الهامة سميت على اسم شامپلين, الذي يبقى, إلى يومنا هذا, شخصية تاريخية بارزة في أجزاء كثيرة من أكاديا, أونتاريو, كويبيك, نيويورك, وفرمونت. ويضموا:

• بحيرة شامپلين, وادي شامپلين, بحيرات مسار شامپلين, وبحر شامپلين, وهو بحر ثلجي اختفى منذ 6000 سنة قبل ولادة شامپلين;

• Champlain Sea: a past inlet of the Atlantic Ocean in North America, over the St. Lawrence, the Saguenay, and the Richelieu rivers, to over Lake Champlain, which inlet disappeared many thousands years before Champlain was born.
• Champlain Mountain, Acadia National Park – which he first observed in 1604.
• A town and village in New York, as well as a township in Ontario and a municipality in Quebec.
• The provincial electoral district of Champlain, Quebec, and several defunct electoral districts elsewhere in Canada.
• Samuel de Champlain Provincial Park, a provincial park in northern Ontario near the town of Mattawa.
• Champlain Bridge, which connects the island of Montreal to Brossard, Quebec across the St. Lawrence.
• Champlain Bridge, which connects the cities of Ottawa, Ontario and Gatineau, Quebec.
• Champlain College, one of six colleges at Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario, is named in his honour.
• Fort Champlain, a dormitory at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario; named in his honour in 1965, it houses the 10th cadet squadron.
• A French school in Saint John, New Brunswick; École Champlain, an elementary school in Moncton, New Brunswick and one in Brossard; Champlain College, in Burlington, Vermont; and Champlain Regional College, a CEGEP with three campuses in Quebec.
• Marriott Château Champlain hotel, in Montreal.
• Streets named Champlain in numerous cities, including Quebec, Shawinigan, the city of Dieppe in the province of New Brunswick, in Plattsburgh, and no less than eleven communities in northwestern Vermont.
• A garden called Jardin Samuel-de-Champlain in Paris, France.
• A memorial statue on Cumberland Avenue in Plattsburgh, New York on the shores of Lake Champlain in a park named for Champlain.
• A memorial statue in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada in Queen Square that commemorates his discovery of the Saint John River.
• A memorial statue in Isle La Motte, Vermont, on the shore of Lake Champlain.
• The lighthouse at Crown Point, New York features a statue of Champlain by Carl Augustus Heber.
• A commemorative stamp issue in May 2006 jointly by the United States Postal Service and Canada Post.
• A statue in Ticonderoga, New York, unveiled in 2009 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Champlain's exploration of Lake Champlain.
• A statue in Orillia, Ontario at Couchiching Beach Park on Lake Couchiching. This statue was removed by Parks Canada, and is not likely to be returned, as it incorporated offensive depictions of First Nations peoples.
• HMCS Champlain (1919), a S class destroyer that served in the Royal Canadian Navy from 1928 to 1936.
• HMCS Champlain, a Canadian Forces Naval Reserve division based in Chicoutimi, Quebec since activation in 1985.
• Champlain Place, a shopping centre located in Dieppe, New Brunswick, Canada.
• The Champlain Society, a Canadian historical and text publication society, chartered in 1927.
• A memorial statue in Ottawa at Kìwekì Point, by Hamilton MacCarthy. The statue depicts Champlain holding an astrolabe (upside-down, as it happens). It did previously include an "Indian Scout" kneeling at its base. In the 1990s, after lobbying by Indigenous people, it was removed from the statue's base, renamed and placed as the "Anishinaabe Scout" in Major's Hill Park.

 حكاية

Example of a fictional "portrait of Champlain", by Théophile Hamel (1870), after a portrait of Particelli d'Émery by Moncornet. No authentic portrait of Champlain exists.

لا توجد صورة حقيقية لشامپلين. الصورة الوحيدة الباقية له هي رسم لمعركة عند بحيرة شامپلين في 1609, وفيها ملامحه غير واضحة على الإطلاق للناظر. Some much-reproduced fictional "portraits of Champlain" have been shown to be actually made after a portrait of Michel Particelli d'Émery, by Balthasar Moncornet.

 Written works

These are works that were written by Champlain:

• Brief Discours des Choses plus remarquables que Sammuel Champlain de Brouage a reconneues aux Indes Occidentalles au voiage qu'il en a faict en icettes en l'année 1599 et en l'année 1601, comme ensuite (first French publication 1870, first English publication 1859 as Narrative of a Voyage to the West Indies and Mexico 1599–1602)
• Des Sauvages: ou voyage de Samuel Champlain, de Brouages, faite en la France nouvelle l'an 1603 (first French publication 1604, first English publication 1625)
• Voyages de la Nouvelle-France (first French publication 1632)
• Traitté de la marine et du devoir d'un bon marinier (first French publication 1632)

 المراجع

ملاحظات

هامش

 المراجع

• Samuel Eliot Morison, Samuel de Champlain: Father of New France (Little Brown, 1972) ISBN 0-316-58399-5
• Champlain : the birth of French America / edited by Raymonde LItalien and Denis Vaugeois. (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2004) ISBN 0-7735-2850-4
• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

مناصب حكومية
سبقه الكاردينال ريشليو	نائب جنرال فرنسا الجديدة 1632–1635	تبعه شارل ده مونماني بصفته حاكم فرنسا الجديدة

 وصلات خارجية

• The Canadian Museum of Civilization - Face-to-Face - The Canadian Personalities Hall
• Full text http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/6825 Vol. 3
• Samuel de Champlain Biography by Appleton and Klos
• أعمال من Samuel de Champlain في مشروع گوتنبرگ
• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
• Description of Champlain's voyage to Chatham, Cape Cod in 1605 and 1606.'
• Champlain's tomb: State of the Art Report. (in French, translation with Alta-Vista available
• Biography at the Museum of Civilization
• Champlain in Acadia (A Historica project from 7th Floor Media)
• Champlain, Samuel de (From The Canadian Encyclopedia)
• Biography at the Museum of Civilization
• Les Voyages de la Nouvelle France... 1632, from Rare Book Room
• Champlain College (Vermont) site celebrates 400th anniversary of Samuel de Champlain’s arrival on Lake Champlain

 المصادر

• مجموعة المعرفة ، العدد 170 يوليو 1974

مناصب حكومية
سبقه Cardinal Richelieu	Lieutenant General of New France 1632–1635	تبعه Charles de Montmagny as Governor of New France