داء التنينات

Dracunculiasis
الأسماء الأخرىGuinea-worm disease (GWD)
Dracunculus medinensis.jpg
Using a matchstick to wind up and remove a guinea worm from the leg of a human
التخصصInfectious disease
الأعراضPainful blister on lower leg[1]
البداية المعتادةAverage time of one year after exposure[1]
المسبباتGuinea worms spread by water fleas[1]
الطريقة التشخيصيةBased on symptom[2]
الوقايةPreventing those infected from putting the wound in drinking water, treating contaminated water[1]
العلاجSupportive care[1]
التردد28 reported cases (2018)[1]
الوفياتRare

داء التنينات إنگليزية: Dracunculiasis ويعرف أكثر بداء دودة غينيا (GWD) هي عدوى طفيلية تسببها الأسطوانية التنينة المدينية. تعتبر دودة غينيا من بين أكثر طفيليات الاٍنسان دراسة.

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المسببات

دورة حياة التنينات



الوبائيات

الوضع الحالي

البلدات المتوطنة

At the end of 2015, South Sudan, Mali, Ethiopia and Chad still had endemic transmissions. For many years the major focus was South Sudan (independent after 2011, formerly the southern region of Sudan), which reported 76% of all cases in 2013.[3] In 2017 only Chad and Ethiopia had cases.[4]

Date South Sudan Mali Ethiopia Chad Total
LocationSouthSudan.svg LocationMali.svg LocationEthiopia.svg LocationChad.svg
2011 1,028[5] 12[5] 8[5] 10[5] 1058
2012 521[5] 7[5] 4[5] 10[5] 542
2013 113[5] 11[5] 7[5] 14[5] 148 (including 3 exported to Sudan)
2014 70[5] 40[5] 3[5] 13[5] 126
2015 5[5] 5[5] 3[5] 9[5] 22
2016 6[5] 0[5] 3[5] 16[5] 25
2017 0[6] 0[6] 15[6] 15[6] 30
2018 10[7] 0[7] 0[7] 17[7] 28 (including one isolated case in Angola)
2019 4[7] 0[7] 0[7] 47[7] 53 (including one isolated case in Angola and Cameroon)

برنامج القضاء على المرض

المقالة الرئيسية: Eradication of dracunculiasis
Logarithmic scale of reported human cases of guinea worm by year, 1989–2017 (2017 data is provisional).[8]

التاريخ

Rod of Asclepius

Dracunculiasis has been a recognized disease for thousands of years:

  • Guinea worm has been found in calcified Egyptian mummies.[9]
  • An Old Testament description of "fiery serpents" may have been referring to Guinea worm: "And the Lord sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit the people; and much people of Israel died." (Numbers 21:4–9).[10]
  • In the 2nd century BC, the Greek writer Agatharchides described this affliction as being endemic amongst certain nomads in what is now Sudan and along the Red Sea.[11][10]
  • In the 18th century, Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus identified D. medinensis in merchants who traded along the Gulf of Guinea (West African Coast).
  • Guinea worms were described by Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr as "[burrowing] into the naked feet of West-Indian slaves..."[12]

It has been suggested that the Rod of Asclepius (a symbol that represents medical practice) represents a Guinea worm wrapped around a stick for extraction.[13] According to this thinking, physicians might have advertised this common service by posting a sign depicting a worm on a rod. However plausible, there is no concrete evidence in support of this notion.

The Russian scientist Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko (1844–1873) during the 1860s while living in Samarkand was provided with a number of specimens of the worm by a local doctor which he kept in water. While examining the worms Fedchenko noted the presence of water fleas with embryos of the guinea worm within them.[14]

In modern times, the first to describe dracunculiasis and its pathogenesis was the Bulgarian physician Hristo Stambolski, during his exile in Yemen (1877–1878).[15] He correctly inferred that the cause was infected water which people were drinking.

أصل الاسم

Dracunculiasis once plagued a wide band of tropical countries in Africa and Asia. Its Latin name, Dracunculus medinensis ("little dragon from Medina"), derives from its one-time high incidence in the city of Medina (in modern Saudi Arabia), and its common name, Guinea worm, is due to a similar past high incidence along the Guinea coast of West Africa;[10] Guinea worm is no longer endemic in either location.[16]


معرض الصور

  • طريقة مستعملة لاٍستخراج دودة غينيا من وريد يد اٍنسان مصاب بالمرض

    طريقة مستعملة لاٍستخراج دودة غينيا من وريد يد اٍنسان مصاب بالمرض

  • Guinea worm prevention.jpg

    أطفال سودانيون يستخدمون أنابيب ترشيح لتفادي دودة غينيا

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة WHO2014
  2. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Gord2009
  3. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Wrap226
  4. ^ Donald G. McNeil Jr. (22 March 2018). "South Sudan Halts Spread of Crippling Guinea Worms". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  5. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م "Guinea Worm Disease: Case Countdown". Carter Center. Archived from the original on 2014-01-21.
  6. ^ أ ب ت ث خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة carter2018
  7. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د "Guinea Worm Disease: Case Countdown". Carter Center. Archived from the original on 2018-12-19.
  8. ^ "Number of Reported Cases of Guinea Worm Disease by Year: 1989–2017*" (PDF). Guinea Worm Eradication Program. Retrieved 2018-01-21.
  9. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة GWEP2
  10. ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة TropMed
  11. ^ Plutarch; Goodwin, William W., ed. (1871). "Symposiacs, Book VIII, Question 9, §. 3". Plutarch's Morals. Vol. vol. 3. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Little, Brown, and Co. p. 430. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help); |volume= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) From p. 430: "Those that fell sick about the Red Sea, if we believe Agatharcides, besides other strange and unheard diseases, had little serpents in their legs and arms, which did eat their way out, but when touched shrunk in again, and raised intolerable inflammations in the muscles; … "
  12. ^ Holmes, Oliver Wendell (1952). The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table (1858). London: J.M Dent & Sons Ltd. p. 180. ISBN 1406813176.
  13. ^ Emerson, John (27 July 2003). "Eradicating Guinea Worm Disease". Social Design Notes. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  14. ^ See:
    • Fedchenko (Федченко), Alexei (Алексей) (1870). "О строении и размножении ришты (Filaria medinensis L.)" [On the structure and reproduction of the Guinea worm (Filaria medinensis L.)]. Известия Императорского Общества Любителей Естествознания, Антропологии и Этнографии [News of the Imperial Society of Devotees of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography (Moscow)] (in الروسية). 8 (1): 71–82.
    • English translation: Fedchenko, A. P. (1971). "Concerning the structure and reproduction of the guinea-worm (Filaria medinensis L.)". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 20 (4): 511–523. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1971.20.511.
  15. ^ Христо Стамболски: Автобиография, дневници и mспомени. (Autobiography of Hristo Stambolski. Sofia : Dŭržavna pečatnica, 1927–1931)
  16. ^ "Guinea Worm Infection (Dracunculiasis)". The Imaging of Tropical Diseases. International Society of Radiology. 2008. Archived from the original on November 29, 2009. Retrieved December 2, 2009.

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