تامپري

(تم التحويل من تامبيري)
يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين The Tamperer featuring Maya.
لمعلومات عن جامع الفلكلور الإستوني، انظر هربرت تامپرى.
تامپري
Tammerfors  (سويدية)
Tampere
City
Tampereen kaupunki
Tammerfors stad
City of Tampere
مع عقارب الساعة من أعلى: the cityscape (viewed from Näsinneula); Tampere City Hall; Särkänniemi (from Näsinneula); Tampere Hall; the skyline with Näsinneula; Tammerkoski من جسر هامينسيلتا؛ و Cathedral.
مع عقارب الساعة من أعلى: the cityscape (viewed from Näsinneula); Tampere City Hall; Särkänniemi (from Näsinneula); Tampere Hall; the skyline with Näsinneula; Tammerkoski من جسر هامينسيلتا؛ و Cathedral.
علم تامپري
Flag
درع تامپري
Coat of arms
الكنية: 
Manchester of the North, Manse (in Finnish),[1] Nääsville (in Finnish),[أ][1] Sauna Capital of the World
موقع تامبري (بالأسود) في منطقة پيركانما
موقع تامبري (بالأسود) في منطقة پيركانما
موقع تامپري في فنلندا
موقع تامپري في فنلندا
الإحداثيات: 61°29′53″N 23°45′36″E / 61.49806°N 23.76000°E / 61.49806; 23.76000Coordinates: 61°29′53″N 23°45′36″E / 61.49806°N 23.76000°E / 61.49806; 23.76000
البلد فنلندا
المنطقةPirkanmaa.vaakuna.svg پيركانما
Sub-regionTampere
حقوق المدينة1 أكتوبر 1779
الحكومة
 • العمدة[3]Kalervo Kummola[2]
المساحة
 (2018-01-01)[4]
 • City689٫59 كم² (266٫25 ميل²)
 • البر525٫03 كم² (202٫72 ميل²)
 • الماء164٫56 كم² (63٫54 ميل²)
 • الحضر
258٫52 كم² (99٫82 ميل²)
ترتيب المساحة166 largest في فنلندا
التعداد
 (2019-01-31)[6]
 • City235٬615
 • الترتيب3rd largest في فنلندا
 • الكثافة448٫76/km2 (1٬162٫3/sq mi)
 • Urban
334٬112[5]
 • الكثافة الحضرية1٬211٫0/km2 (3٬136/sq mi)
 • العمرانية
376٬445
صفة المواطنtamperelainen (Finnish)
tammerforsare (Swedish)
Tamperean (English)
Population by native language
[7]
 • الفنلندية94٫9% (official)
 • السويدية0٫5%
 • Others4٫5%
السكان حسب العمر
[8]
 • 0 to 1413٫8%
 • 15 to 6470٫6%
 • 65 or older15٫7%
منطقة التوقيتUTC+02:00 (EET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+03:00 (EEST)
Municipal tax rate[9]19%
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.tampere.fi Edit this at Wikidata

تامپـِري ( Tampere ؛ /ˈtæmpəreɪ/ TAM-pər-ay, /USalsoˈtæmpərə,_ˈtɑːmpəreɪ/ TAM-pər-ə, TAHM-pər-ay,[10][11][12] فنلندية: [ˈtɑmpere] ( استمع)؛ سويدية: Tammerfors, sv-FI) هي مدينة في منطقة پيركانما، الواقعة في الجزء الغربي من فنلندا. Tampere is the most populous inland city in the Nordic countries.[13] It has a population of 235٬615; the urban area has a population of 341,696;[5] and the metropolitan area, also known as the Tampere sub-region، has a population of 390٬047 in an area of 4,970 km2 (1,920 sq mi).[14] Tampere is the second largest urban area[15] and the third most populous single municipality in Finland, after the cities of Helsinki and Espoo، and the most populous Finnish city outside the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. Today, Tampere is one of the most important urban, economic and cultural centres in the entire inland region.[16]

Tampere and its surroundings are part of the historic province of Satakunta. The area belonged to the province of Häme from 1831 to 1997; over time, it has often been considered a province of Tavastia. For example, in Uusi tietosanakirja, published in the 1960s, the Tampere sub-region is presented as part of the then province of Tavastia. Around the 1950s, Tampere and its surroundings began to establish themselves as a separate province of Pirkanmaa. Tampere became the centre of Pirkanmaa, and Tammermaa was also used several times in the early days of the province, for example in the Suomi-käsikirja published in 1968.[17]

Tampere is wedged between two lakes, Lake Näsijärvi and Lake Pyhäjärvi,[18][19] with an 18 m (59 ft) difference in water level, and the rapids that connect them, Tammerkoski، have been an important source of power throughout history, most recently for generating electricity.[20] Tampere is known as the "Manchester of the North" because of its past as a centre of Finnish industry,[19] which has given rise to its Finnish nickname "Manse"[1] and terms such as "Manserock".[21][22][23] Tampere has also been officially declared the "Sauna Capital of the World"[19] because it has the most public saunas in the world.[13][24][25][26][27]

Helsinki is about 160 km (100 mi) south of Tampere and can be reached by Pendolino high-speed train in 1 hour 31 minutes[28] and by car in 2 hours. The distance to Turku is about the same. The Tampere–Pirkkala Airport is the eighth busiest airport in Finland, with more than 230,000 passengers using it in 2017.[29] Tampere is also an important transit route for three Finnish highways: Highway 3 (E12), Highway 9 (E63) and Highway 12. The Tampere light rail had two lines when it started operating in 2021.[30]

Tampere is ranked 26th in the list of 446 hipster cities in the world[31] and is often rated as the most popular city in Finland.[32][33][34][19] The positive development of Tampere and the Tampere metropolitan area has continued into the 21st century, largely due to the fact that Tampere is one of the most attractive cities in Finland.[33][35][36]

ثاني كبريات مدن فنلندا، وهي مركز صناعي، ولا يفوقها في الصناعة والتّعداد إلا هلسنكي. عدد سكانها 176,149 نسمة وسكان المنطقة وضواحيها 218,722 نسمة. تقع تامبير جنوبي فنلندا بين بحيرتي ناسجارفي وبايهاجارفي.

والصناعات الرئيسية في تامبير هي تصنيع الأطعمة والمعادن، وإنتاج الورق والنسيج. ويخترق نهر تامركسكي وشلالاته المدينة. وفي تامبير أعداد كبيرة من المتنزهات والأماكن الترويحية الأخرى. وهي مقر جامعة تامبير. ويعيش معظم سكانها في مجمعات من الشقق. ويقع بعض ضواحيها على سلسلة من الجبال الجميلة المطلة على البحيرات.

في العصور الوسطى كان موقع ما يُعرف الآن بتامبير سوقا مهمة ومركزا للطحين. وقد أنشأ گوستاڤوس الثالث ملك السويد وفنلندا مدينة تامپـِره سنة 1779م. وبدأت المدينة نموها الصناعي في منتصف القرن التاسع عشر.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

أصل الاسم

انظر أيضاً: Names of Tampere in different languages

Although the name Tampere is derived from the Tammerkoski rapids (both the city and the rapids are called Tammerfors in Swedish), the origin of the Tammer- part of that name has been the subject of much debate. Ánte accepts the "straightforward" etymology of Rahkonen and Heikkilä in Proto-Samic قالب:UPA, قالب:UPA meaning "deep, slow section of a stream" and قالب:UPA "rapids" (cognate with the Finnish koski).[17][37][38][39] This has become the most accepted explanation in the academia, according to the Institute for the Languages of Finland.[40] Other theories include that it comes from the Swedish word damber, meaning milldam; another, that it originates from the ancient Scandinavian words þambr ("thick bellied") and þambion ("swollen belly"), possibly referring to the shape of the rapids. Another suggestion links the name to the Swedish word Kvatemberdagar, or more colloquially Tamperdagar, meaning the Ember days of the Western Christian liturgical calendar. The Finnish word for oak، tammi, also features in the speculation,[41] although Tampere is situated outside the natural distribution range of the European oak.[42]


الأعلام

First coat of arms of Tampere (1839–1960)

The first coat of arms of Tampere was designed by Arvid von Cederwald in 1838,[43][44][45] while the current coat of arms created in 1960 and currently in use was designed by Olof Eriksson.[43] Changing the coat of arms was a controversial act, and the restoration of the old coat of arms has from time to time been demanded even after the change.[46] The new coat of arms has also been called Soviet-style in letters to the editor because of its colours.[47]

The blazon of the old coat of arms has either not survived or has never been done,[48] but the description of the current coat of arms is explained as follows: "In the red field, a corrugated counter-bar, above which is accompanied by a piled hammer، and below, a Caduceus; all gold". The colors of the coat of arms are the same as in the coat of arms of Pirkanmaa. The hammer, which looks like the first letter of the city's name T, symbolizes Tampere's early industry,[46] Caduceus its trading activities[46] and the corrugated counter-bar represents the Tammerkoski rapids, which divides Tampere's industrial and commercial areas.[49]

The city received its first seal in 1803, which depicted the city's buildings of that time and Tammerkoski.[50]

التاريخ

التاريخ المبكر

Messukylä Old Church, built between 1510 and 1530

The earliest known permanent settlements around Tammerkoski were established in 7th century, when settlers from the west of the region started farming land in Takahuhti.[51] The area was largely inhabited by the Tavastian tribes.[52] For many centuries, the population remained low. By the 16th century, the villages of Messukylä and Takahuhti had grown to be the largest settlements in the region. Other villages nearby were Laiskola, Pyynikkälä and Hatanpää.[51] At that time, there had been a market place in the Pispala area for centuries, where the bourgeoisies from Turku in particular traded.[53] In 1638, Governor-General Per Brahe the Younger ordered that two markets be held in Tammerkoski each year, the autumn market on every Peter's Day in August and the winter market on Mati Day in February. In 1708 the market was moved from the edge of Tammerkoski to Harju and from there in 1758 to Pispala.[54]:{{{1}}} The early industries in the Pirkanmaa region in the 17th century were mainly watermills and sawmills, while in the 18th century other production began to emerge, as several small-scale ironworks، Tammerkoski distillery and Otavala spinning school were founded.[55]

التأسيس والتصنيع

Tampere seen from the Messukylä side of Tammerkoski in the 1837 artwork by Pehr Adolf Kruskopf

Before the founding of the city of Tampere, its neighboring municipality of Pirkkala (according to which the current Pirkanmaa region got its name) was the most administratively significant parish in the area throughout the Middle Ages.[56] This all changed in the 18th century when Erik Edner, a Finnish pastor,[57] proposed the establishment of a city of Tampere on the banks of the Tammerkoski channel in 1771–1772;[58] it was officially founded as a market place[ب] in 1775 by Gustav III of Sweden and four years later, 1 October 1779,[59] Tampere was granted full city rights. At this time, it was a rather small town, founded on the lands belonging to Tammerkoski manor, while its inhabitants were still mainly farmers. As farming on the city's premises was forbidden, the inhabitants began to rely on other methods of securing a livelihood, primarily trade and handicraft.[51] When Finland became part of the Russian Empire as the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1809, Tampere still had less than a thousand inhabitants.[51]

The Renaissance Revival Raatihuone (City Hall), 1890; the Red Declaration was read from its balcony in 1905.[60]
The old Tampella factory in Tampere

Tampere grew as a major market town and industrial centre in the 19th century;[61] the industrialization of Tampere was greatly influenced by the Finlayson textile factory، founded in 1820 by the Scottish industrialist James Finlayson.[13] By the year 1850, the factory employed around 2000 people, while the population of the city had increased to 4000 inhabitants. Other notable industrial establishments that followed Finlayson's success in the 1800s were the Tampella blast furnace، machine factory and flax mill، the Frenckell paper mill، and the Tampere broadcloth factory.[51] Tampere's population grew rapidly at the end of the 19th century, from about 7,000 in 1870 to 36,000 in 1900. At the beginning of the 20th century, Tampere was a city of workers and women, with a third of the population being factory workers and more than half women.[51] At the same time, the city's area increased almost sevenfold and impressive apartment buildings were built in the center of Tampere among modest wooden houses. The stone houses shaped Tampere in a modern direction. The construction of the sewerage and water supply network and the establishment of electric lighting were further steps towards modernisation;[51] regarding the latter, Tampere was the first Nordic city to introduce electric lights for general use in 1882.[62][63] The railway connection to Tampere from the extension of the Helsinki–Hämeenlinna line section (today part of the Main Line) via Toijala was opened to public traffic on 22 June 1876.[64]:{{{1}}}

The world-famous Nokia Corporation، a multinational telecommunication company, also had its beginnings in the Tammerkoski area;[65] the company's history dates from 1865, when the Finnish-Swedish mining engineer Fredrik Idestam (1838–1916) established a pulp mill on the shores of the rapids[65] and after that, a second pulp mill was opened in 1868 near the neighboring town of Nokia، where there were better hydropower resources.[65]

الأهمية الجيوسياسية

Painting of Stalin and Lenin at the 1905 Tampere Conference
المدينة بعد معركة تامپري أثناء الحرب الأهلية 1918

Tampere was the centre of many important political events in the early 20th century; for example, the 1905 conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), led by Vladimir Lenin، was held at the Tampere Workers' Hall، where it was decided, among other things, to launch an armed uprising, which eventually led to the October 1917 revolution in the Russian Empire.[13][66][67] Also, on 1 November 1905, during the general strike, the famous Red Declaration was proclaimed on Keskustori.[60][68] In 1918, after Finland had gained independence, Tampere played a major role, being one of the strategically important sites for the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (FSWR) during the Civil War in Finland (28 January–15 May 1918); the city was the most important industrial city in Finland at the beginning of the 20th century, marked by a huge working population.[69]:{{{1}}} Tampere was a Red stronghold during the war, with Hugo Salmela in command. White forces، led by General Mannerheim، captured the town after the Battle of Tampere، seizing about 10,000 Red prisoners on 6 April 1918.[70][71]

During the Winter War، Tampere was bombed by the Soviet Union several times.[72] The reason for the bombing of Tampere was that the city was an important railway junction, and also housed the State Aircraft Factory and the Tampella factory, which manufactured munitions and weapons, including grenade launchers. The most devastating bombings were on 2 March 1940, killing nine and wounding 30 city residents. In addition, ten buildings were destroyed and 30 were damaged that day.[73]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

فترة ما بعد الحرب والزمن الحالي

The Social University moves to Tampere in 1960.

Prevalent in Tampere's post-World War II municipal politics was the Brothers-in-Arms Axis (aseveliakseli), which mostly consisted of the National Coalition Party and the Social Democrats. While the Centre Party was the largest political force in the Finnish countryside, it had no practical relevance in Tampere.[74]

Tamvisio's camera operators film a television program at Frenckell's studio on 2 January 1965 in Tampere.

After World War II, Tampere was enlarged by joining some neighbouring areas. Messukylä was incorporated in 1947, Lielahti in 1950, Aitolahti in 1966 and finally Teisko in 1972. The limit of 100,000 inhabitants was crossed in Tampere in 1950.[75] Tampere was long known for its textile and metal industries, but these have been largely replaced by information technology and telecommunications during the 1990s. The technology centre Hermia in Hervanta is home to many companies in these fields.[76][77] Yleisradio started broadcasting its second television channel, Yle TV2، in Ristimäki، Tampere in 1965,[78][79] as a result of which Finland was the first of the Nordic countries to receive a second television channel, after Sweden's SVT2 started broadcasting only four years later. Tampere became a university city when the Social University moved from Helsinki to Tampere in 1960 and became the University of Tampere in 1966.[80] In 1979, Tampere-Pirkkala Airport was opened 13 km (8.1 mi) from the center of Tampere on the side of the Pirkkala municipality.[81][82]

At the turn of the 1990s, Tampere's industry underwent a major structural change, as the production of Tampella's and Tampere's textile industry in particular was heavily focused on bilateral trade with the Soviet Union, but when it collapsed in 1991 the companies lost their main customers.[20] As a result of the sudden change and the depression of the early 1990s، Finlayson and the Suomen trikoo had to reduce their operations sharply. Tampella went bankrupt.[20] But although the change left a huge amount of vacant industrial space in the city center, in the early 2000s it was gradually put to other uses, with the current Tampere cityscape being characterized above all by strong IT companies، most notably Nokia's Tampere R&D units.[83]

الجغرافيا

Islands of Pyynikki at the Lake Pyhäjärvi

Tampere is part of the Pirkanmaa region and is surrounded by the municipalities of Kangasala، Lempäälä، Nokia، Orivesi، Pirkkala، Ruovesi، and Ylöjärvi.[84] There are 180 lakes that are larger than 10,000 m2 (1 ha) in Tampere, and fresh water bodies make up 24% of the city's total area.[18] The lakes have formed as separate basins from Ancylus lake approximately 7500–8000 years ago.[85] The northernmost point of Tampere is located in the Vankavesi fjard of Teisko، the southernmost at the eastern end of Lake Hervanta، the easternmost at the northeast corner of Lake Paalijärvi of Teisko and the westernmost at the southeast corner of Lake Haukijärvi near the borders of Ylöjärvi and Nokia.[86]:{{{1}}} The city center itself is surrounded by three lakes, Näsijärvi, Pyhäjärvi and much smaller Iidesjärvi. Tampere region is situated in the Kokemäki River drainage basin, which discharges into the Bothnian Sea through river which flows through Pori، the capital of Satakunta region.[85] The bedrock of Tampere consists of mica shale and migmatite,[87] and its building stone deposits are diverse: in addition to traditional granite، there is an abundance of quartz diorite، tonalite، mica shale and mica gneiss.[88] One of the most notable geographical features in Tampere is the Pyynikki Ridge (Pyynikinharju), a large esker formed from moraine during the Weichselian glaciation.[89] It rises 160 meters above sea level and is said to be the largest gravel esker in the world.[89] It is also part of Salpausselkä، a 200 km long ridge system left by the ice age.[89]

Aerial view of the city center of Tampere (Keskusta) and the Tammerkoski rapids passing through it

The center of Tampere (Keskusta), as well as the Pyynikki، Ylä-Pispala and Ala-Pispala districts, are located on the isthmus between Lake Pyhäjärvi and Lake Näsijärvi. The location of the city on the edge of the Tammerkoski rapids between two long waterways was one of the most important stimuli for its establishment in the 1770s.[90] The streets of central Tampere form a typical grid pattern. On the western edge of the city center, there is a north–south park street, Hämeenpuisto ("Häme Park" or "Tavastia Park"), which leads from the shore of Lake Pyhäjärvi near Lake Näsijärvi. The wide Hämeenkatu street leads east–west from the Tampere Central Station to Hämeenpuisto and crosses Tammerkoski along the Hämeensilta bridge. Also along Hämeenkatu is the longest street in the city center, Satakunnankatu، which extends from Rautatienkatu to Amuri، which crosses Tammerkoski along the Satakunnansilta bridge. The Tampere Central Square is located on the western shore of Tammerkoski, close to Hämeensilta. The traffic center of Tampere is the intersection of Itsenäisyydenkatu,[ت] Teiskontie، Sammonkatu، Kalevanpuisto park street, and Kaleva and Liisankallio districts.[91]

الأحياء والتقسيمات الأخرى

المقالة الرئيسية: تقسيمات تامبري

The city of Tampere is divided into seven subdivisions، each of which includes the many districts and their suburbs. There are a total of 111 statistical areas in Tampere. However, the statistical areas made for Tampere's statistics do not fully correspond to the Tampere district division or the residents' perception of the districts, as the Amuri، Kyttälä and Tammela districts, for example, are divided into two parts corresponding to the official district division, and in addition to this, Liisankallio and Kalevanrinne are often considered to belong to the Kaleva district.[92]

المناخ

Tampere
جدول طقس (التفسير)
يفمأمييأسأند
 
 
41
 
−3
−10
 
 
29
 
−4
−11
 
 
31
 
1
−7
 
 
32
 
8
−1
 
 
41
 
15
4
 
 
66
 
20
9
 
 
75
 
22
12
 
 
72
 
20
10
 
 
58
 
14
6
 
 
60
 
8
2
 
 
51
 
2
−3
 
 
42
 
−2
−8
متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °س
إجمالي الهطل - مم

Tampere has a humid continental climate Dfb, bordering the subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc) climate zone. Winters are cold and the average temperature from December to February is below −3 °C (27 °F). Summers are cool to warm. On average, snow cover lasts 4–5 months from late November to early April. Considering it being close to the subarctic threshold and inland, winters are, on average, quite mild for the classification, as is the annual mean temperature.[بحاجة لمصدر]

بيانات مناخ Tampere Härmälä (TMP), elevation: 85 m (279 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1900–present (Härmälä and Tampella)
الشهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر العام
العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) 8.4
(47.1) 		9.2
(48.6) 		15.6
(60.1) 		24.3
(75.7) 		29.6
(85.3) 		33.2
(91.8) 		33.1
(91.6) 		32.1
(89.8) 		26.6
(79.9) 		19.4
(66.9) 		13.3
(55.9) 		10.5
(50.9) 		33٫1
(91٫6)
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) -2.5
(27.5) 		-2.5
(27.5) 		2.1
(35.8) 		8.8
(47.8) 		15.6
(60.1) 		19.7
(67.5) 		22.5
(72.5) 		20.7
(69.3) 		14.9
(58.8) 		7.8
(46) 		2.6
(36.7) 		-0.5
(31.1) 		9٫1
(48٫38)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) -5.2
(22.6) 		-5.7
(21.7) 		-1.9
(28.6) 		3.9
(39) 		10.1
(50.2) 		14.6
(58.3) 		17.3
(63.1) 		15.6
(60.1) 		10.6
(51.1) 		4.9
(40.8) 		0.7
(33.3) 		-2.7
(27.1) 		5٫18
(41٫33)
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) -8.3
(17.1) 		-9.1
(15.6) 		-6.0
(21.2) 		-0.9
(30.4) 		4.1
(39.4) 		9.0
(48.2) 		12.2
(54) 		10.8
(51.4) 		6.6
(43.9) 		2.0
(35.6) 		-1.5
(29.3) 		-5.4
(22.3) 		1٫13
(34٫03)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) -37.0
(-34.6) 		-36.8
(-34.2) 		-29.6
(-21.3) 		-19.6
(-3.3) 		-7.3
(18.9) 		-2.8
(27) 		1.8
(35.2) 		-0.4
(31.3) 		-6.7
(19.9) 		-14.8
(5.4) 		-22.5
(-8.5) 		-34.2
(-29.6) 		−37٫0
(−34٫6)
هطول mm (inches) 41
(1.61) 		30
(1.18) 		29
(1.14) 		32
(1.26) 		36
(1.42) 		66
(2.6) 		74
(2.91) 		65
(2.56) 		55
(2.17) 		57
(2.24) 		51
(2.01) 		46
(1.81) 		582
(22٫91)
سقوط الثلج cm (inches) 32.3
(12.72) 		31.4
(12.36) 		29.5
(11.61) 		13.9
(5.47) 		1.6
(0.63) 		0.1
(0.04) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		3.3
(1.3) 		13.1
(5.16) 		27.2
(10.71) 		152٫4
(60)
% Humidity 90 87 82 70 63 66 69 76 82 87 91 92 80
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 10 8 8 7 7 9 11 9 9 10 10 11 109
Source #1: weatheronline.co.uk[93]
Source #2: FMI [1] (precipitation, record highs and lows)[94]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

سجلات درجات الحرارة

Temperature records of Tampere and the near-by Tampere–Pirkkala Airport:[95]

سجلات درجات الحرارة في تامبري

Highest temperatures by month
الشهر °C Date الموقع
June 33.2° 22 June 2021 Härmälä
July 33.1° 9 July 1914 Härmälä
August 32.1° 10 August 1912 Härmälä

Highest temperatures at the Tampere–Pirkkala Airport by month since 1980:[95]

Pirkkala Airport highest temperatures by month since 1980
Month °C Year
January 8.0° 2007
February 9.4° 1990
March 14.9° 2007
April 24.2° 1998
May 29.3° 2014
June 31.7° 1999
July 32.5° 2010
August 31.1° 1992
September 24.8° 1999
October 17.5° 1984
November 12.4° 2015
December 10.3° 2015

Lowest temperatures in Tampere:[95]

Lowest temperatures by month
Month °C Date Location
January −38.5° 9 January 1987 Aitoneva، Kihniö
February −40.9° 3 February 1966 Mouhijärvi

Lowest temperatures at the Tampere–Pirkkala Airport by month since 1980:[95]

Pirkkala Airport lowest temperatures by month since 1980
Month °C Year
January −35.8° 1987
February −31.8° 2007
March −29.1° 1981
April −14.8° 1988
May −7.2° 1999
June −3.0° 1984
July 1.5° 1987
August −0.4° 1984
September −7.0° 1986
October −16.4° 1992
November −22.0° 1990
December −33.0° 1995

أفق المدينة

الإحياء والقومية

Näsilinna، the Baroque Revival palace

Tampere has buildings from many architectural periods. Only the old stone church of Messukylä represents medieval building culture.[96] Early 19th century neoclassicism، in turn, is represented by the Tampere Old Church and its belfry. The Gothic Revival buildings in Tampere that emerged from neoclassicism are the new Messukylä Church and the Alexander Church، and the Renaissance Revival buildings are the Hatanpää Manor، the Tampere City Hall,[60] the Ruuskanen House and Näsilinna. The romantic nationalism design can be seen in the Commerce House، the Tirkkonen House, the Palander House, the Tampere Cathedral، the Tampere Central Fire Station and the National Bank Building in Tampere.[92] At an early stage, the use of red brick as a material in the industrial buildings along Tammerkoski, such as the Finlayson and Tampella factories, has left a strong imaginary mark on the city.[97][98]


الاقتصاد

Tampere's Hotel Torni، the tallest hotel building in Finland[99]
Särkänniemi amusement park is the most popular tourist destination of Tampere.

The Tampere region, Pirkanmaa، which includes outlying municipalities, has around 509,000 residents,[100] 244,000 employed people,[101] and a turnover of 28 billion euros اعتبارا من 2014.[102]

According to the Tampere International Business Office، the area is strong in mechanical engineering and automation, information and communication technologies, and health and biotechnology, as well as pulp and paper industry education. Unemployment rate was 9.2% in September 2023.[103] 70% of the areas jobs are in the service sector. Less than 20% are in the manufacturing sector. 34.5% of employed people live outside the Tampere municipality and commute to Tampere for work. Meanwhile, 15.6% of Tampere's residents work outside Tampere.[86] In 2014 the largest employers were Kesko، Pirkanmaan Osuuskauppa, Alma Media and Posti Group.[104]

According to a study carried out by the Synergos Research and Training Center of the University of Tampere، the total impact of tourism in the Tampere region in 2012 was more than 909 million euros. Tourism also brought 4,805 person-years to the region.[105] The biggest single attraction in Tampere is the Särkänniemi amusement park، which had about 630,000 visitors in 2016.[106] In addition, in 2015, 1,021,151 overnight stays were made in Tampere hotels. The number exceeded the previous record year with more than 20,000 overnight stays. All that makes Tampere the second most popular city in Finland after Helsinki in terms of hotel stays. Leisure tourism accounted for 55,4% of overnight stays and occupational tourism for 43,2%. The occupancy rate of all accommodation establishments with more than 20 rooms was 57,0%, while that of accommodation establishments in the whole country was 48,3%.[107]

Tampere's economic profit in 2015 was the worst of big Finnish cities.[108] In 2016 the loss of the fiscal year was 18,8 million euros.[109] In the city's economy, the largest revenues come from taxes and government contributions. In 2015, the city received 761 million euros in municipal tax revenue. In addition, 61,4 million euros came from corporate taxes and 64 million euros from property taxes.[110] Tax revenues have not increased as expected in the 2010s, although the city's population has increased. This has been affected by high unemployment.[111]

Tampere is headquarters for Bronto Skylift، an aerial rescue and aerial work platform manufacturer.[112]

الطاقة

Lielahti Power Plant

In 2013, Tampereen Energiantuotanto, which is part of the Tampereen Sähkölaitos Group, generated 1,254 GWh of electricity and 2,184 GWh of district heating. The two units of the Naistenlahti's power plant generated a total of about 65% and the Lielahti's power plant about 30% of the electricity production. In district heating production, the Naistenlahti power plant units accounted for 57% and the Lielahti power plant for 23%. Tampere's ten heating centers accounted for 21%.[86]:{{{1}}}

In 2013, the share of natural gas in energy production was about 65%. Wood and peat accounted for about 17%. In addition, hydropower and oil were used.[86]:{{{1}}} Emissions from energy production have decreased in the 21st century due to the growth of renewable forms of production and the modernization of the Naistenlahti plant. In 2013, approximately 669,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions and 297 tonnes of sulfur dioxide emissions were generated.[86]:{{{1}}}

إدارة المياة والمجاري

66,5% of Tampere's domestic water is surface water and 33,5% groundwater. 58% of the water was diverted to economic use and 13% to industrial use. In addition to Tampere, Tampereen Vesi manages water in Pirkkala. Almost all surface water comes from Lake Roine. In addition, Tampereen Vesi has four surface water plants in Lake Näsijärvi and five groundwater intakes.[86]:{{{1}}} Tampereen Vesi is 96% responsible for the wastewater of Tampere, Kangasala، Pirkkala and Ylöjärvi. In 2012, a total of 31,9 million cubic meters of wastewater was treated in Tampere. The Viinikanlahti treatment plant treats more than 75% of wastewater.[86]:{{{1}}}

Pirkanmaan Jätehuolto handles waste management in Tampere. It has waste treatment facilities in Nokia's Lake Koukkujärvi and Tampere's Lake Tarastenjärvi.[86]:{{{1}}}

السكان

التعداد

The city of Tampere has shown strong growth in recent years.[113] The "Tampere Deck" and its new multi-purpose arena in November 2021.

The city of Tampere has 235٬615 inhabitants, making it the 3rd most populous municipality in Finland and the tenth in the Nordics. The Tampere region، with 390٬047 people, is the second largest after the Helsinki region. Tampere is home to 5% of Finland's population. 9.5% of the population has a foreign background, which is above the national average. However, it is lower than in the major Finnish cities of Helsinki، Espoo، Vantaa or Turku.[115]

The demographic structure of Tampere shows that the city is a very popular place to study, as the number of young adults is significantly higher than in other municipalities in the region. At the end of 2012, the old-age dependency ratio was 45. Approximately 17.3% of the population was over the age of 65.[86]:{{{1}}} Just over half of the population is female, as in the country as a whole. The population is fairly well educated, with two-thirds of those over 15 having completed post-primary education.[116]

At the end of 2018, there were a total of 140,039 dwellings in Tampere, of which 127,639 were permanently occupied and 12,400 were not permanently occupied.[117] Of these, 74% were apartment buildings, 14% were detached houses, 10% were terraced houses, and 2% were other residential buildings. Between 2002 and 2020, more than 40,000 new dwellings will be completed in Tampere.[118] Living space has been growing for a long time, although after 2008 growth came to a virtual standstill. The average living space at the end of 2012 was about 36.8 m2 per inhabitant, compared with about 19.2 m2 in 1970 and about 31.8 m2 in 1990. The average dwelling had about 1.8 inhabitants in 2012.[86]:{{{1}}}

For more than ten years, Tampere has been one of the most migratory municipalities, as more than 1,930 new residents moved to Tampere in January–September 2021. Nokia، Kangasala and Lempäälä، which are among Tampere's neighbouring municipalities, have also been identified as the most migratory municipalities, rising to the list of the 20 most attractive municipalities.[35][36] Even during the COVID-19 pandemic, Tampere has become Finland's most attractive area for internal migration, as Tampere gained the most migration gains in 2020.[119]

التعداد 1980–2020[115]
Year Population
1980
166٬228
1985
169٬026
1990
172٬560
1995
182٬742
2000
195٬468
2005
204٬337
2010
213٬217
2015
225٬118
2020
238٬420

اللغات

التعداد حسب اللغة الأم (2022)[115]

  Finnish (90.1%)
  Russian (1.4%)
  Arabic (1.0%)
  Farsi (0.8%)
  English (0.7%)
  Swedish (0.5%)
  Estonian (0.4%)
  Other (5.1%)

Tampere is the largest monolingual municipality in Finland. The majority of the population - 198٬937 people or 94٫9% - speak Finnish as their first language. In Tampere, 1٬065 people, or 0٫5% of the population, speak Swedish. This is the second largest number of Swedish speakers in monolingual Finnish-speaking municipalities after Kaarina. Kaarina and Tampere are also the only monolingual Finnish-speaking municipalities with a separate Swedish-speaking community. In 1900, Swedish speakers made up more than six per cent of Tampere's population, and less than two per cent in 1950.[120]

As English and Swedish are compulsory school subjects, functional bilingualism or trilingualism acquired through language studies is not uncommon. At least 160 different languages are spoken in Tampere. The most widely spoken foreign languages are Russian (1.4%), Arabic (1.0%), Farsi (0.8%) and English (0.7%).[115]

الهجرة

التعداد حسب بلد المولد (2022)[115]
الجنسية التعداد %
 فنلندا 226,644 91.0
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي 2,197 0.9
 العراق 1,252 0.5
 أفغانستان 1,182 0.5
 السويد 1,181 0.5
 إستونيا 1,090 0.4
 روسيا 873 0.4
 إيران 870 0.3
 الصين 846 0.3
 الهند 833 0.3
 تركيا 564 0.2

In 2022, there were 23,561 people with a migrant background living in Tampere, or 9.5% of the population.[note 1] There were 22,365 residents who were born abroad, or 9% of the population. The number of foreign citizens in Tampere was 14,758.[122] Most foreign-born citizens came from the former Soviet Union، Iraq، Afghanistan، Sweden، and Estonia.[115]

The relative share of immigrants in the population of Tampere is slightly above the national average.[115] Tampere attracts more migration from within Finland than directly from abroad. Nevertheless, the city's new residents are increasingly of foreign origin. This will increase the proportion of foreign residents in the coming years.


الفنون والثقافة

The Tammerkoski rapids in Tampere at night in 2015. The Festival of Light has just opened and an old, large factory chimney is lit in red on the right side of the rapids and contrasts with the blue lighting of the trees beneath it. The array of colours is reflected by the water of the rapids.

Tampere is known for its active cultural life. Some of the most popular writers in Finland, such as Väinö Linna، Kalle Päätalo، and Hannu Salama، hail from Tampere. These authors are known particularly as writers depicting the lives of working-class people, thanks to their respective backgrounds as members of the working class. Also from such a background was the poet Lauri Viita of the Pispala district, which was also the original home of the aforementioned Hannu Salama.[بحاجة لمصدر] On 1 October, Tampere celebrates the annual Tampere Day (فنلندية: Tampereen päivä), which hosts a variety of public events.[123][92]

الإعلام

An office building of Aamulehti newspaper in the Nalkala district

Tampere is a strong media city, as the television center in Tohloppi and Ristimäki districts has had a nationwide Yle TV2 television channel since the 1970s,[92] and Finnish radio, for example, began in Tampere when Arvi Hauvonen founded the first broadcasting station in 1923.[92] Yle TV2 has its roots in Tamvisio, which was transferred to Yleisradio in 1964. Kakkoskanava ("Channel 2") has been a major influence in Tampere, and several well-known television programs and series have been shot in the city,[92] such as TV comedies Tankki täyteen, Reinikainen and Kummeli. The Ruutu+ streaming service's popular crime drama television series Lakeside Murders (فنلندية: Koskinen), based on the Koskinen book series by Seppo Jokinen، is also produced and filmed in Tampere.[124][125]

The Tampere Film Festival، an annual international short film event, is held every March.[126] Tampere has also served as a filming location for international film productions, most notably the 1993 British comedy film The Big Freeze[127] and the 2022 American sci-fi film Dual.[128][129]

In 2014, Aamulehti, which was published in Tampere and was founded in 1881,[130][131] was the third largest newspaper in Finland in terms of circulation, after Helsingin Sanomat and Ilta-Sanomat. The circulation of the magazine was 106,842 (2014).[132] In addition, a free city newspaper Tamperelainen (literally translated "Tamperean", meaning person who live in Tampere) will be published in the city.[92] In November 2016, the Tamperelainen was awarded the second best city newspaper in Finland.[133]

The city is also known as the home of the popular Hydraulic Press Channel on YouTube, which originates from a machine shop owned by Lauri Vuohensilta.[134]

الطعام

Mustamakkara ("black sausage"), a speciality food from Tampere, is typically consumed with lingonberry jam.
Tampere claims to be the "wings capital of Finland", consuming almost half of the hot wings in Finland. The restaurant chain Siipiweikot originates from Tampere. Almost half of the chicken wings sold in Finland are eaten exclusively in Pirkanmaa.[135]

A local food speciality is mustamakkara, which resembles the black pudding of northern England. It is a black sausage made by mixing pork, pig's blood and crushed rye and flour and is stuffed into the intestines of an animal. It is commonly eaten with lingonberry sauce. Especially Tammelantori square in the district of Tammela is known for its mustamakkara kiosks.[136]

A newer Tampere tradition are munkki, fresh sugary doughnuts that are sold in several cafés around Tampere, but most traditionally in Pyynikki observation tower.[137]

One of the specialties of Tampere's local barbecue dishes include the peremech (فنلندية: pärämätsi) based on traditional Tatar food. It is a pie reminiscent of Karelian pasty with seasoned ground meat inside.[138][139]

In the 1980s, in addition to mustamakkara and barley bread, the old parish dish of Tampere was also called a potato soup, home-made small beer (kotikalja), a sweetened lingonberry porridge and a sweetened potato casserole (Imelletty perunalaatikko).[140]

Since 1991, the two-day fish market event (Tampereen kalamarkkinat) in Laukontori attracts as many as 80,000–100,000 visitors in year, and is held both in the spring on vappu and in the autumn on Tampere Day.[141][142]

الموسيقى

انظر أيضاً: Tampere Academic Symphony Orchestra
Judas Priest performing as one of the headliners at the 2011 Sauna Open Air Metal Festival

Tampere is home to the Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra (Tampere Filharmonia), which is one of only two full-sized symphony orchestras in Finland; the other one is located in Helsinki. The orchestra's home venue is the Tampere Hall,[13] and their concerts include classical, popular, and film music. Tampere Music Festivals organises three international music events: The Tampere Jazz Happening each November, and in alternate years The Tampere Vocal Music Festival and the Tampere Biennale. Professional education in many fields of classical music, including performing arts, pedagogic arts, and composition, is provided by Tampere University of Applied Sciences and Tampere Conservatoire.

Tammerfest، Tampere's urban rock festival, is held every July.[143] The Blockfest، which also takes place in Tampere during the summer months,[143] is the largest hip hop event in the Nordic countries.[144] The Tampere Floral Festival is an annual event, held each Summer.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Manserock became a general term for rock music from Tampere, which was essentially rock music with Finnish lyrics. Manserock was especially popular during the 1970s and 1980s, and its most popular artists included Juice Leskinen، Virtanen, Kaseva، Popeda، and Eppu Normaali. In 1977, Poko Rekords، the first record company in Tampere, was founded.[145]

In the 2010s, there has been a lot of popular musical activity in Tampere, particularly in the fields of rock and heavy/black metal; one of the most important metal music events in Tampere is the Sauna Open Air Metal Festival.[146] Some of the most popular bands based in Tampere include Negative، Uniklubi، and Lovex. Tampere also has an active electronic music scene. Tampere hosts an annual World of Tango Festival (Maailmantango),[147] which is one of the most significant tango events in Finland next to the Tangomarkkinat of Seinäjoki.

المسرح

The Tampere Theatre (Finnish: Tampereen Teatteri)

Tampere has a lengthy tradition of theater, with established institutions such as Tampereen Työväen Teatteri، Tampereen Teatteri، and Pyynikin Kesäteatteri، which is an open-air theatre with the oldest revolving auditorium in Europe. The longest-running directors of the Tampereen Teatteri include Eino Salmelainen and Rauli Lehtonen, and the Tampereen Työväen Teatteri has Kosti Elo, Eino Salmelainen and Lasse Pöysti.[92] The Tampere Theatre Festival (Tampereen teatterikesä) is an international theatre festival held in the city each August. Tampere also has the Tampere Opera، founded in 1946.[148]

Tampere's other professional theaters are Teatteri Siperia; restaurant theater Teatteripalatsi; Teatteri Telakka, known for its artistic experiments; Ahaa Teatteri, which specializes in children's and young people's plays; puppet theater Teatteri Mukamas, and Tanssiteatteri MD, specializes in contemporary dance performances.[149] In addition, there are also three cinemas in Tampere: two Finnkino's theaters, Cine Atlas and Plevna,[150][151] and private Arthouse Cinema Niagara,[152] which serves as the main venue for the Cinemadrome Festival, which presents horror، action، sci-fi، trash، and other cult films.[153] Local cinemas also included the historic Imatra، formerly located in the Kyttälä district, which was completely destroyed on a fire in the midst of a 1924 film Wages of Virtue on 23 October 1927, killing 21 people.[154]

الأنشطة الدينية

Cathedral of Tampere in the Jussinkylä district، designed by Finnish architect Lars Sonck
The Old Church (Vanha kirkko) on the edge of the Tampere Central Square

As is the case with most of the rest of Finland, most Tampere citizens belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. One Lutheran church in Tampere is Finlayson Church in the district by the same name. Tampere also has a variety of other religious services spanning from traditional to charismatic. There are also some English speaking services, such as the Tampere English Service, an international community affiliated with the fi (Tampere Pentecostal Church) (Tampereen helluntaiseurakunta).[155][156] English services of the International Congregation of Christ the King (ICCK) are organized by the Anglican Church in Finland and the Lutheran Parishes of Tampere. The Catholic parish of the Holy Cross[157] also offers services in Finnish, Polish and English. Other churches may also have English speaking ministries. Tampere is the center of a LDS stake (diocese). Other churches in Tampere are the Baptist Church، the Evangelical Free Church, the Evangelical Lutheran Mission Diocese of Finland، the Finnish Orthodox Church and the Nokia Revival.

There was an organized Jewish community until 1981. Though a small number of Jews remain in Tampere, organized communal life ended at that time.[158]

There are three registered Muslim communities in Tampere. The biggest of them being Tampere Islam Society with over 1500 members.[159]

منافسة المدينة مع توركو

Tampere ostensibly has a long-standing mutual feud with the city of Turku,[160] the first capital of Finland, and they tend to compete for the title of being the "second grand city of Finland" after Helsinki.[161][162] This rivalry is largely expressed in jokes in one city about the other; prominent targets are the traditional Tampere food, mustamakkara, the state of the Aura River in Turku, and the regional accents. Tampere is well known as a food destination because of its food culture. Since 1997, students at Tampere have made annual excursions to Turku to jump on the market square, doing their part to undo the post-glacial rebound and push the city back into the Baltic Sea.[163][164]

المعالم

Tammerkoski and Näsijärvi seen from Näsinneula
The Kaleva Church، designed by Reima and Raili Pietilä، in Liisankallio
Interior of the Tampere Market Hall

One of the main tourist attractions is the Särkänniemi amusement park، which includes the landmark Näsinneula tower، topped by a revolving restaurant. In addition to these, it used to house a dolphinarium. Other sites of interest are Tampere Cathedral، Tampere City Hall، Tampere Central Library Metso ("Capercaillie"), Kaleva Church (both designed by Reima Pietilä), the Tampere Hall (along Hämeenkatu) for conferences and concerts, the Tampere Market Hall and historical Pyynikki observation tower.[19]

Tampere has at least seven hotels, the most noteworthy of which are Hotel Tammer، Hotel Ilves، and Hotel Torni، the tallest hotel building in Finland.[99] The Holiday Club Tampere spa is also located in the Lapinniemi district on the shores of Lake Näsijärvi.[165] There are also many significant shopping centers in the city center of Tampere and its suburbs; the most notable shopping centers are Ratina، Koskikeskus، DUO، Like، and Tullintori.

Tampere is also home to one of the last museums in the world dedicated to Vladimir Lenin. The museum is housed in the Tampere Workers' Hall (along Hallituskatu) where during a subsequent Bolshevik conference in the city, Lenin met Joseph Stalin for the first time.[13][166][167] Lenin moved to Tampere in August 1905, but eventually fled for Sweden in November 1907 when being pursued by the Russian Okhrana. Lenin would not return to any part of the Russian Empire until ten years later, when he heard of the start of the Russian Revolution of 1917.

There are many museums and galleries, including:

پيسپالا

المقالة الرئيسية: پيسپالا

Pispala is a ridge located between the two lakes. It is divided into Ylä-Pispala ("Upper Pispala") and Ala-Pispala ("Lower Pispala"). It's the highest gravel ridge in the world, raising 80 m (260 ft) above Lake Pyhäjärvi and around 160 m (520 ft) above sea level. It was used to house the majority of industrial labour in the late 19th and early 20th century, when it was part of Suur-Pirkkala and its successor Pohjois-Pirkkala. It was a free area to be built upon by the working-class people working in Tampere factories. It joined Tampere in 1937. Currently it is a residential area undergoing significant redevelopment and together with neighbouring Pyynikki it forms an important historical area of Tampere.[13]

الأحداث

الرياضة

Opening game of Nokia Arena: Tappara vs Ilves
Official Fan Zone in Tampere during the 2022 IIHF World Championship

Tampere's sporting scene is mainly driven by ice hockey.[174] The first Finnish ice hockey match was played in Tampere, on the ice of Pyhäjärvi. Tampere is nicknamed the hometown of Finnish ice hockey. Three exceptional ice hockey teams come from Tampere: Tappara، Ilves and KOOVEE. Especially both Tappara and Ilves have had a great impact on Finnish ice hockey culture and are among the most successful teams in Finland;[174][175] of these, Ilves was the first Tampere-based hockey team to win the 1935-1936 Finnish championship.[174] The Finnish ice hockey museum, and the first ice hockey arena to be built in Finland, the Hakametsä arena, are both located in Tampere.[113] Construction of a new main ice hockey arena, Tampere Deck Arena,[176] began in 2018, and was first opened to the public on 3 December 2021, although the official opening date was on 15 December.[177][178][179][180] The name of the new arena was supposed to be UROS LIVE,[181] but due to the financial difficulties of the sponsor behind it, the name was abandoned.[182] After that, Nokia Corporation was chosen as the new sponsor on 19 November 2021, and the arena was renamed as Nokia Arena.[183] The arena served one of two host cities for both the 2022 IIHF World Championship and the 2023 IIHF World Championship.[174][184][185][186]

Like ice hockey, association football is also a popular sport in Tampere. Ilves، the professional football club of Tampere,[187] alone has over 4,000 players in its football teams, while Tampere boasts over 100 (mostly junior) football teams. Basketball is another popular sport in Tampere; the city has three basketball teams with big junior activity and one of them, Tampereen Pyrintö,[188][189] plays on the highest level (Korisliiga) and was the Finnish Champion in 2010, 2011, and 2014.[190]

Tampere Saints is the American football club in the city, that won division 2 in 2015 and plays in the Maple League (division 1) in summer 2017.[191] Tampere has a baseball and softball club, the Tampere Tigers، which plays in the top division of Finnish baseball.[192][193] In addition to all of the above, volleyball، wrestling and boxing are also among Tampere's best-known sports.[92]

Tampere hosted some of the preliminaries for the 1952 Summer Olympics، the 1965 World Ice Hockey Championships[174][194] and was co-host of the EuroBasket 1967. The city also hosted two canoe sprint world championships، in 1973 and 1983. In 1977, Tampere hosted the World Rowing Junior Championships and in 1995 the Senior World Rowing Championships. Recently, Tampere was the host of the 10th European Youth Olympic Festival on 17–25 July 2009[195] and the 2010 World Ringette Championships on 1–6 November at Hakametsä arena.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Tampere hosted the 2023 European Masters Games from 26 June to 9 July.[196]

In Basketball, the Nokia Arena will host the EuroBasket 2025 as one of the host cities.

الحفلات الموسيقية

Ratina Stadium of Tampere, in the district by the same name، has served as the venue for many of the most significant concerts, most notably in connection with the Endless Forms Most Beautiful World Tour in 2015 by the band Nightwish.[197][198] Other noteworthy tours from other bands held at Ratina Stadium include Iron Maiden (Somewhere Back in Time World Tour, 2008), Bruce Springsteen (Working on a Dream Tour, 2009), AC/DC (Black Ice World Tour, 2010), Red Hot Chili Peppers (I'm with You World Tour, 2012), Bon Jovi (Because We Can World Tour, 2013), Robbie Williams (The Heavy Entertainment Show Tour, 2017) and Rammstein (Rammstein Stadium Tour, 2019).

النقل

Bus terminals at the Tampere Central Square (فنلندية: Keskustori)
Tampere–Pirkkala Airport. This photo was taken during COVID-19 pandemic, when the airport was nearly empty.
Tram in Hämeenkatu، Tampere
المقالة الرئيسية: Public transport in Tampere

Tampere is an important railroad hub in Finland and there are direct railroad connections to, for example, Helsinki، Turku and the Port of Turku، Oulu، Jyväskylä، and Pori. Every day about 150 trains with an annual total of 8 million passengers arrive and depart in the Tampere Central Railway Station، which is located in the city center.[199] There are also frequent bus connections to destinations around Finland. To the south of Tampere, there is the Tampere Ring Road، which is important for car traffic and which is part of Finnish highways number 3 (on the west side) and number 9 (on the east side). The main stretch of the ring road sees over 50,000 vehicles per day,[200] and, according to the ELY Centre of Pirkanmaa, the western part of the ring road is the busiest road in Finland, if highway and ring road connections in the Helsinki metropolitan area are excluded.[201] There are also plans for another ring road project that would run from Pirkkala to Tampere's Hervanta and possibly in the future to Kangasala.[202] Teiskontie، which runs east of the city center, is part of Highway 12 in the direction of Lahti. This highway also runs through the center of Tampere under the name Paasikiven–Kekkosentie,[54]:{{{1}}} below the downtown as the Tampere Tunnel، which is the longest road tunnel built in Finland for car traffic.[203]

Tampere is served by Tampere–Pirkkala Airport، located in neighboring municipality Pirkkala some 13 km (8 mi) southwest of the city, and it replaced the former Härmälä Airport, which was closed in 1979.[82] The current airport is connected to the city centre of Tampere by bus route 103, and to that of Pirkkala by bus route 39.[204]

Train from Helsinki to Kolari stopping at Tampere

The public transport network in Tampere currently consists of a bus network and two lines of city's light rail، operating from 9 August 2021.[205] The Tampere Bus Station، designed by Jaakko Laaksovirta and Bertel Strömmer، representing functionalist architecture، was completed in 1938,[206][207]:{{{1}}} being the largest bus station in the Nordic countries at the time,[208] and between 1948 and 1976, the city also had an extensive trolleybus network, which was also the largest trolleybus system in Finland.[209] As of 2017, commuter rail service on the railroad lines connecting Tampere to the neighbouring towns of Nokia and Lempäälä is being established.[210]

In 2015, the Port of Tampere,[211] the charter port area carrying passengers on the shores of Lake Näsijärvi and Lake Pyhäjärvi,[212] was the busiest inland waterway in Finland in terms of the number of passengers (71,750).[213] A partial explanation for the high number of passengers can be found in the summer traffic to the Viikinsaari island in Lake Pyhäjärvi, where people travel for an excursion or various cultural events such as watching a summer theater.[214] Domestic passenger and connecting vessel traffic was only busier in the Finnish sea area in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area، between mainland Finland and Åland in the Archipelago Sea.[213]

In the 2010s, Tampere has made efforts to invest in the smooth running of cycling and walkability.[215] Thanks to it, the city was awarded the title of "Cycling Municipality of the Year" in 2013.[216] According to a survey conducted in 2015, the attractiveness of both cycling and walking had increased during 2014 and 2015.[217] In any case, during the 21st century, the growth of bicycle traffic has been clearly faster than the growth of the city's population, and the number of cycles has increased by an average of about 2% per year.[218]

المسافات إلى مدن أخرى

الحكومة

The Tampere City Central Office (Tampereen keskusvirastotalo), an administrative building of the City Council of Tampere along the Aleksis Kiven katu street

In 2007, Tampere switched to a new model of government. Since then, a mayor and four deputy mayors have been chosen for a period of four years by the city council. The mayor also becomes the seat of the city council for the duration of the tenure.


المدن الشقيقة

Tampere is twinned with 18 cities:

انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Statistics Finland classifies a person as having a "foreign background" if both parents or the only known parent were born abroad.[121]
  1. ^ Pronounced in almost the same way as Nashville
  2. ^ Known in Sweden as köping and the Finnish word kauppala.
  3. ^ Formerly known as Puolimatkankatu

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة yle_elava_arkisto_tampere
  2. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة election2023
  3. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة themayor_tampere
  4. ^ "Area of Finnish Municipalities 1.1.2018" (PDF). National Land Survey of Finland. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  5. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة statistics_finland_taajamat_2017
  6. ^ "Suomen virallinen tilasto (SVT): Väestön ennakkotilasto [verkkojulkaisu]. Tammikuu 2019" (in Finnish). Statistics Finland. Retrieved 15 March 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  7. ^ "Population according to language and the number of foreigners and land area km2 by area as of 31 December 2008". Statistics Finland's PX-Web databases. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
  8. ^ "Population according to age and gender by area as of 31 December 2008". Statistics Finland's PX-Web databases. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
  9. ^ "List of municipal and parish tax rates in 2011". Tax Administration of Finland. 29 November 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
  10. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة lexico
  11. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة oxford
  12. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة merriam-webster
  13. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة green
  14. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampereenseutu
  15. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة sponda
  16. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة isomaki
  17. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة heikkila_2
  18. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_fi_vesiensuojelu
  19. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة thetimes
  20. ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tekniikkatalous_2019-12-08
  21. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_fi_2008
  22. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tibo_2007
  23. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة katko
  24. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة spottedbylocals
  25. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة business_tampere
  26. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة themayor_sauna_capital
  27. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة saunafromfinland
  28. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة vr_2018
  29. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة finavia_2018
  30. ^ "Tampere light rail network opens under budget and ahead of schedule pelastaudutaan". International Railway Journal (in الإنجليزية). 2021-08-21. Retrieved 2023-09-28.
  31. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة visittampere_hipsters
  32. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة yle_2018-03-26
  33. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة eurocities
  34. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة is_2021-07-15
  35. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة aamulehti_2021-05-04
  36. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة aamulehti_2021-10-23
  37. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ante
  38. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة heikkila_1
  39. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة rahkonen
  40. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة kotus
  41. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة utain
  42. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة kasviatlas
  43. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة vaakuna
  44. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ylioppilasmatrikkeli_von_cederwald
  45. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_fi_vaakuna
  46. ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة valtuustoaloite
  47. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة aamulehti_2007-02-08
  48. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة willberg
  49. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_fi_kysyttya
  50. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة iltanen
  51. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة lind
  52. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة pirkankylat
  53. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة sinisalo
  54. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة louhivaara
  55. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة pirkanmaa_teollistuminen
  56. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة rasila
  57. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ylioppilasmatrikkeli_edner
  58. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة uola
  59. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_fi_history
  60. ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة spottinghistory
  61. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة symington
  62. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة innovationcapital
  63. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tekniikkatalous_2021-12-07
  64. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة suolahti
  65. ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة hs_2021-06-24
  66. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة palonen
  67. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة brackman
  68. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة kaunonen
  69. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة voionmaa
  70. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tepora
  71. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة norum
  72. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة lammi
  73. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة juonala
  74. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ekman
  75. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة antila
  76. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة technopolis
  77. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampereen
  78. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة taavitsainen
  79. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة yle_tesvisio
  80. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة kaataja
  81. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة businesstampere_tampere_pirkkala
  82. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة aamulehti_2018-05-17
  83. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة uusiteknologia
  84. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة paikkatietoikkuna
  85. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة palomaki
  86. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ympariston_tila_2014
  87. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة kahkonen
  88. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة gtk
  89. ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_fi_pyynikki
  90. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة hautamaki
  91. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_fi_tresijainti
  92. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة niemela
  93. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة weatheronline
  94. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة fmi
  95. ^ أ ب ت ث خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_records
  96. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة aamulehti_2020-01-09
  97. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة visittampere_teollinen_perinto
  98. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة aasarchitecture
  99. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة visitfinland
  100. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة eures_pirkanmaa
  101. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة statistics_finland_establishments_2015
  102. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_region_2017
  103. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة temtyollisyyskatsaus
  104. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة yle_2015-03-02
  105. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampereenkauppakamarilehti
  106. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة sarkanniemi
  107. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampereenseudunvetovoima
  108. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_fi_tilinpaatos_2015
  109. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة aamulehti_2020-10-14
  110. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_fi_talousarvio_2016
  111. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة kauppalehti_2016-05-26
  112. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة brontoskylift
  113. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tamperelainen_2021-12-05
  114. ^ "Suomen tilastollinen vuosikirja 1940" (in الفنلندية). Tilastollinen päätoimisto. 1941. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  115. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د "Number of foreign-language speakers grew by nearly 38,000 persons" (in الإنجليزية). Statistics Finland. 31 May 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  116. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_fi_tietoa
  117. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_fi_asuntokanta
  118. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_fi_kaupunkiymparisto
  119. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة talouselama_2021-12-29
  120. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tamperelainen_2018-04-14
  121. ^ "Persons with foreign background". Statistics Finland. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  122. ^ "Population structure 2000-2022, urban-rural classification" (in الإنجليزية). Statistics Finland. 26 May 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  123. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_fi_paiva_pahkinankuoressa
  124. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة hs_2020-12-10
  125. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة aamulehti_2021-11-26
  126. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة visittampere_film_festival
  127. ^ Rehnström, Henri Waltter (22 August 2015). "Bob Hoskins korjasi putkia Teiskossa" [Bob Hoskins repaired pipes in Teisko]. Yle (in الفنلندية). Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  128. ^ Kay, Jeremy (21 October 2020). "Karen Gillan sci-fi 'Dual' starts production in Finland with Aaron Paul, Beulah Koale (exclusive)". Screen Daily. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  129. ^ Vanzo, Laura (26 October 2020). "Tampere hosts Hollywood production". Good News from Finland. Finnfacts. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  130. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ainamo
  131. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة almamedia
  132. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة sanomalehdet
  133. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة heili
  134. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة washingtonpost_2016-04-19
  135. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة yle_2012-08-10
  136. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة helsinkitimes_2012_11_08
  137. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة visittampere_munkki
  138. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة linkosuon_kahvilat
  139. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة vuosara
  140. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة kolmonen
  141. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة kalatalo
  142. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة visittampere_kalamarkkinat
  143. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة visittampere_kesatapahtumat
  144. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة visittampere_blockfest_2016
  145. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة yle_2007-05-29
  146. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة sauna-open-air
  147. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة economist_2017-10-11
  148. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_opera
  149. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة opiskelijantampere_teatterit
  150. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة finnkino_cine_atlas
  151. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة finnkino_plevna
  152. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة arthousecinemaniagara
  153. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة arthousecinemaniagara_cinemadrome
  154. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة aamulehti_1927-10-24
  155. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tamperehelluntai
  156. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة suomenhelluntaikirkko
  157. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة pyha_risti
  158. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة jchelsinki
  159. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة islam
  160. ^ "Two Cities and the One". Observing Finland. 27 March 2022.
  161. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة yle_2017-06-29
  162. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة hs_2021-01-27
  163. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tut
  164. ^ Kennedy, Ian (2 July 2010). "Finnish Town Rivalries". everwas.
  165. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة holidayclubresorts
  166. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة marxists
  167. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة kotkin
  168. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_fi_vapriikki
  169. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_fi_art_museum
  170. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة muumimuseo
  171. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة vakoilumuseo
  172. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_fi_amuri_museum
  173. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة yle_2012-10-14
  174. ^ أ ب ت ث ج خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة iihf_3
  175. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة hckhockey
  176. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة visittampere_deck_arena
  177. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة srv
  178. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة helsinkitimes_2021-11-24
  179. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة iihf_2
  180. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة helsinkitimes_2021-12-15
  181. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة yle_2020-03-05
  182. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة yle_2021-10-28
  183. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة globenewswire
  184. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة yle_2020-08-26
  185. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة iihf_1
  186. ^ "Sport - Wie berichtet SRF über die Eishockey-WM 2023?". Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF) (in الألمانية). 2023-05-10. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  187. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ilvesedustus
  188. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة fibaeurope
  189. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة eurobasket
  190. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة korisliiga
  191. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tamperesaints
  192. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tamperetigers
  193. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة baseball
  194. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_fi_hockey
  195. ^ Tampereen Liikuntalehti, 2/2007. (in Finnish)
  196. ^ "European Masters Games 2023 | Masters Games Finland, Tampere". International Masters Games Association. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  197. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة metalitalia
  198. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة pallontallaajat
  199. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_fi_asemakeskus
  200. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة newsnowfinland_2018-03-19
  201. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة yle_2021-08-25
  202. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة aamulehti_2018-01-10
  203. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة yle_2016-11-15
  204. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة finavia_2021
  205. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة urban-transport-magazine
  206. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة sk_1938-12-17
  207. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة sapyska
  208. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة uta
  209. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة alameri
  210. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tase
  211. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة unece
  212. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة hopealinjat
  213. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة liikennevirasto
  214. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tamperelainen_2014-04-09
  215. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_fi_kevytliikenne
  216. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة yle_2013-03-08
  217. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_fi_tyytyvaisyyskysely
  218. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tampere_fi_liikenteen_kehitys

وصلات خارجية


الكلمات الدالة:
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=تامپري&oldid=3589517"