برنامج مارينر

Launch of Mariner 1 (NASA)

برنامج مارينر Mariner program سلسلة من عشرة سوابر فضائية أمريكية هدفها الكواكب السيارة القريبة (الزهرة-المريخ-عطارد) وقد أخفق من هذة العشرة 3 سوابر هى: مارينر 1 ومارينر 3 ومارينر 8 .

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التصميم الأساسي

أما مارينر 2 فيعد أول سابر فضائي يزور كوكب الزهرة ويقوم بقياسات عن سطحه وجوه وكان ذلك في كانون الأول - ديسمبر1962م ومثله كان مارينر 5 وإما مارينر 4 فيعد أول سابر فضائي يزور المريخ بنجاح فقد أطلق في 28 نوفمبر - تشرين الثاني 1964 من قاعدة (كيب كيندي). وفى يوم 15 يوليو - تموز 1965م التقط السابر الصور الاولى لسطح المريخ عن قرب تام وأرسلها الى الأرض ومثله كان السابران مارينر 6 ,7 حيث اقتربا من المريخ سنة 1969م وقدما صورا مريخية أوضح فهو كوكب ملئ بالفوهات الشبيهة بفوهات القمر ومعالم أخرى ودار السابر مارينر 9 مرات عديدة حول المريخ ليرسل 7.000 صورة الى الأرض قلبت موازين التفسيرات السابقة أما مارينر 10 فكان أول سابر يزور كوكبين معا هما الزهرة ثم عطارد بين سنة 1974 -1975م .

مارينر 1-2

Mariner 1 was intended to fly by Venus. The spacecraft was launched on July 22, 1962, but was destroyed approximately 5 minutes after liftoff by the Air Force Range Safety Officer when its malfunctioning Atlas-Agena rocket went off course. Mariner 2 was built as a backup to Mariner 1 and was launched on August 27, 1962, sending it on a 3½-month flight to Venus. The mission was a success and Mariner 2 became the first spacecraft to fly by another planet.

Mission: Venus flyby
Mass: 203 kg (446 lb)
Sensors: microwave and infrared radiometers, cosmic dust, solar plasma and high-energy radiation, magnetic fields

Status:

Mariner 1 - Destroyed shortly after liftoff.
Mariner 2 - Defunct. Trapped in a Heliocentric orbit.

مارينر 3-4

Mariner 3 and Mariner 4 were Mars flyby missions. Mariner 3 was lost when the launch vehicle's nose fairing failed to jettison. Its sister ship, Mariner 4, launched on November 28, 1964, was the first successful flyby of the planet Mars and gave the first glimpse of Mars at close range.

Mission: Mars flyby
Mass: 261 kg (575 lb)
Sensors: camera with digital tape recorder (about 20 pictures), cosmic dust, solar plasma, trapped radiation, cosmic rays, magnetic fields, radio occultation and celestial mechanics

Status:

Mariner 3 - Malfunctioned. Trapped in a Heliocentric orbit.
Mariner 4 - Unknown. Communications lost after bombardment by micrometeoroids.

مارينر 5

The Mariner 5 spacecraft was launched to Venus on June 14, 1967 and arrived in the vicinity of the planet in October 1967. It carried a complement of experiments to probe Venus' atmosphere with radio waves, scan its brightness in ultraviolet light, and sample the solar particles and magnetic field fluctuations above the planet.

Mission: Venus flyby
Mass: 245 kg (540 lb)
Sensors: ultraviolet photometer, cosmic dust, solar plasma, trapped radiation, cosmic rays, magnetic fields, radio occultation and celestial mechanics

Status: Mariner 5 - Defunct. Trapped in a Heliocentric orbit.

مارينر 6 -7

Mariners 6 and 7 were identical teammates in a two-spacecraft mission to Mars. Mariner 6 was launched on February 24, 1969, followed by Mariner 7 on March 21, 1969. They flew over the equator and southern hemisphere of the planet Mars.

Mission: Mars flybys
Mass 413 kg (908 lb)
Sensors: wide- and narrow-angle cameras with digital tape recorder, infrared spectrometer and radiometer, ultraviolet spectrometer, radio occultation and celestial mechanics.

Status:

Mariner 6 - Defunct. Trapped in a Heliocentric orbit.
Mariner 7 - Defunct. Trapped in a Heliocentric orbit.

مارينر 8 -9

Mariner 8 and Mariner 9 were identical sister craft designed to map the Martian surface simultaneously, but Mariner 8 was lost in a launch vehicle failure. Its identical sister craft, Mariner 9, was launched in May 1971 and became the first artificial satellite of Mars. It entered Martian orbit in November 1971 and began photographing the surface and analyzing the atmosphere with its infrared and ultraviolet instruments.

Mission: orbit Mars
Mass 998 kg (2,200 lb)
Sensors: wide- and narrow-angle cameras with digital tape recorder, infrared spectrometer and radiometer, ultraviolet spectrometer, radio occultation and celestial mechanics

Status:

Mariner 8 - Destroyed in a launch vehicle failure.
Mariner 9 - Shut off. In Areocentric (Mars) orbit until at least 2022 when it will fall out of orbit and into the Martian atmosphere.

مارينر 10

The Mariner 10 spacecraft launched on November 3, 1973 and was the first to use a gravity assist trajectory, accelerating as it entered the gravitational influence of Venus, then being flung by the planet's gravity onto a slightly different course to reach Mercury. It was also the first spacecraft to encounter two planets at close range, and for 33 years the only spacecraft to photograph Mercury in closeup.

Mission: Venus and Mercury flybys
Mass: 433 kg (952 lb)
Sensors: twin narrow-angle cameras with digital tape recorder, ultraviolet spectrometer, infrared radiometer, solar plasma, charged particles, magnetic fields, radio occultation and celestial mechanics

Status: Mariner 10 - Defunct. Trapped in Heliocentric orbit.