الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية

(تم التحويل من ايوپاك)
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
IUPAC.svg
IUPAC logo
الاختصارIUPAC
الشعار الحاديAdvancing Chemistry Worldwide
التشكل1919; 105 years ago (1919
النوعINGO, standards organization
المقر الرئيسيResearch Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
المنطقة served
Worldwide
Official language
English
President
Qi-Feng Zhou (China)[1]
الموقع الإلكترونيIUPAC.org

الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية (IUPAC) هو منظمة دولية غير حكومية تسعى لتنمية الكيمياء. ومن Hعضائها المجتمع الدولي للكيمياء. وتعرف المنظمة على أنها الهيئة المعترف بها لتطوير المعايير القياسية لتسمية العناصر الكميميائية ومركباتها، عن طريق قسمها مجتمع التسمية ووضع الرموز تسمية IUPAC. والمنظمة تنتمي إلى المجلس الدولي للعلوم (ICSU).

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الإنشاء والتاريخ

A black and white image of a bald man in a dark outfit, with a bushy white beard and moustache
Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz


اللجان والحوكمة

Committees table
Committee name (abbreviation) Responsibilities
Bureau
  • Discussing and making changes to which committee has authority over a specific project
  • Controlling finances for all other committees and IUPAC as a whole
  • Discussing general governance of IUPAC [2]
Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Division (Division I)
  • Organizing and promoting the international collaboration between scientists in physical and biophysical chemistry and related fields
Inorganic Chemistry Division (Division II)
  • Inorganic and inorganic materials chemistry, isotopes and atomic weights, periodic table
Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division (Division III)
  • Promoting the goals of IUPAC in the field of organic and biomolecular chemistry in the broadest sense
Polymer Division (Division IV)
  • The science and technology of macromolecules and polymers
Analytical Chemistry Division (Division V)
  • The general aspects of analytical chemistry, separation methods, spectrochemical methods, electrochemical methods, nuclear chemistry methods, and applications to human health and the environment.
Chemistry and the Environment Division (Division VI)
  • Providing unbiased and timely authoritative reviews on the behavior of chemical compounds in food and the environment.
Chemistry and Human Health Division (Division VII)
  • Medicinal and clinical chemistry

Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation Division (Division VIII)

  • Maintaining and developing standard systems for designating chemical structures, including both conventional nomenclature and computer-based systems.
CHEMRAWN Committee (Chem Research Applied to World Needs)
  • Discussing different ways chemistry can and should be used to help the world[3]
Committee on Chemistry Education (CCE)
  • Coordinating IUPAC chemistry research with the educational systems of the world[4]
Committee on Chemistry and Industry (COCI)
Committee on Electronic and Printed Publications (CPEP)
  • Designing and implementing IUPAC publications
  • Heading the Subcommittee on Spectroscopic Data Standards[6]
Evaluation Committee (EvC)
  • Evaluating every project
  • Reporting back to the Executive Committee on every project[7]
Executive Committee (EC)
  • Planning and discussing IUPAC events
  • Discussing IUPAC fundraising
  • Reviewing other committees' work[8]

Current officers of the Executive Committee:

  • President: Moreau, Nicole J.
  • Vice president: Tatsumi, Kazuyuki
  • Treasurer: Corish, John
  • Secretary general: Black, David StC.[9]
Finance Committee (FC)
  • Helping other committees properly manage their budgets
  • Advising union officers on investments [10]
Interdivisional Committee on Green Chemistry for Sustainable Development (ICGCSD)
Interdivisional Committee on Terminology (ICTNS)
  • Managing IUPAC nomenclature
  • Working through many projects to standardize nomenclature
  • Standardizing measurements
  • Discussing atomic weight standardization[11]
Project Committee (PC)
  • Managing funds that are under the jurisdiction of multiple projects
  • Judging if a project is too large for its funding
  • Recommending sources of external funding for projects
  • Deciding how to fund meetings in developing countries and countries in crisis[12]
Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board (PAC-EAB)

الإصطلاحات

اصطلاحات عضوية

Another example of IUPAC organic nomenclature is cyclohexanol:

Cyclohexanol
  • The substituent name for a ring compound is cyclo.
  • The indication (substituent name) for a six carbon chain is hex.
  • The chemical ending for a single bonded carbon chain is ane
  • The chemical ending for an alcohol is ol
  • The two chemical endings are combined for an ending of anol indicating a single bonded carbon chain with an alcohol attached to it.[14][15][16]

Inorganic nomenclature

Basic IUPAC inorganic nomenclature has two main parts: the cation and the anion. The cation is the name for the positively charged ion and the anion is the name for the negatively charged ion.[14]

An example of IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry is potassium chlorate (KClO3):

Potassium chlorate

Amino acid and nucleotide base codes

Nucleic acid code Meaning Mnemonic
A A Adenine
C C Cytosine
G G Guanine
T T Thymine
U U Uracil
R A or G Purine
Y C, T or U Pyrimidines
K G, T or U Bases which are ketones
M A or C Bases with amino groups
S C or G Strong interaction
W A, T or U Weak interaction
B Not A (i.e. C, G, T or U) B comes after A
D Not C (i.e. A, G, T or U) D comes after C
H Not G (i.e., A, C, T or U) H comes after G
V Neither T nor U (i.e. A, C or G) V comes after U
N A C G T U Nucleic acid
X Masked
- Gap of indeterminate length

The codes for amino acids (24 amino acids and three special codes) are:

Amino acid code Meaning
A Alanine
B Aspartic acid or asparagine
C Cysteine
D Aspartic acid
E Glutamic acid
F Phenylalanine
G Glycine
H Histidine
I Isoleucine
J Leucine or isoleucine
K Lysine
L Leucine
M Methionine
N Asparagine
O Pyrrolysine
P Proline
Q Glutamine
R Arginine
S Serine
T Threonine
U Selenocysteine
V Valine
W Tryptophan
Y Tyrosine
Z Glutamic acid or glutamine
X Any
* Translation stop
- Gap of indeterminate length

Publications

Non-series books

Book name Description
Principles and Practices of Method Validation

Principles and Practices of Method Validation is a book entailing methods of validating and analyzing many analytes taken from a single aliquot.[17] Also, this book goes over techniques for analyzing many samples at once. Some methods discussed include: chromatographic methods, estimation of effects, matrix induced effects, and the effect of an equipment setup on an experiment.[17]

Fundamental Toxicology

Fundamental Toxicology is a textbook that proposes a curriculum for toxicology courses.[18] Fundamental Toxicology is based on the book Fundamental Toxicology for Chemists.[19] Fundamental Toxicology is enhanced through many revisions and updates. New information added in the revisions includes: risk assessment and management; reproductive toxicology; behavioral toxicology; and ecotoxicology.[19] This book is relatively well received as being useful for reviewing chemical toxicology.[18]

Macromolecular Symposia

Macromolecular Symposia is a journal that publishes fourteen issues a year. This journal includes contributions to the macromolecular chemistry and physics field. The meetings of IUPAC are included in this journal along with the European Polymer Federation, the American Chemical Society, and the Society of Polymer Science in Japan.[20]


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Experimental Thermodynamics book series

The Experimental Thermodynamics books series covers many topics in the fields of thermodynamics.

Book Description
Measurement of the Transport Properties of Fluids

Measurement of the Transport Properties of Fluids is a book that is published by Blackwell Science. The topics that are included in this book are low and high temperature measurements, secondary coefficients, diffusion coefficients, light scattering, transient methods for thermal conductivity, methods for thermal conductivity, falling-body viscometers, and vibrating viscometers.[21]

Solution Calorimetry

Solution Calorimetry is a book that gives background information on thermal analysis and calorimetry. Thermoanalytical and calorimetric techniques along with thermodynamic and kinetic properties are also discussed. Later volumes of this book discuss the applications and principles of these thermodynamic and kinetic methods.[22]

Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures Part I

Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures Part I is a book that gives up to date equations of state for fluids and fluid mixtures. This book covers all ways to develop equations of state. It gives the strengths and weaknesses of each equation. Some equations discussed include: virial equation of state cubic equations; generalized Van der Waals equations; integral equations; perturbation theory; and stating and mixing rules. Other things that Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures Part I goes over are: associating fluids, polymer systems, polydisperse fluids, self-assembled systems, ionic fluids, and fluids near their critical points.[23]

Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases

Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases is a book that gives an overview of techniques for measuring the thermodynamic quantities of single phases. It also goes into experimental techniques to test many different thermodynamic states precisely and accurately. Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases was written for people interested in measuring thermodynamic properties.[24]

Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Multiple Phases

Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Multiple Phases is a book that includes multiple techniques that are used to study multiple phases of pure component systems. Also included in this book are the measurement techniques to obtain activity coefficients, interfacial tension, and critical parameters. This book was written for researchers and graduate students as a reference source.[25]

Series of books on analytical and physical chemistry of environmental systems

Book name Description
Atmospheric Particles

Atmospheric Particles is a book that delves into aerosol science. This book is aimed as a reference for graduate students and atmospheric researchers. Atmospheric Particles goes into depth on the properties of aerosols in the atmosphere and their effect. Topics covered in this book are: acid rain; heavy metal pollution; global warming; and photochemical smog. Atmospheric Particles also covers techniques to analyze the atmosphere and ways to take atmospheric samples.[26]

Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation

Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation is a book that discusses environmental colloids and current information available on them. This book focuses on environmental colloids and particles in aquatic systems and soils. It also goes over techniques such as: techniques for sampling environmental colloids, size fractionation, and how to characterize of colloids and particles. Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation also delves into how these colloids and particles interact.[27]

Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems

Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems is meant to give an overview of a technique based on fractal geometry and the processes of environmental systems. This book gives ideas on how to use fractal geometry to compare and contrast different ecosystems. It also gives an overview of the knowledge needed to solve environmental problems. Finally, Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems shows how to use the fractal approach to understand the reactivity of flocs, sediments, soils, microorganisms and humic substances.[28]

Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem

Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem is meant to be read by chemists and biologists that study environmental systems. Also, this book should be used as a reference for earth scientists, environmental geologists, environmental engineers, and professionals in microbiology and ecology. Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem is about how minerals, microorganisms, and organic components work together to affect terrestrial systems. This book identifies that there are many different techniques and theories about minerals, microorganisms, and organic components individually, but they are not often associated with each other. It further goes on to discuss how these components of soil work together to affect terrestrial life. Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem gives techniques to analyze minerals, microorganisms, and organic components together. This book also has a large section positing why environmental scientists working in the specific fields of minerals, microorganisms, and organic components of soil should work together and how they should do so.[29]

The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater

The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater is a book that describes how low concentrations of iron in Antarctica and the Pacific Ocean are a result of reduced chlorophyll for phytoplankton production.[30] It does this by reviewing information from research in the 1990s. This book goes into depth about: chemical speciation; analytical techniques; transformation of iron; how iron limits the development of high nutrient low chlorophyll areas in the Pacific Ocean.[31]

In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation

In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation is a book that discusses techniques and devices to monitor aquatic systems and how new devices and techniques can be developed. This book emphasizes the future use of micro-analytical monitoring techniques and microtechnology. In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation is aimed at researchers and laboratories that analyze aquatic systems such as rivers, lakes, and oceans.[32]

Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles

Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles is a book about soil structures and the molecular processes that occur in soil. Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles is aimed at any researcher researching soil or in the field of anthropology. It goes into depth on topics such as: fractal analysis of particle dimensions; computer modeling of the structure; reactivity of humics; applications of atomic force microscopy; and advanced instrumentation for analysis of soil particles.[33]

Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems, Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems Vol. 3

Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems, Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems Vol. 3 is a book about the effect of trace metals on aquatic life.[34] This book is considered a specialty book for researchers interested in observing the effect of trace metals in the water supply. This book includes techniques to assess how bioassays can be used to evaluate how an organism is affected by trace metals. Also, Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems, Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems Vol. 3 looks at the limitations of the use of bioassays to observe the effects of trace metals on organisms.

Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces

Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces is a book created to aid environmental scientists in field work. The book gives an overview of chemical mechanisms, transport, kinetics, and interactions that occur in environmental systems. Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces continues from where Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems leaves off.[35]

Colored cover book and website series (nomenclature)

IUPAC color code their books in order to make each publication distinguishable.[36]

العنوان الوصف
Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature

One extensive book on almost all nomenclature written (IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry and IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry) by IUPAC committee is the Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature – The Orange Book, 1st edition (1978)[37] This book was revised in 1987. The second edition has many revisions that come from reports on nomenclature between 1976 and 1984.[38] In 1992, the second edition went through many different revisions which led to the third edition.[38]

Pure and Applied Chemistry (journal)

Pure and Applied Chemistry is the official monthly journal of IUPAC. This journal debuted in 1960. The goal statement for Pure and Applied Chemistry is to "publish highly topical and credible works at the forefront of all aspects of pure and applied chemistry."[39] The journal itself is available by subscription, but older issues are available in the archive on IUPAC's website.

Pure and Applied Chemistry was created as a central way to publish IUPAC endorsed articles.[40] Before its creation, IUPAC did not have a quick, official way to distribute new chemistry information.

Its creation was first suggested at the Paris IUPAC Meeting of 1957.[40] During this meeting the commercial publisher of the journal was discussed and decided on. In 1959, IUPAC Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board was created and put in charge of the journal. The idea of one journal being a definitive place for a vast amount of chemistry was difficult for the committee to grasp at first.[40] However, it was decided that the journal would reprint old journal editions to keep all chemistry knowledge available.

Compendium of Chemical Terminology

The Compendium of Chemical Terminology, also known as the "Gold Book", was originally worked on by Victor Gold. This book is a collection of names and terms already discussed in Pure and Applied Chemistry.[41] The Compendium of Chemical Terminology was first published in 1987.[36] The first edition of this book contains no original material, but is meant to be a compilation of other IUPAC works.

The second edition of this book was published in 1997.[16] This book made large changes to the first edition of the Compendium of Chemical Terminology. These changes included updated material and an expansion of the book to include over seven thousand terms.[16] The second edition was the topic of an IUPAC XML project. This project made an XML version of the book that includes over seven thousand terms. The XML version of the book includes an open editing policy, which allows users to add excerpts of the written version.[16]

IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (online publication) IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, also known as the "Blue Book", is a website published by the Advanced Chemistry Department Incorporated with the permission of IUPAC. This site is a compilation of the books A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds and Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry.[42]

السنة العالمية للكيمياء

A red square behind an orange square, which is behind a blue square that says "2011 C Chemistry" on it. Under this, there are the words "International Year of Chemistry 2011".
International Year of Chemistry logo


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IUPAC Presidents

IUPAC Presidents are elected by the IUPAC Council during the General Assembly. Below is the list of IUPAC Presidents since its inception in 1919.[43]

Term President Nationality
1920-1922 Charles Moureu Flag of France.svg فرنسا
1923-1925 William Jackson Pope Flag of the United Kingdom.png المملكة المتحدة
1926-1928 Ernst Julius Cohen Flag of the Netherlands.svg هولندا
1928-1934 Einar Biilman Flag of Denmark.svg دانمارك
1934-1938 N. Paravano Flag of Italy.svg إيطاليا
1938-1947 Marston Taylor Bogert  الولايات المتحدة
1947-1951 Hugo Rudolph Kruyt Flag of the Netherlands.svg هولندا
1951-1955 Arne Tiselius Flag of Sweden.svg السويد
1955-1959 Arthur Stoll Flag of Switzerland.svg سويسرا
1959-1963 William Albert Noyes Jr.  الولايات المتحدة
1963-1965 Lord Todd Flag of the United Kingdom.png المملكة المتحدة
1965-1967 Wilhelm Klemm Flag of Germany.svg ألمانيا
1967-1969 V.N. Kondratiev Flag of the Soviet Union.svg الاتحاد السوڤيتي
1969-1971 Albert Lloyd George Rees Flag of Australia.svg أستراليا
1971-1973 Jacques Bénard Flag of France.svg فرنسا
1973-1975 Sir Harold Thompson Flag of the United Kingdom.png المملكة المتحدة
1975-1977 Robert W. Cairns  الولايات المتحدة
1977-1979 Georges Smets Flag of Belgium.svg بلجيكا
1979-1981 Heinrich Zollinger Flag of Switzerland.svg سويسرا
1981-1983 Saburo Nagakura Flag of Japan (bordered).svg اليابان
1983-1985 William G. Schneider Flag of Canada.svg كندا
1985-1987 C.N.R. Rao Flag of India.png الهند
1987-1989 Valentin A. Koptyug Flag of the Soviet Union.svg الاتحاد السوڤيتي
1989-1991 Yves P. Jeannin Flag of France.svg فرنسا
1991-1993 Allen J. Bard  الولايات المتحدة
1993-1995 Kiril I. Zamaraev Flag of Russia.svg روسيا
1996-1997 Albert E. Fischli Flag of Switzerland.svg سويسرا
1998-1999 Joshua Jortner  إسرائيل
2000-2001 Alan Hayes Flag of the United Kingdom.png المملكة المتحدة
2002-2003 Pieter Streicher Steyn علم جنوب أفريقيا جنوب أفريقيا
2004-2005 Leiv Kristen Sydnes Flag of Norway.svg نرويج
2006-2007 Bryan Henry Flag of Canada.svg كندا
2008-2009 Jung-Il Jin Flag of South Korea (bordered).svg كوريا الجنوبية
2010-2011 Nicole J. Moreau Flag of France.svg فرنسا
2012-2013 Kazuyuki Tatsumi Flag of Japan (bordered).svg اليابان
2014-2015 Mark Cesa  الولايات المتحدة
2016-2017 Natalia Tarasova Flag of Russia.svg روسيا
2018-2019 Qi-Feng Zhou Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg الصين
2020-2021 Christopher M.A. Brett البرتغال البرتغال

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ "Our Leadership". IUPAC. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  2. ^ IUPAC news and references Archived 26 يوليو 2011 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 15 April 2010
  3. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة CHEMRAWN activities
  4. ^ Chemistry Education Archived 23 أغسطس 2010 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 15 April 2010
  5. ^ Chemistry and Industry Archived 23 أغسطس 2010 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 15 April 2010
  6. ^ Committee on Electronic and Printed Publications webpage Archived 30 مارس 2010 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 15 April 2010
  7. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Evaluation Committee
  8. ^ Executive Committee meeting[dead link] retrieved 15 April 2010
  9. ^ Executive Committee Page Archived 23 أغسطس 2010 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 15 April 2010
  10. ^ Finance Committee web page Archived 23 أغسطس 2010 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 15 April 2010
  11. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Interdivisional Committee on Terminology
  12. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Project Committee
  13. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board
  14. ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Chemistry The Central Science
  15. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Organic Chemistry I As a Second Language: Translating the Basic Concepts
  16. ^ أ ب ت ث "Gold Book web page". Old.iupac.org. 19 أكتوبر 2006. Archived from the original on 25 مايو 2011. Retrieved 8 يونيو 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ أ ب Flipkart Review of Principles and Practices of Method Validation Archived 12 مارس 2010 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 15 April 2010
  18. ^ أ ب Fundamental Toxicology review on amazon retrieved 15 April 2010
  19. ^ أ ب Fundamental Toxicology review on rsc.org Archived 7 يناير 2009 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 15 April 2010
  20. ^ Macromolecular Symposia Archived 3 مارس 2010 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 15 April 2010
  21. ^ Measurement of the Transport Properties of Fluids review on Amazon retrieved 15 April 2010
  22. ^ Solution Calorimetry review on Amazon retrieved 15 April 2010
  23. ^ Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures part I review on Amazon retrieved 15 April 2010
  24. ^ Flipkart review of Measurement of the Thermodynamic properties of Single Phases retrieved 15 April 2010
  25. ^ Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Multiple Phases review on Amazon retrieved 15 April 2010
  26. ^ Flipkart review of Atmospheric Particles retrieved 15 April 2010
  27. ^ Amazon Review of Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation, and Characterisation retrieved 15 April 2010
  28. ^ Wiley on Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems Archived 7 يونيو 2011 at the Wayback Machine. New York: Wiley. Retrieved 15 April 2010
  29. ^ Flipkart review of Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  30. ^ SciTech Book News, Vol. 26, No. 2, June 2002.
  31. ^ Review of Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater retrieved 15 April 2010
  32. ^ Review of In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation from Barnes and Noble Archived 7 يونيو 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 15 April 2010
  33. ^ Review of Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles Archived 21 يوليو 2011 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 15 April 2010
  34. ^ Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems. Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems Vol. 3. Review on Amazon. Retrieved 15 April 2010
  35. ^ Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces review retrieved 15 April 2010
  36. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة History of IUPAC
  37. ^ IUPAC orange book publication history[dead link]
  38. ^ أ ب Orange Book Preamble Archived 8 فبراير 2012 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 15 April 2010
  39. ^ IUPAC Pure and Applied Chemistry Archived 11 يونيو 2012 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 15 April 2010
  40. ^ أ ب ت IUPAC Pure and Applied Chemistry Issue 1 Archived 4 أكتوبر 2011 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 15 April 2010
  41. ^ Gold Book Online Archived 24 نوفمبر 2016 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 15 April 2010
  42. ^ Online version of Blue Book Archived 8 يونيو 2011 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 15 April 2010
  43. ^ "PAST OFFICERS OF IUPAC". iupac.org.

وصلات خارجية