الحرب الروسية التركية (1787-1792)
| الحرب الروسية التركية (1787–1792) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| جزء من the series of Russo-Turkish wars | |||||||||
_jpg.jpg&filetimestamp=20251218164822&) Clockwise, from top left: The Battle of Kinburn, The Siege of Ochakov, The Siege of Izmail, The Battle of Rymnik | |||||||||
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| المتحاربون | |||||||||
| القادة والزعماء | |||||||||
|
 فيودور اوشاكوڤ |
 حسين پاشا | ||||||||
| القوى | |||||||||
100,000[3].svg&filetimestamp=20190218165013&){kind=small}  10,000+ |
 280,000[4][أ] 25,000[5] Several 35,000s | ||||||||
| الضحايا والخسائر | |||||||||
|
55,000–72,000 killed[6] 3,000–4,000 killed[6] |
116,000–130,000 killed[6] | ||||||||
.svg&filetimestamp=20250630171955&){kind=small}
في عام 1787 شارك فيودور اوشاكوڤ في المعركة البحرية في منطقة جزيرة فيدونيسي تحت قيادة الأميرال ڤوينوڤتش. وساهم مردود سفن المقدمة البحرية التابعة لأوشاكوڤ في نجاح المعركة إلى حد كبير.
قام اوشاكوف إبان الحرب الروسية التركية بتطوير مبادئ تكتيك المعركة البحرية القائمة على المناورة. ومن اهم صفات تكتيك اوشاكوف التقارب السريع مع العدو وتركيز الجهود الرئيسية على سفن القيادة المعادية والاقتران بين نيران المدفعية والمناورة ومطاردة العدو إلى أن يتم تدميره التام أو أسره.
وتولى اوشاكوف عام 1790 قيادة الاسطول الروسي في البحر الاسود حيث استعان بتكتيكه الجديد القائم على المناورة السريعة والمختلف اختلافا جذريا عن التكتيك المستخدم قبله. الأمر الذي ساعده في الحاق هزائم بالاسطول التركي في معركتي أناپا وسينوپه حيث قام أسطوله بتدمير 26 سفينة تركية. وفي عام 1791 دحر أوشاكوف الاسطول التركي في معركة كالياكرا، مما ساهم في عقد اتفاقية ياسي للسلام مع الأتراك عام 1793. وتم تكريم أوشاكوف بوسام القديس ألكسندر نيڤسكي تقديرا لبطولاته في الحرب.
خلفية
In May and June 1787, Catherine II of Russia made a triumphal procession through Novorossiya and the annexed Crimea in company with her ally, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor.[7] These events, the rumors about Catherine's Greek Plan,[8] and the friction caused by the mutual complaints of infringements of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, which had ended the previous war, stirred up public opinion in the Ottoman capital Constantinople, while the British and French ambassadors lent their unconditional support to the Ottoman war party.
الحرب
In 1787, the Ottomans demanded that the Russians evacuate the Crimea and give up their holdings near the Black Sea,[9] which Russia saw as a casus belli.[9] Russia declared war on 19 August 1787, and the Ottomans imprisoned the Russian ambassador, Yakov Bulgakov.[10] Ottoman preparations were inadequate and the moment was ill-chosen, as Russia and Austria were now in alliance. The Ottomans mustered forces throughout their domain, and Süleyman Bey from Anatolia went himself to the front at the head of 4000 soldiers.[11][12][13]
The Ottoman Empire opened their offensive with an attack on two fortresses near Kinburn, in southern Ukraine.[14] Russian General Alexander Suvorov held off these two Ottoman sea-borne attacks in September and October 1787, thus securing the Crimea.[14][9] In Moldavia, Russian troops captured the cities of Chocim and Jassy.[14] Ochakov, at the mouth of the Dnieper, fell on 6 December 1788 after a six-month siege by Prince Grigory Potemkin and Suvorov.[14][9] All civilians in the captured cities were massacred by order of Potemkin.[14]
Although suffering a series of defeats against the Russians, the Ottoman Empire found some success against the Austrians, led by Emperor Joseph II, in Serbia and Transylvania.[14]
By 1789, the Ottoman Empire was being pressed back in Moldavia by Russian and Austrian forces.[14] To make matters worse, on 1 August the Russians under Suvorov attained a victory against the Ottomans led by Osman Pasha at Focsani,[9] followed by a Russian victory at Rymnik (or Rimnik) on 22 September, and drove them away from near the Râmnicul Sărat river.[14] Suvorov was given the title Count Rymniksky following the battle.[9] The Ottomans suffered more losses when the Austrians, under General Ernst Gideon von Laudon repelled an Ottoman invasion of Croatia, while an Austrian counterattack took Belgrade.[14]
A Greek revolt, which further drained the Ottoman war effort, brought about a truce between the Ottoman Empire and Austria.[14] Meanwhile, the Russians continued their advance when Suvorov captured the reportedly "impenetrable" Ottoman fortress of Izmail at the entrance of the Danube, in December 1790;[14] this became possible also due to Fyodor Ushakov's victory at Tendra.[15] A final Ottoman defeat at Machin (9 July 1791),[16][9] coupled with Russian concerns about Prussia entering the war,[14] led to a truce agreed upon on 31 July 1791.[16] After the capture of the fortress, Suvorov marched upon Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), where the Russians hoped they could establish a Christian empire.[9] However, the slaughters that were committed in the ensuing period somewhat defiled Suvorov's reputation in many eyes, and there were allegations at the time that he was drunk at the Siege of Ochakov.[9] Persistent rumors about his actions were spread and circulated, and in 1791 he was relocated to Finland.[9]
الأعقاب
Accordingly, the Treaty of Jassy was signed on 9 January 1792, recognizing Russia's 1783 annexation of the Crimean Khanate. Yedisan (Odessa and Ochakov) was also ceded to Russia,[14] and the Dniester was made the Russian frontier in Europe, while the Russian Asiatic frontier—the Kuban River—remained unchanged.[16] The Ottoman war goal to reclaim the Crimea had failed, and if not for the French Revolution, the Ottoman Empire's situation could have been much worse.[16]
انظر أيضاً
- Anapa campaign (1787) – first Russian campaign against the Anapa fortress
- Anapa campaign (1788) – second Russian campaign against the Anapa fortress
- Anapa campaign (1790) – third Russian campaign against the Anapa fortress
- Siege of Anapa (1791) – successful Russian siege and capture of the Anapa fortress
ملاحظات
- ^ This includes the Ottoman troops fighting in the Austro-Turkish War
الهامش
- ^ Jazexhi, Olsi (2018). Kara Mahmud Pashë Bushati, Bualli i Shkodrës (1776–1796 ER/1190–1211 AH) (PDF). Dielli. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-19. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
- ^ Nations of the World: Rambaud, A. N. Russia; tr. by L. B. Lang. 2 v 1898 p.116
- ^ Антон Антонович Керсновский (1992). История русской армии. Голос. ISBN 978-5-7117-0059-3.
- ^ According to Andrey Nikolaevich Petrov, campaign of 1788
- ^ Jazexhi, Olsi (2018). Kara Mahmud Pashë Bushati, Bualli i Shkodrës (1776–1796 ER/1190–1211 AH) (PDF). Dielli. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-19. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
- ^ أ ب ت "Victimario Histórico Militar".
- ^ Stone 1994.
- ^ Dowling 2015.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر Dowling 2014.
- ^ Cunningham 1993.
- ^ Yonca Köksal (2019). The Ottoman Empire in the Tanzimat Era Provincial Perspectives from Ankara to Edirne. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-429-81251-4.
- ^ ÖZCAN MERT. "ÇAPANOĞULLARI". İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Archived from the original on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
- ^ Suraiya Faroqhi; Bruce McGowan; Sevket Pamuk (2011). An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 671. ISBN 978-0-521-57455-6.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش Tucker 2011.
- ^ Battle of Tendra § Battle
- ^ أ ب ت ث Sicker 2001.