أمفيتامين

أمفيتامين
البيانات السريرية


أسماء أخرى	(±)-alpha-methylbenzeneethanamine, alpha-methylphenethylamine, beta-phenyl-isopropylamine
مسارات الدواء	Oral, intravenous, vaporization, insufflation, suppository, sublingual
رمز ATC	N06BA01 (WHO)
الحالة القانونية
الحالة القانونية	AU: S8 (Controlled) CA: Schedule III UK: Class B US: Schedule II Prescription-Only Medicine
بيانات الحركية الدوائية
التوافر الحيوي	Oral 20-25%^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}; nasal 75%; rectal 95–99%; intravenous 100%
ارتباط الپروتين	15–40%
الأيض	Hepatic (CYP2D6^[1])
Elimination half-life	12h average for d-isomer, 13h for l-isomer
الإخراج	Renal; significant portion unaltered
المعرفات
IUPAC name 1-phenylpropan-2-amine
رقم CAS	300-62-9 405-41-4 (hydrochloride), 60-13-9 (sulfate)
PubChem CID	3007
DrugBank	APRD00480
ChemSpider	13852819
E number	{{#property:P628}}
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	{{#property:P3117}}
ECHA InfoCard	{{#property:P2566}}
Chemical and physical data
التركيب	C₉H₁₃N
الكتلة المولية	135.2084
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
Melting point	285 to 281 °م (545 to 538 °ف)
Solubility in water	50–100 mg/mL (16C°) mg/mL (20 °C)
SMILES CC(CC1=CC=CC=C1)N

الأمفيتامين Amphetamine أحد مجموعة العقاقير الاصطناعية التي تنبه العقل وتزيد من وعي مستخدمها للعمل. تؤدي هذه العقاقير أيضًا إلى كبح الشهية.

عرفت عقاقير الأمفيتامين لأول مرة بشكل واسع خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية عندما استخدمها الجنود وآخرون لمقاومة أو تأجيل الإرهاق. وبعد الحرب تم وصف هذه العقاقير لعدد من الأسباب، بحيث استخدمها العمال الليليون وسائقو المسافات الطويلة لكي يظلوا مستيقظين. كما وصف الأطباء عقاقير الأمفيتامين كمساعد لتخفيف الوزن ولتخفيف الكآبة ولتهدئة الأطفال النشطين جدًا. تقاوم هذه العقاقير أيضًا الخدار، وهو مرض يسبب نوبات النوم المفاجئة والتي لا يمكن مقاومتها والسيطرة عليها.

أصبح واضحًا أن مساوئ استخدام الأمفيتامين قد زادت على منافعها حيث أصبح المعتمدون عليها، يطلبون جرعات أعلى وأكبر للحصول على النتائج المرغوبة. قد أسيء استخدام هذه العقاقير بشكل واسع إذ إنها أصبحت معروفة بأسماء مثل "حبات الحيوية"، "الملحقات"، أو "الموقظات"؛ وتُدعى جرعة الميثأمفيتامين باسم "السرعة". وأثناء جنون المخدرات في أواخر ستينيات القرن العشرين كان المستخدمون غير الشرعيين لهذه العقاقير يبتلعونها أو يأخذونها عن طريق الإبر بشكل واسع وبجرعات كبيرة وغالباً ما يدمجونها مع عقار البربيتورات. وكثيرًا ماتؤدي إساءة استعمال هذه العقاقير إلى الانهيار العقلي والمرض الخطير وربما الموت. وفي هذه الأيام نادرًا ما يتم استخدام عقاقير الأمفيتامين في الطب ماعدا حالة تخفيف الخدار.

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Indications

Indicated for:

Contraindications:

CNS Stimulants
Agitated states
Patients with a history of drug abuse
Glaucoma
MAOI use

Adverse effects:

Cardiovascular:

Ear, nose, and throat:
- Decongestant
- Xerostomia

Eye:
- Mydriasis
- Relaxation of ciliary muscle

Gastrointestinal:
- Decreased secretions
- Decreased peristalsis

Musculo skeletal:
- Involuntary movements

Respiratory:
- Bronchodilation

Genitourinary:
- Urinary retention
- Erectile dysfunction

Others:
- Dizziness
- Decrease in appetite/weight loss
- Euphoria
- Insomnia
- Visual disturbance
- Aggressiveness
- Nausea/vomiting

Other information:

Neuropharmacology:

Indirect dopamine agonist
Indirect norepinephrine agonist
Indirect serotonin agonist (lesser)
MAOI

الوقع الثقافي للأمفيتامين

الوقع الثقافي والاجتماعي للأمفيتامين كان واسع الانتشار وكبير العمق.

قضايا قانونية

في المملكة المتحدة، يُعتب الأمفيتامين من عقاقير الصف B. The maximum penalty for unauthorized possession is five years in prison and an unlimited fine. The maximum penalty for illegal supply is fourteen years in prison and an unlimited fine. Methamphetamine has recently been reclassified to Class A, penalties for possession of which are more severe (7 years in prison and an unlimited fine).^[2]
In the Netherlands, amphetamine and methamphetamine are List I drugs of the Opium Law, but the dextro isomer of amphetamine is indicated for ADD/ADHD and narcolepsy and available for prescription as 5 and 10 mg generic tablets, and 5 and 10 mg gel capsules.
In the United States, amphetamine and methamphetamine are Schedule II drugs, classified as CNS (central nervous system) stimulants.^[3] A Schedule II drug is classified as one that has a high potential for abuse, has a currently-accepted medical use and is used under severe restrictions, and has a high possibility of severe psychological and physiological dependence.

Internationally, amphetamine is a Schedule II drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.^[4]

A chart comparing the chemical structures of different amphetamine derivatives

انظر أيضاً

Adderall
Amphetamine psychosis
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Benzylpiperazine
Clandestine chemistry
Ethylamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)
Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse)
Methamphetamine (Desoxyn)
Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta)
Phenethylamines
Propylamphetamine
Psychostimulants
Releasing Agents

المراجع والهوامش

^ Miranda-G E, Sordo M, Salazar AM; et al. (2007). "Determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine, and hydroxyamphetamine derivatives in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and its relation to CYP2D6 phenotype of drug users". J Anal Toxicol. 31 (1): 31–6. PMID 17389081. Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Class A, B and C drugs". Retrieved 2007-07-23.
^ "Trends in Methamphetamine/Amphetamine Admissions to Treatment: 1993-2003" (html). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved February 28 2007. Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
^ "List of psychotropic substances under international control" (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. Retrieved November 19 2005. Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

وصلات خارجية

CID 5826 from PubChem (D-form—dextroamphetamine)
CID 3007 from PubChem (L-form and D, L-forms)
CID 32893 from PubChem (L-form—Levamphetamine or L-amphetamine)
List of 504 Compounds Similar to Amphetamine (PubChem)
EMCDDA drugs profile: Amphetamine (2007)
Drugs.com - Amphetamine
Asia & Pacific Amphetamine-Type Stimulants Information Centre

ع ن ت فنثيلامينات
فنثيلامينات	Psychedelics: 2C-B • 2C-B-FLY • 2C-C • 2C-D • 2C-E • 2C-F • 2C-G • 2C-I • 2C-N • 2C-P • 2C-SE • 2C-T • 2C-T-2 • 2C-T-4 • 2C-T-7 • 2C-T-8 • 2C-T-9 • 2C-T-13 • 2C-T-15 • 2C-T-17 • 2C-T-21 • 2C-TFM • 2C-YN • Allylescaline • DESOXY • Escaline • Isoproscaline • Jimscaline • Macromerine • MEPEA • Mescaline • Metaescaline • Methallylescaline • Proscaline • Psi-2C-T-4 • TCB-2 محفزات: 2-OH-PEA • β-Me-PEA • Hordenine • N-Me-PEA • Phenethylamine (PEA) Entactogens: Lophophine • MDPEA • MDMPEA Others: BOH • DMPEA
أمفتامينات Amphetamines Phenylisopropylamines	Psychedelics: 3C-BZ • 3C-E • 3C-P • Aleph • Beatrice • Bromo-DragonFLY • D-Deprenyl • DMA • DMCPA • DMMDA • DOB • DOC • DOEF • DOET • DOI • DOM • DON • DOPR • DOTFM • Ganesha • MMDA • MMDA-2 • Psi-DOM • TMA • TeMA Stimulants: 4-MA • 4-MMA • 4-MTA • 5-IT • Alfetamine • Amfecloral • Amfepentorex • Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine, Levoamphetamine) • Amphetaminil • Benfluorex • Benzphetamine • Cathine • Clobenzorex • Dimethylamphetamine • إفدرين Ephedrine (EPH) • Ethylamphetamine • Fencamfamine • Fencamine • Fenethylline • Fenfluramine (Dexfenfluramine) • Fenproporex • Fludorex • Furfenorex • Isopropylamphetamine • Lefetamine • Mefenorex • Methamphetamine (Dextromethamphetamine, Levomethamphetamine) • Methoxyphenamine • MMA • Oxilofrine • Ortetamine • PBA • PCA • Phenpromethamine • PFA • PFMA • PIA • PMA • PMEA • PMMA • Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) • Prenylamine • Propylamphetamine • Pseudoephedrine (PSE) • Sibutramine • Tiflorex (Flutiorex) • Tranylcypromine • Xylopropamine • Zylofuramine Entactogens: 5-APDB • 6-APB • 6-APDB • EDA • IAP • MDA • MDEA • MDHMA (FLEA) • MDMA ("Ecstasy") • MDOH • MMDMA • NAP • TAP آخرون: Amiflamine • DFMDA • D-Deprenyl • L-Deprenyl (Selegiline)
Phentermines	Stimulants: Chlorphentermine • Cloforex • Clortermine • Etolorex • Mephentermine • Pentorex (Phenpentermine) • Phentermine Entactogens: MDPH • MDMPH
Cathinones	Stimulants: Amfepramone • Brephedrone • Buphedrone • Bupropion (Amfebutamone) • Cathinone (Propion) • Dimethylcathinone (Dimethylpropion, Metamfepramone) • Ethcathinone (Ethylpropion) • Flephedrone • Methcathinone (Methylpropion) • Mephedrone • Methedrone Entactogens: Ethylone • Methylone
Phenylisobutylamines	Entactogens: 4-CAB • 4-MAB • Ariadne (α-Et-DOM) • BDB (J) • Butylone (bk-MBDB) • EBDB (Ethyl-J) • Eutylone (bk-EBDB) • MBDB (Methyl-J) محفزات: Phenylisobutylamine
Phenylalkylpyrrolidines	محفزات: α-PBP • α-PPP • α-PVP • MDPBP • MDPPP • MDPV • MOPPP • MPBP • MPHP • MPPP • Naphyrone • PEP • Prolintane • Pyrovalerone
كاتي‌كولامينات Catecholamines (وأقاربه..)	6-FNE • 6-OHDA • α-Me-DA • α-Me-TRA • Adrenochrome • Ciladopa • D-DOPA (Dextrodopa) • دوپامين Dopamine • إپي‌نفرين Epinephrine (Adrenaline) • Epinine • Fenclonine • Ibopamine • L-DOPA (Levodopa) • L-DOPS (Droxidopa) • L-Phenylalanine • L-Tyrosine • meta-Octopamine • meta-Tyramine • Metanephrine • Metirosine • Methyldopa • Nordefrin (Levonordefrin) • Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) • Normetanephrine • para-Octopamine • para-Tyramine
متفرقات	Amidephrine • Arbutamine • Cafedrine • Denopamine • Dobutamine • Dopexamine • Etafedrine • Ethylnorepinephrine • Etilefrine • Famprofazone • Gepefrine • Isoprenaline (Isoproterenol) • Isoetarine • Metaraminol • Metaterol • Methoxamine • Norfenefrine • Orciprenaline • Phenylephrine (Neosynephrine) • Phenoxybenzamine • Prenalterol • Pronethalol • Propranolol • Salbutamol (Albuterol; Levosalbutamol) • Synephrine (Oxedrine) • Theodrenaline • Xamoterol

ع ن ت فنثيلامينات
فنثيلامينات	Psychedelics: 2C-B • 2C-B-FLY • 2C-C • 2C-D • 2C-E • 2C-F • 2C-G • 2C-I • 2C-N • 2C-P • 2C-SE • 2C-T • 2C-T-2 • 2C-T-4 • 2C-T-7 • 2C-T-8 • 2C-T-9 • 2C-T-13 • 2C-T-15 • 2C-T-17 • 2C-T-21 • 2C-TFM • 2C-YN • Allylescaline • DESOXY • Escaline • Isoproscaline • Jimscaline • Macromerine • MEPEA • Mescaline • Metaescaline • Methallylescaline • Proscaline • Psi-2C-T-4 • TCB-2 محفزات: 2-OH-PEA • β-Me-PEA • Hordenine • N-Me-PEA • Phenethylamine (PEA) Entactogens: Lophophine • MDPEA • MDMPEA Others: BOH • DMPEA
أمفتامينات Amphetamines Phenylisopropylamines	Psychedelics: 3C-BZ • 3C-E • 3C-P • Aleph • Beatrice • Bromo-DragonFLY • D-Deprenyl • DMA • DMCPA • DMMDA • DOB • DOC • DOEF • DOET • DOI • DOM • DON • DOPR • DOTFM • Ganesha • MMDA • MMDA-2 • Psi-DOM • TMA • TeMA Stimulants: 4-MA • 4-MMA • 4-MTA • 5-IT • Alfetamine • Amfecloral • Amfepentorex • Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine, Levoamphetamine) • Amphetaminil • Benfluorex • Benzphetamine • Cathine • Clobenzorex • Dimethylamphetamine • إفدرين Ephedrine (EPH) • Ethylamphetamine • Fencamfamine • Fencamine • Fenethylline • Fenfluramine (Dexfenfluramine) • Fenproporex • Fludorex • Furfenorex • Isopropylamphetamine • Lefetamine • Mefenorex • Methamphetamine (Dextromethamphetamine, Levomethamphetamine) • Methoxyphenamine • MMA • Oxilofrine • Ortetamine • PBA • PCA • Phenpromethamine • PFA • PFMA • PIA • PMA • PMEA • PMMA • Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) • Prenylamine • Propylamphetamine • Pseudoephedrine (PSE) • Sibutramine • Tiflorex (Flutiorex) • Tranylcypromine • Xylopropamine • Zylofuramine Entactogens: 5-APDB • 6-APB • 6-APDB • EDA • IAP • MDA • MDEA • MDHMA (FLEA) • MDMA ("Ecstasy") • MDOH • MMDMA • NAP • TAP آخرون: Amiflamine • DFMDA • D-Deprenyl • L-Deprenyl (Selegiline)
Phentermines	Stimulants: Chlorphentermine • Cloforex • Clortermine • Etolorex • Mephentermine • Pentorex (Phenpentermine) • Phentermine Entactogens: MDPH • MDMPH
Cathinones	Stimulants: Amfepramone • Brephedrone • Buphedrone • Bupropion (Amfebutamone) • Cathinone (Propion) • Dimethylcathinone (Dimethylpropion, Metamfepramone) • Ethcathinone (Ethylpropion) • Flephedrone • Methcathinone (Methylpropion) • Mephedrone • Methedrone Entactogens: Ethylone • Methylone
Phenylisobutylamines	Entactogens: 4-CAB • 4-MAB • Ariadne (α-Et-DOM) • BDB (J) • Butylone (bk-MBDB) • EBDB (Ethyl-J) • Eutylone (bk-EBDB) • MBDB (Methyl-J) محفزات: Phenylisobutylamine
Phenylalkylpyrrolidines	محفزات: α-PBP • α-PPP • α-PVP • MDPBP • MDPPP • MDPV • MOPPP • MPBP • MPHP • MPPP • Naphyrone • PEP • Prolintane • Pyrovalerone
كاتي‌كولامينات Catecholamines (وأقاربه..)	6-FNE • 6-OHDA • α-Me-DA • α-Me-TRA • Adrenochrome • Ciladopa • D-DOPA (Dextrodopa) • دوپامين Dopamine • إپي‌نفرين Epinephrine (Adrenaline) • Epinine • Fenclonine • Ibopamine • L-DOPA (Levodopa) • L-DOPS (Droxidopa) • L-Phenylalanine • L-Tyrosine • meta-Octopamine • meta-Tyramine • Metanephrine • Metirosine • Methyldopa • Nordefrin (Levonordefrin) • Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) • Normetanephrine • para-Octopamine • para-Tyramine
متفرقات	Amidephrine • Arbutamine • Cafedrine • Denopamine • Dobutamine • Dopexamine • Etafedrine • Ethylnorepinephrine • Etilefrine • Famprofazone • Gepefrine • Isoprenaline (Isoproterenol) • Isoetarine • Metaraminol • Metaterol • Methoxamine • Norfenefrine • Orciprenaline • Phenylephrine (Neosynephrine) • Phenoxybenzamine • Prenalterol • Pronethalol • Propranolol • Salbutamol (Albuterol; Levosalbutamol) • Synephrine (Oxedrine) • Theodrenaline • Xamoterol

Psychoanaleptics: psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD and nootropics (N06B)

Centrally acting sympathomimetics

Amphetamine • Amphetaminil • Atomoxetine • Dextroamphetamine • Dextromethamphetamine • Fencamfamine • Fenozolone • Fenethylline • Methylphenidate • Mesocarb • Pemoline • Pipradrol • Prolintane

Xanthine derivatives

كافيين • Propentofylline

Glutamate receptor

Racetams	Aniracetam • Nefiracetam • Oxiracetam • Phenylpiracetam • Piracetam • Pramiracetam
Ampakines	CX-516 • CX-546 • CX-614 • CX-691 • CX-717 • IDRA-21 • LY-404,187 • LY-503,430 • PEPA

Eugeroics / Benzhydryl compounds

Adrafinil • Armodafinil • Modafinil

Histamine H3 receptor antagonists

A-349,821 • ABT-239 • Ciproxifan • GSK-189,254

GABA_A α₅ inverse agonists

α5IA • L-655,708 • Suritozole

Other psychostimulants and nootropics

Acetylcarnitine • Adafenoxate • Bifemelane • Carbenoxolone • Citicoline • Cyprodenate • Ensaculin • Idebenone • Ispronicline • Deanol • Dimebon • Fipexide • Leteprinim • Linopirdine • Meclofenoxate • Nizofenone • Pirisudanol • Pyritinol • Sulbutiamine • Taltirelin • Tricyanoaminopropene • Vinpocetine

ع ن ت منشطات
Alkylamines	Cyclopentamine • Geranamine • Heptaminol • Isometheptene • Octodrine • Propylhexedrine • Tuaminoheptane (Tuamine)
Alphapyrrolidinylalkiophenones	α-PPP • MDPPP • MDPV • MPBP • MPHP • MPPP • MOPPP • Pyrovalerone
الكولينيات	ABT-089 • ABT-418 • Anabasine • Arecoline • Cotinine • Cytisine • Dianicline • Epibatidine • Epiboxidine • GTS-21 • Ispronicline • نيكوتين • Rivanicline • TC-5619 • Tebanicline • Varenicline
Convulsants	Bicuculline • DMCM • Flurothyl • Gabazine • Pentetrazol • Picrotoxin • Strychnine • Thujone
Eugeroics	Adrafinil • Armodafinil • Carphedon • Modafinil
Phenethylamines	1-Phenyl-2-methylaminobutan-1-one • 2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane • 2-Phenyl-3-methylaminobutane • 4-Bromomethcathinone • 4-FA • 4-Fluoromethamphetamine • 4-Fluoromethcathinone • 4-Ethylamphetamine • 4-Hydroxyephedrine (Oxilofrine) • 4-Methylamphetamine • 4-Methylmethamphetamine • Mephedrone (4-MMC) • 4-MTA • Alfetamine • Alpha-ethyl-phenethylamine • Amfepentorex • Amphechloral • Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine, Adderall) • Amphetaminil • Benfluorex • Benzphetamine • Beta-methyl-phenethylamine • Bupropion • Cathinone • Chlorphentermine • Clenbuterol • Clobenzorex • Clortermine • Diethylcathinone (Diethylpropion) • Dimethoxyamphetamine • Dimethylamphetamine • Dimethylcathinone • إفدرين • إپينفرين • Ethcathinone • Ethylamphetamine • Fenbutrazate • فنسامين • فلفليدين • Fenfluramine • Fenproporex • فلودوركس • Furfenorex • Levomethamphetamine • Lisdexamfetamine • MDMA (Ecstasy) • مفنوركس • مفنترمين • Methamphetamine • Methcathinone • Methoxyphedrine • Methoxyphenamine • ميثولين • Norfenefrine • Octopamine • Ortetamine • Parahydroxyamphetamine • PCA • PIA • PMA • PMEA • PMMA • PPAP • Phendimetrazine • Phenmetrazine • Phenpentermine • Phenpromethamine • Phentermine • Phenylephrine • Phenylpropanolamine • Propylamphetamine • Pseudoephedrine • Selegiline • Synephrine • Tiflorex • Xylopropamine
Phenylaminooxazoles	4-Methyl-aminorex • Aminorex • Clominorex • Cyclazodone • Fenozolone • Fluminorex • Pemoline • Thozalinone
Piperazines	2C-B-BZP • BZP • GBR-12783 • GBR-12935 • GBR-13069 • GBR-13098 • GBR-13119 • MeOPP • MBZP • Vanoxerine
الفلفليدينات	2-Benzylpiperidine • 4-Benzylpiperidine • Desoxypipradrol • Diphemethoxidine • Ethylphenidate • HDMP-28 • (-)-Methyl-1-methyl-4β-(2-naphthyl)piperidine-3β-carboxylate • Methylphenidate (Dexmethylphenidate) • Nocaine • Phacetoperane (Levofacetoperane) • Pipradrol (Meretran)
Tropanes	3α-Bis-(4-fluorophenyl)methoxytropane • 3α-((4-Chlorophenyl)phenylmethoxy)tropane • 3-Pseudotropyl-4-fluorobenzoate • Altropane (IACFT) • Brasofensine • CFT (WIN 35,428) • β-CIT (RTI-55) • Cocaethylene • Cocaine • β-CPPIT • Dichloropane (RTI-111) • Difluoropine • FE-β-CPPIT • FP-β-CPPIT • Ioflupane (FPCIT) • Norcocaine • PIT • PTT • RTI-31 • RTI-32 • RTI-51 • RTI-112 • RTI-113 • RTI-121 (IPCIT) • RTI-126 • RTI-150 • RTI-171 • RTI-177 • RTI-336 • Tesofensine • Troparil (β-CPT, WIN 35,065-2) • WF-23 • WF-33 • WF-60
Xanthines	Aminophylline • كافيين • Dimethazan • Paraxanthine • Theobromine • Theophylline
أخرى	2-Aminoindane • 5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole • Amfonelic acid • Amineptine • Amiphenazole • Bemegride • Benzydamine • BPAP • Bromantane • BTCP • BTQ • BTS 74,398 • Chlodantane • Clofenciclan • Cropropamide • Crotetamide • Cypenamine • Cyprodenate • Diclofensine • Dimethocaine • Diphenylprolinol • Etamivan • Fencamfamine • Feprosidnine • Gilutensin • GYKI-52895 • Hexacyclonate • Indanorex • Indatraline • Lefetamine • Leptacline • LR-5182 • Manifaxine • Mazindol • Meclofexonate • Mefexamide • Mesocarb • Naphthylisopropylamine • Nikethamide • Nomifensine • O-2172 • Phthalimidopropiophenone • Prolintane • Sibutramine • Tropoxane • Yohimbine • Zylofuramine
See also Sympathomimetic amines

Dopaminergics

Receptor
Ligands

ناهضات

Benzazepines: 6-Br-APB • Fenoldopam • SKF-38,393 • SKF-77,434 • SKF-81,297 • SKF-82,958 • SKF-83,959; Ergot-derivatives: Bromocriptine • Cabergoline • Dihydroergocryptine • Lisuride • LSD • Pergolide; Dihydrexidine-derivatives: A-86,929 • Dihydrexidine • Dinapsoline • Dinoxyline • Doxanthrine; Morphine-derivatives: Apomorphine • Propylnorapomorphine; Piperazines: ABT-724 • Aripiprazole • Piribedil • WAY-100,635; Others: 7-OH-DPAT • A-68,930 • A-77,636 • A-412,997 • Amantadine • Aplindore • CY-208,243 • Memantine • Pramipexole • Pukateine • Quinpirole • RDS-127 • Rimantadine • Ropinirole • Rotigotine

Antagonists

Typical Antipsychotics: Acepromazine • Azaperone • Benperidol • Bromperidol • Clopenthixol • كلورپرومازين • Chlorprothixene • Droperidol • Flupentixol • Fluphenazine • Fluspirilene • Haloperidol • Loxapine • Mesoridazine • Methotrimeprazine • Molindone • Penfluridol • Perazine • Periciazine • Perphenazine • Pimozide • Prochlorperazine • Promazine • Sulforidazine • Thioridazine • Thiothixene • Trifluoperazine • Triflupromazine • Trifluperidol • Zuclopenthixol; Atypical Antipsychotics: Amisulpride • Asenapine • Clozapine • Iloperidone • Melperone • Olanzapine • Paliperidone • Perospirone • Quetiapine • Risperidone • Sertindole • Sulpiride • Ziprasidone • Zotepine; Antiemetics: AS-8112 • Alizapride • Bromopride • Clebopride • Domperidone • Metoclopramide • Thiethylperazine; Others: Amoxapine • Blonanserin • Buspirone • Butaclamol • N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline • Ecopipam • Eticlopride • Fananserin • Mosapramine • Nafadotride • Nemonapride • Nuciferine • Raclopride • Remoxipride • SB-277,011-A • SCH-23,390 • SKF-83,566 • Spiperone • Spiroxatrine • Stepholidine • Tetrahydropalmatine • Tiapride • UH-232 • Yohimbine

Reuptake
Inhibitors

Plasmalemmal

DAT Inhibitors

Piperazines: DBL-583 • GBR-12,935 • Nefazodone • Vanoxerine; Piperidines: BTCP • Desoxypipradrol • Dextromethylphenidate • Ethylphenidate • HDMP-28 • Methylphenidate • Phencyclidine • Pipradrol; Pyrrolidines: Diphenylprolinol • Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) • Prolintane • Pyrovalerone; Tropanes: β-CPPIT • Altropane • Brasofensine • CFT • Cocaine • Dichloropane • Difluoropine • FE-β-CPPIT • FP-β-CPPIT • Ioflupane • Lometopane • RTI-112 • RTI-113 • RTI-121 • RTI-126 • RTI-150 • RTI-177 • RTI-336 • Tenocyclidine • Tesofensine • Troparil • Tropoxane • WF-11 • WF-23 • WF-31 • WF-33; Others: Amfonelic Acid • Amineptine • Benzatropine • Bromantane • BTQ • BTS-74,398 • Bupropion (Amfebutamone) • Diclofensine • Dimethocaine • Dizocilpine • DOV-102,677 • DOV-21,947 • DOV-216,303 • Etybenzatropine • Fencamine • Fencamfamine • GYKI-52,895 • Indatraline • كتامين • Lefetamine • LR-5182 • Manifaxine • Medifoxamine • Mesocarb • Nefopam • Nomifensine • NS-2359 • O-2172 • Radafaxine • SEP-225,289 • SEP-227,162 • Sibutramine • Tametraline • Tripelennamine

TRPC6 Activators

Adhyperforin • Hyperforin

Vesicular

VMAT Inhibitors	Deserpidine • Ibogaine • ريزربين • Tetrabenazine

Releasing
Agents

Oxazolines: 4-Methylaminorex (4-MAR, 4-MAX) • Aminorex • Clominorex • Cyclazodone • Fenozolone • Fluminorex • Pemoline • Thozalinone; Phenethylamines (also Amphetamines, Cathinones, Phentermines, etc): 2-Hydroxyphenethylamine (2-OH-PEA) • 4-Methylamphetamine (4-MA) • 4-Methylmethamphetamine (4-MMA) • α-Ethylphenethylamine (α-Et-PEA) • Alfetamine • Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine, Levoamphetamine) • Amphetaminil • Amfepentorex • β-Methylphenethylamine (β-Me-PEA) • Benzodioxolylbutanamine (BDB) • Benzodioxolylhydroxybutanamine (BOH) • Benzphetamine • Brephedrone • Butylone • Cathine • Cathinone • Clephedrone • Clobenzorex • Clortermine • Diethylcathinone (Diethylpropion, Amfepramone) • Dibutylone • Dimethoxyamphetamine (DMA) • Dimethoxymethamphetamine (DMMA) • Dimethylamphetamine • Dimethylcathinone (Dimethylpropion, Metamfepramone) • Ethcathinone (Ethylpropion) • Ethylamphetamine • Ethylbenzodioxolylbutanamine (EBDB) • Ethylone • Fenethylline • Fenproporex • Flephedrone • Fludorex • Furfenorex • Hordenine • Indanorex • Indanylamphetamine (IAP) • Iodephedrone • Lisdexamfetamine • Lophophine (Homomyristicylamine) • Mefenorex • Mephedrone • Methamphetamine (Desoxyephedrine, Methedrine; Dextromethamphetamine, Levomethamphetamine) • Methcathinone (Methylpropion) • Methedrone • Methoxymethylenedioxyamphetamine (MMDA) • Methoxymethylenedioxymethamphetamine (MMDMA) • Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine (MBDB) • Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA; Tenamfetamine) • Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) • Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine (MDOH) • Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) • Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine (MDMPEA; Homarylamine) • Methylenedioxyphenethylamine (MDPEA; Homopiperonylamine) • Methylone • Naphthylamphetamine (NAP) • Ortetamine • Oxaflozane • Parabromoamphetamine (PBA) • Parachloroamphetamine (PCA) • Parafluoroamphetamine (PFA) • Parafluoromethamphetamine (PFMA) • Parahydroxyamphetamine (PHA) • Paraiodoamphetamine (PIA) • Paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA) • Paramethoxyethylamphetamine (PMEA) • Paramethoxymethamphetamine (PMMA) • Paredrine (Norpholedrine, Oxamphetamine) • Phendimetrazine • Phenethylamine (PEA) • Phenmetrazine • Pholedrine • Phenpromethamine • Propylamphetamine • Tiflorex (Flutiorex) • Tyramine (TRA) • Xylopropamine • Zylofuramine; Piperazines: 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromobenzylpiperazine (2C-B-BZP) • Benzylpiperazine (BZP) • Methoxyphenylpiperazine (MeOPP; Paraperazine) • Methylbenzylpiperazine (MBZP) • Methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine (MDBZP; Piperonylpiperazine); Others: 2-Aminoindane (2-AI) • 2-Aminotetralin (2-AT) • 4-Benzylpiperidine (4-BP) • Clofenciclan • Cyclopentamine • Cypenamine • Cyprodenate • Feprosidnine • Gilutensin • Heptaminol • Hexacyclonate • Isometheptene • Methylhexanamine • Octodrine • Phthalimidopropiophenone • Propylhexedrine (PHX) • Tuaminoheptane (Tuamine)

Enzyme
Inhibitors

Anabolism

PAH Inhibitors	3,4-Dihydroxystyrene
TH Inhibitors	3-Iodotyrosine • Aquayamycin • Bulbocapnine • Metirosine • Oudenone
AAAD / DDC Inhibitors	Benserazide • Carbidopa • ميثيل‌دوپا

Catabolism

MAO Inhibitors (MAOIs)	Nonselective: Iproclozide • Iproniazid • Isocarboxazid • Nialamide • Phenelzine • Pheniprazine • Tranylcypromine; MAO-A Selective: Befloxatone • Brofaromine • Cimoxatone • Clorgiline • Harmala Alkaloids • Minaprine • Moclobemide • Pirlindole • Toloxatone • Tyrima; MAO-B Selective: Lazabemide • Pargyline • Rasagiline • Selegiline
COMT Inhibitors	Entacapone • Tolcapone
DBH Inhibitors	داي‌سلفيرام • Nepicastat • Tropolone

Others

Precursors	إل-فنايل‌ألانين → L-Tyrosine → L-DOPA (Levodopa)
Cofactors	Ferrous Iron (Fe²⁺) • Tetrahydrobiopterin • Vitamin B3 (Niacin, Nicotinamide → NADPH) • Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine, Pyridoxamine, Pyridoxal → Pyridoxal Phosphate) • Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid → Tetrahydrofolic Acid) • فيتامين سي (حمض الاسكوربيك) • Zinc (Zn²⁺)
Others	Activity Enhancers: Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane (BPAP) • Phenylpropylaminopentane (PPAP)

n:a'fa

الكلمات الدالة:

الحرب العالمية الثانية

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