من المعرفة

الحرب الأهلية الإسبانية

Robert Capa, Death of a Loyalist Soldier‎

التاريخ	17 يوليو, 1936 - 1 أبريل, 1939
المكان	إسبانيا, المغرب
النتيجة	انتصار القوميين

الأطراف المتخاصمة

الجمهورية إسبانية

الدولة الإسبانية

القادة

Manuel Azaña

Julián Besteiro

Lluís Companys

Francisco Largo Caballero

Juan Negrín

Indalecio Prieto

Francisco Franco

Gonzalo Queipo de Llano

Emilio Mola

José Antonio Primo de Rivera

José Sanjurjo

Juan Yagüe

الحشود

450,000
350 aircraft
200 batteries
(1938)^[1]

600,000
600 aircraft
290 batteries
(1938)^[1]

الخسائر

~500,000^[1]

ع • ن • ت

الحرب الأهلية الاسبانية

الكازار – Gijón – Oviedo – Guipúzcoa - مريدا – Badajoz – مايوركا – Sierra Guadalupe – Irún - Monte Pelato – Talavera – Cape Espartel – مدريد – Corunna Road – Málaga – Jarama - الحرب في الشمال – گوادالاخارا – گرنيكا – بلباو – Brunete – Santander – Belchite – El Mazuco – Cape Cherchell – Teruel – Cape Palos - هجوم أراگون - XYZ Line – إبرو - قطلونيا
تأريخ: 1936 1937 1938-39

قامت الحرب الأهلية الإسبانية نتيجة الانقلاب على الشرعية الجمهورية إسبانية في مدريد الذي قام به مجموعة من العسكر بقيادة الجنرال "مولا" في الشمال، والجنرال فرانشيسكو فرانكو في المغرب والجنرال "كييبو دي يانو" في الأندلس وجنرالات آخرين امثال "أستراي" و "سان خورخو"...والذي على إثره انقسمت إسبانيا إلى "قومية" بقيادة الانقلابيين الفاشيين بالإضافة إلى الفلانخي والريكيتيس وإسبانيا الجمهورية بقيادة الجبهة الشعبية التي كانت تضم الفوضويين والاشتراكيين والجمهوريين والشيوعيين.

امتدت هذه الحرب من 17 يوليو 1936 حتى 1 أبريل 1939 حيث نشب صراع حاد بين القوميين بقيادة الجنرال فرانشيسكو فرانكو هازمين القانونيين أو جمهوريو الجمهورية الإسبانية الثانية . القانونيون الذين يعرفون أيضا بالجمهوريين كانوةا يستمدون دعمهم بالسلاح و المتطوعين من الاتحاد السوفييتي و حركات الشيوعية الدولية و الالويه الدولية, في حين تلقى القوميون دعمهم من إيطاليا الفاشية و ألمانيا النازية . كان الجمهوريون يترازحزن بين مركزيين داعمين للرأسمالية و الديمقراطية الليبرالية إلى شيوعيين و ثائرون لاسلطويون .

قاعدتهم الأساسية كانت بشكل أساسي علمانية و مدنية (مع انها ضمت أيضا مشردون ) و كانت قوية في المناطق الصناعية مثل أستوريا و كاتالونيا. إقليم الباسك المحافظ الكاثوليكي وقف أيضا بجانب الجمهوريين أملا في حكم محلي كما كان حال كاتالونيا و جيليقيا و نوع من الاستقلال عن الحكومة المركزية. أما القوميون او الفرانكويين فكان دعمهم أساسا من القوى المحافظة ، بشكل أعظمي كاثوليكي ، الداعمين للحكم المركزي . تضمنت الحرب استخدام أساليب و تكتيكات إرهابية طالت المدنيين.

فهرست

1 فظائع خلال الحرب
2 الحرب: 1936
3 الشخصيات
4 الأحزاب والمنظمات السياسية
5 ملاحظات
6 الكتب
7 انظر أيضاً
- 7.1 أفلام عنها
- 7.2 أدب عنها
8 وصلات خارجية

فظائع خلال الحرب

Nationalist aircraft bomb Madrid in late November 1936.

Picasso's Guernica was painted as a representation of the bombing of Guernica.

Spanish Leftists shoot at a statue of Jesus Christ

الحرب: 1936

الشخصيات

شخصيات هامة في الحرب الأهلية الإسبانية

شخصيات محسوبة على الجانب الوطني

شخصيات محسوبة على الجانب الجمهوري / الموالي

غيرهم

مانويل أزانيا
كلود كوكبرن
خواكين أردريوس
نورمان بثون
Pedro García Cabrera
Santiago Carrillo, Communist youth leader
Buenaventura Durruti, anarchist officer
Francisco Sabaté Llopart, anarchist guerrilla
فدريكو گارسيا لوركا، شاعر مغدور
فرناندو جراسي
پابلو پيكاسو، فنان تشكيلي
José Giral Pereira
Valentin González ("إل كامپسينو")، ضابط عسكري
إرنست همنگواي، كاتب أمريكي
Miguel Hernández، شاعر أسير
Dolores Ibarruri ("لا پاسيوناريا")، زعيم شيوعي
فرانسيسكو لارگو كاباليرو، زعيم إشتراكي
Laurie Lee
Enrique Líster
أندريه مالرو
Diego Martínez Barrio
José Miaja
خوان مودستو
خوان نگرين
Andrés Nin
جورج اورويل، متطوع وكاتب بريطاني
Indalecio Prieto، زعيم إشتراكي
Melchor Rodriguez Garcia
Vicente Rojo Lluch
James Robertson Justice
Henri Rol-Tanguy
Karol Świerczewski

صحفيون وجواسيس

الأحزاب والمنظمات السياسية

المنظمات والأحزاب السياسية في الحرب الأهلية الإسبانية

The Popular Front (Republican)

Supporters of the Popular Front (Republican)

Nationalists (Francoist)

The Popular Front was an electoral alliance formed between various left-wing and centrist parties for elections to the Cortes in 1936, in which the alliance won a majority of seats.

UR (Unión Republicana - Republican Union): Led by Diego Martínez Barrio, formed in 1934 by members of the PRR who had resigned in objection to Alejandro Lerroux's coalition with the CEDA. It drew its main support from skilled workers and progressive businessmen.
IR (Izquierda Republicana - Republican Left): Led by former Prime Minister Manuel Azaña after his Acción Republicana party merged with Santiago Casares Quiroga's Galician independence party and the PRRS (Socialist Radical Republican Party). It drew its support from skilled workers, small businessmen and civil servants. Azaña led the Popular Front and became President of Spain. The IR formed the bulk of the first government after the Popular Front victory, with members of the UR and the ERC.
- ERC (Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya - Republican Left of Catalonia): The Catalan faction of Azaña's Republicans, led by Lluís Companys.
PSOE (Partido Socialista Obrero Español - Spanish Socialist Workers' Party): Formed in 1879, its alliance with Acción Republicana in municipal elections in 1931 saw a landslide victory that led to the King's abdication and the creation of the Second Republic. The two parties won the subsequent general election, but the PSOE left the coalition in 1933. At the time of the Civil War the PSOE was split between a right wing under Indalecio Prieto and Juan Negrín, and a left wing under Largo Caballero. Following the Popular Front victory it was the second largest party in the Cortes, after the CEDA; it supported the ministries of Azaña and Quiroga but did not actively participate until the Civil War began. It had majority support amongst urban manual workers.
- UGT (Unión General de Trabajadores - General Union of Workers): The socialist trade union. The UGT was formally linked to the PSOE and the bulk of the union followed Caballero.
- Federacion de Juventudes Socialistas (Federation of Socialist Youth)
PSUC (Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya - Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia): An alliance of various socialist parties in Catalonia, formed in the summer of 1936, controlled by the PCE.
JSU (Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas - Unified Socialist Youths): Militant youth group formed by the merger of the Socialist and the Communist youth groups. Its leader, Santiago Carrillo, came from the Socialist Youth but had secretly joined the Communist Youth prior to merger, and the group was soon dominated by the PCE.
PCE (Partido Comunista de España - Communist Party of Spain): Led by José Díaz in the Civil War, it had been a minor party during the early years of the Republic but came to dominate the Popular Front after Negrín became Prime Minister.
POUM (Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista - Worker's Party of Marxist Unification): An anti-Stalinist revolutionary communist party of former Trotskyists formed in 1935 by Andreu Nin.
- JCI (Juventud Comunista Ibérica - Iberian Communist Youth): the POUM's youth movement.
PS (Partido Sindicalista - Syndicalist Party): a moderate splinter group of CNT.

Unión Militar Republicana Antifascista (Republican Anti-fascist Military Union): Formed by military officers in opposition to the Unión Militar Española.
Anarchist groups. The anarchists boycotted the 1936 Cortes election and initially opposed the Popular Front government, but joined during the Civil War, when Largo Caballero became Prime Minister.
- CNT (Confederación Nacional del Trabajo - National Confederation of Labour): The confederation of anarcho-syndicalist trade unions.
- FAI (Federación Anarquista Ibérica - Iberian Anarchist Federation): The federation of anarchist groups, very active in the Republican militias.
- Mujeres Libres (Free Women): The anarchist feminist organisation.
- FIJL (Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias - Iberian Federation of Anarchist Youth)
Basque separatists.
- PNV (Partido Nacionalista Vasco - Basque Nationalist Party): A Catholic Christian Democrat party under José Antonio Aguirre, which campaigned for greater autonomy or independence for the Basque region. Held seats in the Cortes and supported the Popular Front government before and during the Civil War. Put its religious disagreement with the Popular Front aside for a promised Basque autonomy.
- ANV (Acción Nacionalista Vasca - Basque Nationalist Action): A leftist socialist party which at the same time campaigned for independence of the Basque region.
- STV (Solidaridad de Trabajadores Vascos - Basque Workers' Solidarity): A trade union in the Basque region, with a Catholic clerical tradition combined with moderate socialist tendencies.
SRI (Socorro Rojo Internacional - International Red Aid): Communist organization allied with the Comintern that provided considerable aid to Republican civilians and soldiers.

Virtually all Nationalist groups had very strong Roman Catholic convictions and supported the native Spanish clergy.

Unión Militar Española (Spanish Military Union) - a conservative political organisation of officers in the armed forces, including outspoken critics of the Republic like Francisco Franco. Formed in 1934, from its inception the UME secretly courted fascist Italy. After the electoral victory of the Popular Front, it began plotting a coup with monarchist and fascist groups in Spain. In the run-up to the Civil War it was led by Emilio Mola and José Sanjurjo, and latterly Franco.
Alfonsist Monarchist - supported the restoration of Alfonso XIII. Many army officers, aristocrats and landowners were Alfonsine, but there was little popular support.
- Renovación Española (Spanish Restoration) - the main Alfonsine political party.
- Acción Española (Spanish Action) - a fascist party led by Jose Calvo Sotelo, formed in 1933 around a journal of the same name edited by Ramiro de Maeztu.
  - Bloque Nacional (National Block) - the militia movement founded by Calvo Sotelo.
Carlist Monarchist - supported Alfonso Carlos I de Borbón y Austria-Este's claim to the Spanish throne and saw the Alfonsine line as having been weakened by Liberalism. After Alfonso Carlos died without issue, the Carlists split - some supporting Carlos' appointed regent, Francisco-Xavier de Borbón-Parma, others supporting Alfonso XIII or the Falange. The Carlists were clerical hard-liners led by the aristocracy, with a populist base amongst the farmers and rural workers of Navarre providing the militia.
- Comunión Tradicionalista (Traditionalist Communion) - the Carlist political party
  - Requetés (Volunteers) - militia movement.
  - Pelayos - militant youth movement, named after Pelayo of Asturias.
  - Margaritas - women's movement, named after Margarita de Borbón-Parma, wife of Carlist pretender Charles VII (1868-1909).
Falange (Phalanx):
- FE (Falange Española de las JONS) - created by a merger in 1934 of two fascist organisations, Primo de Rivera's Falange (Phalanx), founded in 1933, and Ramiro Ledesma's Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista(Assemblies of National-Syndicalist Offensive), founded in 1931. It became a mass movement after the defeat of the PRR and the collapse of the CEDA in the 1936 General Election, when it was joined by José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones's Acción Popular, and Acción Católica, led by Ramón Serrano Súñer.
  - OJE (Organización Juvenil Española) - militant youth movement.
  - Sección Femenina (Feminine Section) - women's movement in labour of Social Aid.
- Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS - created by a merger in 1937 of the FE and the Carlist party, bringing the remaining political and militia components of the Nationalist side under Franco's ultimate authority.

Military architecture of the Spanish civil war. Archaeological studies in Oviedo, Asturias. Republican bunker constructed in 1937 during the siege to the city.

Puente Nuevo, the bridge that links together the two parts of Ronda in Spain. Behind the window near the center of the bridge is a prison cell. There have been allegations that during the Civil War the nationalists threw people who supported the Republicans from the bridge to their deaths many meters down at the bottom of the El Tajo canyon. On the other hand, authorities confirm the atrocities committed by the Republicans against the Nationalists at Ronda. "Thus the description in Ernest Hemingway's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls of how the inhabitants of a small pueblo first beat all male members of the fascist party with heavy flails and then flung them over a cliff is near to the reality of what happened in the superb Andalusian town of Ronda. There 512 were murdered in the first month of the war."^[1]

ملاحظات

الكتب

Alpert, Michael (2004). A New International History of the Spanish Civil War. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-1171-1.
Beevor, Antony (2001 reissued). The Spanish Civil War. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-100148-8.
Beevor, Antony (2006). The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0297-848325.
Bennett, Scott (2003). Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915-1963. Syracuse NY: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-3028-X.

Brenan, Gerald (1990, reissued). The Spanish labyrinth: an account of the social and political background of the Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39827-4.
Carr, Raymond (Introduction; no editor named), Images of the Spanish Civil War, London (Allen & Unwin) 1986.
Doyle, Bob (2006). Brigadista – an Irishman's fight against fascism. Dublin: Currach Press. ISBN 1-85607-939-2.
Enzensberger,Christian,"The short summer of Anarchy"
Francis, Hywel (2006). Miners against Fascism: Wales and the Spanish Civil War. Pontypool, Wales (NP4 7AG): Warren and Pell.
Graham, Helen (2002). The Spanish republic at war, 1936–1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45932-X.
Greening, Edwin (2006). From Aberdare to Albacete: A Welsh International Brigader's Memoir of His Life. Pontypool, Wales (NP4 7AG): Warren and Pell.
Howson, Gerald (1998). Arms for Spain. New York: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 0-312-24177-1.
Ibarruri, Dolores (1976). They Shall Not Pass: the Autobiography of La Pasionaria (translated from El Unico Camino by Dolores Ibarruri). New York: International Publishers. ISBN 0-7178-0468-2.
Jackson, Gabriel (1965). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00757-8.
Jellinek, Frank (1938). The Civil War in Spain. London: Victor Gollanz (Left Book Club).
Koestler, Arthur (1983). Dialogue with death. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-34776-5.
Kowalsky, Daniel. La Union Sovietica y la Guerra Civil Espanola. Barcelona: Critica. ISBN 84-8432-490-7.
Malraux, André (1941). L'Espoir (Man's Hope). New York: Modern Library. ISBN 0-394-60478-4.
Marcos del Olmo, Mª Concepción (2003); La Segunda República y la Guerra Civil, Actas editorial, Madrid.
Moa, Pío; Los Mitos de la Guerra Civil, La Esfera de los Libros, 2003.
O'Riordan, Michael (2005). The Connolly Column. Pontypool, Wales (NP4 7AG): Warren and Pell.
Orwell, George (2000, first published in 1938). Homage to Catalonia. London: Penguin Books in association with Martin Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0-14-118305-5.
Payne, Stanley (2004). The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10068-X.
Prasad, Devi (2005). War is a Crime Against Humanity: The Story of War Resisters' International. London: War Resisters' International, wri-irg.org. ISBN 0-903517-20-5.
Preston, Paul (1978). The Coming of the Spanish Civil War. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-23724-2.
Preston, Paul (1996). A Concise history of the Spanish Civil War. London: Fontana. ISBN 978-0006863731.
Puzzo, Dante Anthony (1962). Spain and the Great Powers, 1936–1941. Freeport, N.Y: Books for Libraries Press (originally Columbia University Press, N.Y.). ISBN 0-8369-6868-9.
Radosh, Ronald; Mary Habeck, Grigory Sevostianov (2001). Spain betrayed: the Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08981-3.
Rust, William (2003 Reprint of 1939 edition). Britons in Spain: A History of the British Battalion of the XV International Brigade. Pontypool, Wales (NP4 7AG): Warren and Pell.
Stradling, Rob (1996). Cardiff and The Spanish Civil War. Cardiff (CF1 6AG): Butetown History and Arts Centre. ISBN 1-898317-06-2.
Taafle, Peter reviews Battle for Spain – The Spanish Civil War of 1936–39 by Anthony Beevor (Weidenfeld and Nicolson £25).
Thomas, Hugh (2003 reissued). The Spanish Civil War. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-101161-0.
Walters, Guy (2006). Berlin Games – How Hitler Stole the Olympic Dream (Chapter Six contains an account of how the outbreak of fighting in Barcelona affected those visiting the abortive People's Olympiad). London, New York: John Murray (UK), HarperCollins (US). ISBN 0-7195-6783-1, 0-0608-7412-0.
Wheeler, George (2003). To Make the People Smile Again: a Memoir of the Spanish Civil War (foreword by Jack Jones, edited by David Leach). Newcastle upon Tyne: Zymurgy Publishing. ISBN 1-903506-07-7.
Williams, Alun Menai (2004). From the Rhondda to the Ebro: The Story of a Young Life. Pontypool, Wales (NP4 7AG): Warren & Pell.

انظر أيضاً

أفلام عنها

España 1936, pro-Republican documentary by Luis Buñuel.
The Spanish Earth (Joris Ivens, 1937; pro-Republican documentary, narrated by Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos.
Defenders of the Faith, 1938; pro-Nationalist documentary by Russell Palmer
Raza (Jose Luis Saenz de Heredia, 1942)
For Whom the Bell Tolls (Sam Wood, 1943, from the Ernest Hemingway novel)
The Fallen Sparrow, (Richard Wallace, 1943, from the Dorothy B. Hughes novel; John Garfield played a Spanish Civil War veteran who has returned to New York City to find out the truth about his friend's death).
The Heifer (La vaquilla) (Luis García Berlanga, 1985)
The Spanish Civil War (BBC-Granada, 1987)
¡Ay, Carmela! (Carlos Saura, Spain/Italy 1990) Comedy/drama about two actors who find themselves on the wrong side of the front line.
Belle Époque (Fernando Trueba, 1992)
Land and Freedom (Ken Loach, 1995) The war seen through the eyes of a British volunteer.
Libertarias (Vicente Aranda, 1996)
Vivir la Utopia (Living Utopia) by Juan Gamero, Arte-TVE, Catalunya 1997
La Lengua de las Mariposas (Butterflies), José Luis Cuerda, 1999)
The Devil's Backbone (El espinazo del diablo) (Guillermo del Toro, 2001)
Soldados de Salamina (David Trueba, 2002)
Behold a Pale Horse, (Fred Zinnemann), 1964, loosely based on the life of Catalan anarchist Francisco Sabaté Llopart.
The Spirit of the Beehive (El espíritu de la colmena) (Víctor Erice, 1973)
La Colmena (Mario Camus), (1982)
Pan's Labyrinth (El Laberinto del Fauno) (Guillermo del Toro, 2006)

أدب عنها

Homage to Catalonia by George Orwell(1938)
For Whom the Bell Tolls by Ernest Hemingway (1940)
40 Preguntas Fundamentales sobre la Guerra Civil by Stanley G. Payne (2006)
The Living and the Dead by Patrick White (1941)
As I Walked Out One Midsummer Morning by Laurie Lee (1969)
A Moment of War by Laurie Lee (1991)
The Shadow of the Wind by Carlos Ruiz Zafón (2001)
L'espoir by Andre Malraux
Diamond square by Mercè Rodoreda (1962)
Les Grands cimetieres sous la Lune by Georges Bernanos
Spain in my hearth (España en el corazón) by Pablo Neruda
Labyrinth of Struggle by Mauricio Escobar (2006)
The Wall, a book and a short story by Jean-Paul Sartre
La Colmena by Camilo Jose Cela

وصلات خارجية

هنالك المزيد من الملفات في ويكيميديا كومونز حول:

Spanish Civil War

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Relations of Members of the United Nations with Spain

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Condecoraciones otorgadas por Francisco Franco a Benito Mussolini y a Adolf Hitler

متفرقات

Anarchism in the Spanish Revolution
The Anarcho-Statists of Spain, a different view of the anarchists in the Spanish Civil War
A reply to the above by an anarchist
Spanish Civil War Info From Spartacus Educational
American Jews in Spanish Civil War
Causa General, conclusions of the process started by Franco's government after the war to judge their enemies' actions during the conflict
Irish and Jewish Volunteers in the Spanish Anti-Fascist War Pamphlet by Manus O'Riordan
O'Duffy's Bandera in Spain
The Spanish Revolution, 1936–39 articles & links, from Anarchy Now!
Juan García Oliver, The Revolutionary Institutions: The Central Committee of Anti-Fascist Militias

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