ولس لام

(تم التحويل من ويليس لام)
ويليس يوجين لام، الأصغر
Willis Eugene Lamb
Willis Eugene Lamb Jr. (1913-2008)
وُلِدَ(1913-07-12)يوليو 12, 1913
لوس أنجلس، كاليفورنيا، الولايات المتحدة
توفيمايو 15, 2008(2008-05-15) (aged 94)
توسن، أريزونا، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
القوميةأمريكي
المدرسة الأمجامعة كاليفورنيا، بركلي
عـُرِف بـLamb shift
نظرية الليزر
علم بصريات الكم
الجوائزجائزة نوبل في الفيزياء (1955)
السيرة العلمية
المجالاتالفيزياء
الهيئاتجامعة أريزونا
جامعة أكسفورد
جامعة يل
جامعة كلومبيا
جامعة ستانفورد
المشرف على الدكتوراهروبرت اوپنهايمر
طلاب الدكتوراهتيودور مايمان
مارلان سكلي
بلاش لازلو گيورفي
فردريك هوپف
مري سارجنت الثالث
ستانلي ل. كاوفمان
داڤيد مادر
رالف جاكوبس
ويليس لامب
ويليس لامب

ويليس يوجين لام، الأصغر بالإنجليزية Willis Eugene Lamb (و.12 يوليو 1913، لوس أنجلوس - ت. 15 مايو 2008))، هو فيزيائي أمريكي حصل على جائزة نوبل للفيزياء في 1955 مع بولي كارب كوش. وحصل على جائزة نوبل لإكتشافه المتعلق بدراسة التركيب الدقيق لطيف ذرة الهيدروجين. وتمكن هو وزميله من تحديد الخصائص الكهرومغناطيسية للإلكترون بدقة. د. لامب كان أستاذا في جامعة أريزونا.

Education and career

Willis Eugene Lamb Jr. was born on July 12, 1913 in Los Angeles, California, the son of Willis Eugene Lamb Sr., a telephone engineer, and Marie Helen Metcalf. First admitted in 1930, he obtained a B.S. in Chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1934. For theoretical work on scattering of neutrons by a crystal, guided by J. Robert Oppenheimer, Lamb received his Ph.D. in Physics in 1938.[1][2] Because of limited computational methods available at the time, this research narrowly missed revealing the Mössbauer Effect, 19 years before its recognition by Rudolf Mössbauer.[3] He worked on nuclear theory, laser physics, and verifying quantum mechanics.

In 1938, Lamb became Instructor in Physics at Columbia University, where he was promoted to Professor of Physics in 1948. In 1951, he was appointed Professor of Physics at Stanford University. From 1956 to 1962, he was Wykeham Professor of Physics at the University of Oxford, where he was also a Fellow of New College. In 1962, he was appointed Henry Ford II Professor of Physics at Yale University.[1] In 1974, he became Professor of Physics and Optical Science at the University of Arizona, where he remained until his retirement in 2003.[4]

Quantum physics

In addition to his crucial and famous contribution to quantum electrodynamics via the Lamb shift, in the latter part of his career he paid increasing attention to the field of quantum measurements.[5][6][7] In one of his writings Lamb stated that "most people who use quantum mechanics have little need to know much about the interpretation of the subject."[7] Lamb was also openly critical of many of the interpretational trends on quantum mechanics[8] and of the use of the term photon.[9]

Personal life and death

In 1939, Lamb married Ursula Schäfer (1914–1996), a German student who became a distinguished historian of Latin America (and assumed his last name).[10][11]

Lamb died on May 15, 2008, at the age of 94,[3] due to complications of a gallstone disorder.

Lamb is remembered as a "rare theorist turned experimentalist" by D. Kaiser.[12]

Recognition

Awards

Year Organization Award Citation Ref.
1953 الولايات المتحدة American Academy of Arts and Sciences Rumford Prize[أ] "For his studies of the atomic hydrogen spectrum." [13]
1955 السويد Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Nobel Prize in Physics[ب] "For his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum." [14]

Memberships

Year Organization Type Ref.
1954 الولايات المتحدة National Academy of Sciences Member [15]
1963 الولايات المتحدة American Academy of Arts and Sciences Member [16]
2000 الولايات المتحدة Optical Society of America Honorary Member [17]

National awards

Year Head of state Award Citation Ref.
2000 الولايات المتحدة Bill Clinton National Medal of Science "For his towering contributions to classical and quantum theories of laser radiation and quantum optics, and to the proper interpretation of quantum mechanics." [18]

Notes

  1. ^ Shared with Enrico Fermi and Lars Onsager.
  2. ^ Shared with Polykarp Kusch.

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب "Willis E. Lamb – Biographical". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2026-03-12. Retrieved 2026-05-01.
  2. ^ Stiles, Lori (May 16, 2008). "Willis E. Lamb Jr., 1955 Nobel Laureate in Physics, Dies at 94". The University of Arizona News. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved September 27, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  3. ^ أ ب Holley, Joe (May 19, 2008). "Willis E. Lamb Jr., 94; Nobel Prize-Winning Physicist". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 27, 2012.
  4. ^ "Willis E. Lamb". American Institute of Physics. Archived from the original on 2025-07-03. Retrieved 2026-05-01.
  5. ^ Lamb, W. E. Jr.; Retherford, R. C. (1947). "Fine Structure of the Hydrogen Atom by a Microwave Method". Physical Review. 72 (3): 241–243. Bibcode:1947PhRv...72..241R. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.72.241.
  6. ^ W. E. Lamb, Quantum theory of measurement, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 480, 407-416 (1986).
  7. ^ أ ب W. E. Lamb, Quantum theory of measurement, in Noise and Chaos in Nonlinear Dynamical Systems (Cambridge University, Cambridge, 1990) pp. 1-14.
  8. ^ W. E. Lamb, Super classical quantum mechanics: the best interpretation of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, Am. J. Phys. 69, 413-421 (2001)
  9. ^ Lamb, Willis E. "Anti-photon." Applied Physics B 60 (1995): 77-84.
  10. ^ Andreas Daum, Hartmut Lehmann, James Sheehan (eds.), The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians. With a Biobibliographic Guide. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016, ISBN 978-1-78238-985-9, 12, 34, 36, 398‒99.
  11. ^ "Ursula Lamb, UA historian, dies at 82". Archived from the original on 2015-04-05. Retrieved 2015-03-22. accessed 5 July 2016.
  12. ^ D. Kaiser, Drawing Theories Apart: The Dispersion of Feynman Diagrams (University of Chicago, Chicago, 2005).
  13. ^ "Rumford Prize Recipients". www.amacad.org. Archived from the original on 2025-10-11. Retrieved 2025-12-04.
  14. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Nobel Prize
  15. ^ "Willis E. Lamb Jr". www.nasonline.org. Archived from the original on 2026-02-19. Retrieved 2026-05-01.
  16. ^ "Willis Eugene Lamb". www.amacad.org. Archived from the original on 2025-12-17. Retrieved 2026-05-01.
  17. ^ "Willis Eugene Lamb, Jr". www.optica.org. Archived from the original on 2026-02-09. Retrieved 2024-07-17.
  18. ^ "Willis E. Lamb Jr". nationalmedals.org. Archived from the original on 2026-01-24. Retrieved 2026-05-01.

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