ناواتل

"اللغة المكسيكية" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة اللهجة المكسيكية من اللغة الإسپانية، انظر الإسپانية المكسيكية.
ناواتل
Nahuatl
مكسيكانو، ناواتل، وأخرى
Aztec woman speaking.jpg
إمراة من الناو من فلورنتين كودكس. زخرفة الكلام تدل على أنها تتحدث.
موطنهاالمكسيك والسلڤادور
المنطقةولاية مكسيكو، پويپلا، ڤيراكروز، هيدالگو، گريرو، مورلوس، تلاسكالا، واخاكا، ميتشواكان، دورانگو،
والمهاجرون في الولايات المتحدة، السلڤادور، گواتيمالا، وكندا
العرقشعوب الناوا
الناطقون الأصليون
1.45 مليون (2000)[1]
الصيغة المبكرة
اللهجات
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في
 المكسيك
ينظمهاالمعهد الوطني للغات الأصلية[2]
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-2nah
ISO 639-2nah
ISO 639-3nci الناواتل الكلاسيكية
للهجات المعاصرة، انظر قائمة لغات الناواتل.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

الناواتل Nahuatl، (النطق بالناهواتل: [ˈnaːwatɬ] ( استمع),[cn 1] مع التشديد على المقطع الأول من الكلمة)، هي فرع الناوي من اللغات الاوتو-آزتية. يتحدث بها ما يقارب 1.5 مليون من شعوب الناوا، معظمهم يعيشون في وسط المكسيك؛ من يعيش منهم في السلڤادور، يُعرفون بشعوب الپيپل. جميع اللغات الناوية هي لغات أصلية في وسط أمريكا.


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الناواتل في اللغات الاوتو-آزتية

المقالة الرئيسية: اللغات الناوية and لهجات الناواتل



التاريخ

ما قبل كولمبس

الفترة الإستعمارية

Page 51 of Book IX from the Florentine Codex. The text is in Nahuatl written with a Latin script.


الفترة المعاصرة

المتحدثون بالناواتل أكبر من 5 سنوات في الدول التسعة حسب أكثر عدد من المتحدثين (بيانات تعداد 2000). أرقام مطلقة ونسبية. النسب المئوية الواردة مقارنة بإجمالي السكان في الولاية المقابلة. المصدر: INEGI (2005:4).
المنطقة الاجمالي النسبة المئوية
المنطقة الاتحادية 37,450 0.44%
گريرو 136,681 4.44%
هيدالگو 221,684 9.92%
ولاية مكسيكو 55,802 0.43%
موريلوس 18,656 1.20%
واخاكا 10,979 0.32%
پويپلا 416,968 8.21%
سان لويز پوتوسي 138,523 6.02%
تلاسكالا 23,737 2.47%
ڤراكروز 338,324 4.90%
بقية أنحاء المكسيك 50,132 0.10%
الإجمالي: 1,448,937 1.49%



التوزيع الجغرافي

المقالة الرئيسية: لهجات الناواتل, قائمة اللغات الناوية, and شعوب الناو
خريطة توضح مناطق وسط أمريكا حيث تستخدم لغة الناواتل اليوم (بالأبيض) وحيث كانت تستخدم تاريخياً (بالرمادي).[4]


التصنيف الفرعي لللهجات الناواتل

المقالة الرئيسية: لهجات الناواتل

التسمية

علم اللهجات

  • الاوتو-آزتية 5000 سنة مضت*
    • الآزتية 2000 سنة مضت (AKA Nahuan)
      • Pochutec † ساحل واخاكا
      • الآزتية العامة (تشمل الناواتل)
        • Western Periphery Dialects of Durango (Mexicanero), Michoacán, Western Mexico state, extinct dialects of Colima and Nayarit
        • Eastern Periphery Pipil language and dialects of Sierra de Puebla, southern Veracruz and Tabasco (Isthmus dialects)
        • Huasteca Dialects of northern Puebla, Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí and northern Veracruz
        • Center Dialects of central Puebla, Tlaxcala, central Veracruz, Morelos, Mexico state, central and southern Guerrero

علم الأصوات

الأصوات


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الألوفون

النُطق

الإنتاج

النحو

انظر أيضاً: نحو الناواتل الكلاسيكية


الأسماء

الاسم الجمع:

/ko:-kojo-h/
REDUPLذئب البراري-PLURAL
"ذئاب البراري" (الناواتل الكلاسيكية)


ضمير الملكية للجمع:

/no-kal-wa:n/
منازلنا-PLURAL
"منازلنا" (الناواتل الكلاسيكية)


الضمائر

Much more common is an honorific/non-honorific distinction, usually applied to second and third persons but not first.

الأفعال

بناء الجملة

newal no-nobia
أنا خاطب
"My fiancée "(and not anyone else's) (Michoacán Nahual)[6]


ظاهرة الاتصال

المفردات

المقالة الرئيسية: كلمات أصلها ناواتل
The Aztecs called (red) tomatoes xitōmatl, whereas the green tomatillo was called tōmatl; the latter is the source for the English word "tomato".



الكتابة والأدب

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الكتابة

The placenames Mapachtepec ("Raccoon Hill"), Mazatlan ("Deer Place") and Huitztlan ("Thorn Place") written in the Aztec writing system. From the Codex Mendoza.


الأدب

المقالة الرئيسية: أدب وسط أمريكا

الأساليب

نص مبسط

انظر أيضاً

الهوامش

  1. ^ INEGI 2005:3
  2. ^ "Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas homepage".
  3. ^ قالب:Cite web)
  4. ^ Based on Lastra de Suárez 1986; Fowler 1985.
  5. ^ Wolgemuth 2002:35
  6. ^ Sischo 1979:314

المراجع

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Andrews, J. Richard (2003). Introduction to Classical Nahuatl (revised ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3452-6. OCLC 50090230.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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Beller, Richard (1979). "Huasteca Nahuatl". In Ronald Langacker (ed.) (ed.). Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar 2: Modern Aztec Grammatical Sketches. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 56. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 199–306. ISBN 0-88312-072-0. OCLC 6086368. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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Canger, Una (2007). "Grammatical borrowing in Nahuatl". In Yaron Matras & J Sakel (ed.). Grammatical Borrowing in Cross-Linguistic Perspective Empirical Approaches to Language Typology. Vol. 38. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 403–418. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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Launey, Michel (1980). Introduction à la langue et à la littérature aztèques, vol. 2: Littérature. Série ethnolinguistique amérindienne. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 2-85802-155-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (بالفرنسية) قالب:Nah icon
Launey, Michel (1992). Introducción a la lengua y a la literatura náhuatl. México D.F.: National Autonomous University of Mexico, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas. ISBN 968-36-1944-4. OCLC 29376295.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (بالإسپانية)
Launey, Michel (1994). Une grammaire omniprédicative: Essai sur la morphosyntaxe du nahuatl classique. Paris: CNRS Editions. ISBN 2-271-05072-3. OCLC 30738298.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (بالفرنسية)
Launey, Michel (2011). An Introduction to Classical Nahuatl. Christopher Mackay (trans.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-73229-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
León-Portilla, Miguel (1978). Los manifiestos en náhuatl de Emiliano Zapata. Cuernavaca, Mex.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas. OCLC 4977935.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (بالإسپانية)
León-Portilla, Miguel (1985). "Nahuatl literature". In Munro S. Edmonson (Volume ed.), with Patricia A. Andrews (ed.). Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 3: Literatures. Victoria Reifler Bricker (General ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 7–43. ISBN 0-292-77577-6. OCLC 11785568.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Lockhart, James (1991). Nahuas and Spaniards: Postconquest Mexican History and Philology. UCLA Latin American studies vol. 76, Nahuatl studies series no. 3. Stanford and Los Angeles, CA: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center Publications. ISBN 0-8047-1953-5. OCLC 23286637.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Lockhart, James (1992). The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1927-6. OCLC 24283718.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Macri, Martha J. (2005). "Nahua loan words from the early classic period: Words for cacao preparation on a Río Azul ceramic vessel". Ancient Mesoamerica. London and New York: Cambridge University Press. 16 (2): 321–326. doi:10.1017/S0956536105050200. OCLC 87656385.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Macri, Martha J. (2003). "Nahua in ancient Mesoamerica: Evidence from Maya inscriptions". Ancient Mesoamerica. London and New York: Cambridge University Press. 14 (2): 285–297. doi:10.1017/S0956536103142046. OCLC 89805456. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Merrill, W. L.; Hard, R. J.; Mabry, J. B.; Fritz, G. J.; Adams, K. R.; Roney, J. R.; Macwilliams, A. C. (2010). "Reply to Hill and Brown: Maize and Uto-Aztecan cultural history". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (11): E35–E36. doi:10.1073/pnas.1000923107.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Olmos, Fray Andrés de (1993) [1547 MS.]. Arte de la lengua mexicana: concluido en el Convento de San Andrés de Ueytlalpan, en la provincia de la Totonacapan que es en la Nueva España, el 1o. de enero de 1547, 2 vols. (Facsimile edition of original MS.). Ascensión León-Portilla and Miguel León-Portilla (introd., transliteration, and notes). Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana. ISBN 84-7232-684-5. OCLC 165270583. {{cite book}}: |format= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (بالإسپانية)
Pasztory, Esther (1993). "An Image Is Worth a Thousand Words: Teotihuacan and the Meanings of Style in Classic Mesoamerica". In Don Stephen Rice (ed.) (ed.). Latin American horizons: a symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 11th and 12th October 1986. Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Trustees for Harvard University. pp. 113–146. ISBN 0-88402-207-2. OCLC 25872400. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Pellicer, Dora (2006). "Legislating diversity in twenty-first century Mexico". In Margarita G. Hidalgo (ed.) (ed.). Mexican Indigenous Languages at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century. Contributions to the Sociology of Language, no. 91. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 127–168. ISBN 978-3-11-018597-3. OCLC 62090844. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Pharao Hansen, Magnus (2010). "Polysynthesis in Hueyapan Nahuatl: The Status of Noun Phrases, Basic Word Order, and Other Concerns". Anthropological Linguistics. University of Nebraska Press. 52 (3): 274–299.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Rincón, Antonio del (1885) [1595]. Arte mexicana compuesta por el padre Antonio Del Rincón de la compañia de Jesus: Dirigido al illustrissimo y reverendissimo s. Don Diego Romano obispo de Tlaxcallan, y del consejo de su magestad, &c. En Mexico en casa de Pedro, Balli. 1595 (PDF facsimile, University of Chicago Library digital collections) (Reprinted 1885 under the care of Dr. Antonio Peñafiel ed.). México D.F.: Oficina tip. de la Secretaría de fomento. OCLC 162761360.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (بالإسپانية)
Rolstad, Kellie (2002). "Language death in Central Mexico: The decline of Spanish-Nahuatl bilingualism and the new bilingual maintenance programs". The Bilingual Review/La revista bilingüe. Tempe: Hispanic Research Center, Arizona State University. 26 (1): 3–18. ISSN 0094-5366. OCLC 1084374.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Sahagún, Bernardino de (1950–82) [ca. 1540–85]. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, 13 vols. vols. I-XII. Charles E. Dibble and Arthur J.O. Anderson (eds., trans., notes and illus.) (translation of Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España ed.). Santa Fe, NM and Salt Lake City: School of American Research and the University of Utah Press. ISBN 0-87480-082-X. OCLC 276351.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Sahagún, Bernardino de (1997) [ca.1558–61]. Primeros Memoriales. The Civilization of the American Indians Series vol. 200, part 2. Thelma D. Sullivan (English trans. and paleography of Nahuatl text), with H.B. Nicholson, Arthur J.O. Anderson, Charles E. Dibble, Eloise Quiñones Keber, and Wayne Ruwet (completion, revisions, and ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2909-9. OCLC 35848992.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Sischo, William R. (1979). "Michoacán Nahual". In Ronald W. Langacker (ed.) (ed.). Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar 2: Modern Aztec Grammatical Sketches. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, no. 56. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 307–380. ISBN 0-88312-072-0. OCLC 6086368. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Suárez, Jorge A. (1977). "La influencia del español en la estructura gramatical del náhuatl". Anuario de Letras. Revista de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Linguística Hispánica. 15: 115–164. ISSN 0185-1373. OCLC 48341068.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (بالإسپانية)
Suárez, Jorge A. (1983). The Mesoamerian Indian Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22834-4. OCLC 8034800.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Sullivan, Thelma D. (1988). Compendium of Náhuatl Grammar. Thelma D. Sullivan and Neville Stiles (trans.), Wick R. Miller and Karen Dakin (eds.) (English translation of Compendio de la gramática náhuatl ed.). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 0-87480-282-2. OCLC 17982711.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Tuggy, David H. (1979). "Tetelcingo Náhuatl". In Ronald Langacker (ed.) (ed.). Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar 2: Modern Aztec Grammatical Sketches. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, no. 56. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 1–140. ISBN 0-88312-072-0. OCLC 6086368. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Voegelin, Charles F. (1962). Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan I: Phonology (Supplement to International Journal of American linguistics, vol. 28, no. 1). Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, Memoir 17. Baltimore MD: Waverly Press. OCLC 55576894. {{cite book}}: |format= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Whorf, Benjamin Lee (1993). "Pitch Tone and the "Saltillo" in Modern and Ancient Nahuatl". International Journal of American Linguistics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 59 (2): 165–223. doi:10.1086/466194. OCLC 1753556. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Wichmann, Søren (1998). "A conservative look at diffusion involving Mixe–Zoquean languages". In Roger Blench and Matthew Spriggs (eds.) (ed.). Archaeology and Language, vol. II: Correlating archaeological and linguistic hypotheses. One World Archaeology series, no. 29. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11761-5. OCLC 35673530. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Wimmer, Alexis (2006). "Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl classique" (online version, incorporating reproductions from Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl ou mexicaine [1885], by Rémi Siméon). Retrieved 2008-02-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (بالفرنسية) قالب:Nah icon
Wolgemuth, Carl (2002). Gramática Náhuatl (melaʼtájto̱l): de los municipios de Mecayapan y Tatahuicapan de Juárez, Veracruz (PDF online edition). Sharon Stark and Albert Bickford (online eds.) (2nd ed.). México D.F.: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. ISBN 968-31-0315-4. OCLC 51555383.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

قراءات إضافية

قواميس الناواتل الكلاسيكية
  • de Molina, Fray Alonso: Vocabulario en Lengua Castellana y Mexicana y Mexicana y Castellana. [1555] Reprint: Porrúa México 1992
  • Karttunen, Frances, An analytical dictionary of Náhuatl. Univ. of Oklahoma Press, Norman 1992
  • Siméon, Rémi: Diccionario de la Lengua Náhuatl o Mexicana. [Paris 1885] Reprint: México 2001
نحو الناواتل الكلاسيكية
  • Carochi, Horacio. Grammar of the Mexican Language: With an Explanation of its Adverbs (1645) Translated by James Lockhart. Stanford University Press. 2001.
  • Lockhart, James: Nahuatl as written: lessons in older written Nahuatl, with copious examples and texts, Stanford 2001
  • Sullivan, Thelma: Compendium of Nahuatl Grammar, Univ. of Utah Press, 1988.
  • Campbell, Joe and Frances Karttunen, Foundation course in Náhuatl grammar. Austin 1989
  • Launey, Michel. Introducción a la lengua y a la literatura Náhuatl. México D.F.: UNAM. 1992 (Spanish); An Introduction to Classical Nahuatl [English translation/adaptation by Christopher Mackay], 2011, Cambridge University Press.
  • Andrews, J. Richard. Introduction to Classical Nahuatl University of Oklahoma Press: 2003 (revised edition)
لهجات معاصرة
  • Ronald W. Langacker (ed.): Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar 2: Modern Aztec Grammatical Sketches, Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 56. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington, pp. 1–140. ISBN 0-88312-072-0. OCLC 6086368. 1979. (Contains studies of Nahuatl from Michoacan, Tetelcingo, Huasteca and North Puebla)
  • Canger, Una. Mexicanero de la Sierra Madre Occidental, Archivo de Lenguas Indígenas de México, #24. México D.F.: El Colegio de México. ISBN 968-12-1041-7. OCLC 49212643. 2001 (Spanish)
  • Campbell, Lyle. The Pipil Language of El Salvador, Mouton Grammar Library (No. 1). Berlin: Mouton Publishers. 1985. ISBN 0-89925-040-8. OCLC 13433705.
  • Wolgemuth, Carl. Gramática Náhuatl (melaʼtájto̱l) de los municipios de Mecayapan y Tatahuicapan de Juárez, Veracruz, 2nd edition. 2002. (بالإسپانية)
متفرقات
  • The Nahua Newsletter: edited by the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies of the Indiana University (Chief Editor Alan Sandstrom)
  • Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl: special interest-yearbook of the Instituto de Investigaciones Historicas (IIH) of the Universidad Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ed.: Miguel Leon Portilla
  • A Catalogue of Pre-1840 Nahuatl Works Held by The Lilly Library from The Indiana University Bookman No. 11. November, 1973: 69–88.

وصلات خارجية

Wikipedia
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هناك كتاب ، Nahuatl، في معرفة الكتب.




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