فرانك تشرش

إذا كنت تريد his son, Frank Forrester Church IV, the Unitarian Universalist minister and theologian، انظر Forrest Church. إذا كنت تريد the author of the Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus editorial، انظر Francis Pharcellus Church.

Frank Church
Chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
في المنصب January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1981
سبقه	John Sparkman
خلـَفه	Charles H. Percy
Chair of the Senate Aging Committee
في المنصب January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1979
سبقه	Harrison A. Williams
خلـَفه	Lawton Chiles
سناتور الولايات المتحدة عن Idaho
في المنصب January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1981
سبقه	Herman Welker
خلـَفه	Steve Symms
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد	Frank Forrester Church III (1924-07-25)يوليو 25, 1924 Boise, Idaho, U.S.
توفي	أبريل 7, 1984(1984-04-07) (aged 59) Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.
الحزب	Democratic
الزوج	Bethine Clark (ز. 1947)
الأنجال	2 (including Frank)
التعليم	Stanford University (BA, LLB)
الخدمة العسكرية
الولاء	الولايات المتحدة
الفرع/الخدمة	الولايات المتحدة
سنوات الخدمة	1943–1946
الرتبة	Second Lieutenant
الوحدة	Military intelligence
المعارك/الحروب	الحرب العالمية الثانية  • China Burma India Theater

فرانك فورستر تشرش الثالث (Frank Forrester Church III ؛ 25 يوليو 1924 – 7 أبريل 1984) كان محامياً أمريكياً وسياسياً. وعضو في الحزب الديمقراطي، وخدم كسناتور أمريكي عن ولاية آيداهو من 1957 حتى 1981. وعـُرِف بترأسه لجنة تشرش، التي حققت في انتهاكات داخل مجتمع المخابرات الأمريكي.

In the Senate, Church was a protégé of Lyndon B. Johnson and established a reputation as a member of the party's liberal wing. He was an important figure in American foreign policy and chaired the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations from 1979 to 1981.

Church sought the Democratic nomination in the 1976 presidential election, but withdrew from the race in favor of Jimmy Carter.

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 عمله في مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي

 حياته السياسية اللاحقة

Commemorative plaque in Idaho City where Church announced his candidacy for the presidential election

من اليسار: Senator (and future Vice President and President-elect) جو بايدن، السناتور فرانك تشرش ورئيس مصر أنور السادات بعد توقيع معاهدة السلام الإسرائيلية المصرية، 1979

 نتائج الانتخابات

U.S. Senate elections in Idaho (Class III): Results 1956–1980

Year		Democrat	Votes	Pct		Republican	Votes	Pct		3rd Party	Party	Votes	Pct
1956		Frank Church	149,096	56.2%		Herman Welker (inc.)	102,781	38.7%		Glen H. Taylor	Write-In	13,415	5.1%
1962		Frank Church (inc.)	141,657	54.7%		Jack Hawley	117,129	45.3%
1968		Frank Church (inc.)	173,482	60.3%		George V. Hansen	114,394	39.7%
1974		Frank Church (inc.)	145,140	56.1%		Bob Smith	109,072	42.1%		Jean L. Stoddard	American	4,635	1.8%
1980		Frank Church (inc.)	214,439	48.8%		Steve Symms	218,701	49.7%		Larry Fullmer	Libertarian	6,507	1.5%

Following his 24 years in the Senate, Church practiced international law with the Washington, D.C., firm of Whitman and Ransom, specializing in Asian issues.

 وفاته

Three years after leaving the Senate, Church was hospitalized for a pancreatic tumor on January 12, 1984. Less than three months later, he died at his home in Bethesda, Maryland, on April 7 at age 59. A memorial service was held at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. and then his body was flown home to Idaho, where he lay in state beneath the rotunda of the Idaho State Capitol. His funeral was held in downtown Boise at the Cathedral of the Rockies on April 12 and televised throughout Idaho. Church was buried at Morris Hill Cemetery near his boyhood hero, Senator William Borah.

 ذكراه

Church received an honorary doctorate from Pennsylvania's Elizabethtown College in 1983 to honor his work for the American people during his career in public office. His papers, originally given to his alma mater Stanford University in 1981, were transferred to Boise State University at his request in 1984.

اعتبارا من 2018, Church remains the last Democrat to serve in the U.S. Senate from Idaho; his final election victory was in 1974, 50 years ago.

 تحذير عن وكالة الأمن القومي

Church was stunned by what the Church Committee learned about the immense operations and electronic monitoring capabilities of the National Security Agency (NSA), an agency whose existence was unknown to most Americans at the time. Church stated in 1975:

That capability at any time could be turned around on the American people, and no American would have any privacy left, such is the capability to monitor everything: telephone conversations, telegrams, it doesn't matter. There would be no place to hide.

He is widely quoted as also stating regarding the NSA:

I don't want to see this country ever go across the bridge... I know the capacity that is there to make tyranny total in America, and we must see to it that this agency and all agencies that possess this technology operate within the law and under proper supervision, so that we never cross over that abyss. That is the abyss from which there is no return.

Commentators such as Glenn Greenwald have praised Church for his prescient warning regarding this turning around by the NSA to monitor the American people, arguing that the NSA undertook such a turning in the years after the September 11 Attacks.

 انظر أيضاً

• Cooper–Church Amendment
• Case–Church Amendment
• Frank Church High School – an alternative high school in Boise
• Frank Church—River of No Return Wilderness

 الهامش

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.

 للاستزادة

• Ashby, LeRoy. "Frank Church Goes to the Senate: The Idaho Election of 1956." Pacific Northwest Quarterly 78 (January–April 1987): 17-31.
• Ashby, LeRoy, and Rod Gramer. Fighting the Odds: The Life of Senator Frank Church. Pullman: Washington State University Press, 1994.
• Church, F. Forrester. Father and Son: A Personal Biography of Senator Frank Church of Idaho by His Son'
• Dant, Sara. "Making Wilderness Work: Frank Church and the American Wilderness Movement." Pacific Historical Review 77 (May 2008): 237-272.
• Ewert, Sara E. Dant. "The Conversion of Senator Frank Church: Evolution of an Environmentalist." Ph.D. dissertation, Washington State University, 2000.
• Ewert, Sara E. Dant. "Evolution of an Environmentalist: Senator Frank Church and the Hells Canyon Controversy." Montana: The Magazine of Western History 51 (Spring 2001): 36-51.
• Ewert, Sara E. Dant. "Peak Park Politics: The Struggle over the Sawtooths, from Borah to Church." Pacific Northwest Quarterly (Summer 2000): 138-149.
• Hall, Bill. Frank Church, D.C., and Me. Pullman, Washington: Washington State University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-87422-119-0

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 وصلات خارجية

• فرانك تشرش at the دليل سـِيَر الكونگرس الأمريكي
• Encyclopedia of World Biography – Frank Forrester Church III
• Boise State University -The Frank Church Institute
  • BSU Library: Special Collections - The Frank Church Papers
  • BSU Library – tribute to Bethine Church
• Frank Church—River of No Return Wilderness (PDF) - user's guide
• Boise High School's Hall of Fame
• Morris Hill Cemetery - Boise, ID - Walking Tour
• فرانك تشرش at Find a Grave
• Franklin & Eleanor Roosevelt Institute – Frank and Bethine Church
• Frank Church for President – 1976 campaign brochure
• Appearances on C-SPAN

مناصب حزبية
سبقه David Worth Clark	Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Idaho (Class 3) 1956, 1962, 1968, 1974, 1980	تبعه John V. Evans
سبقه Frank G. Clement	Keynote Speaker of the Democratic National Convention 1960	تبعه John O. Pastore
مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي
سبقه Herman Welker	U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Idaho 1957–1981 خدم بجانب: Henry Dworshak, Leonard B. Jordan, James A. McClure	تبعه Steve Symms
سبقه John Sparkman	Chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee 1979–1981	تبعه Charles H. Percy
سبقه Harrison A. Williams	Chair of the Senate Aging Committee 1971–1979	تبعه Lawton Chiles
منصب حديث	Chair of the Senate National Emergency Termination Committee 1971–1975	Position abolished
	Chair of the Church Committee 1975	تبعه Daniel Inouye بصفته Chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee
ألقاب فخرية.
سبقه Russell Long	Baby of the Senate 1957–1961	تبعه John Tower