ستوكتون، كاليفورنيا

Stockton, California
City
City of Stockton
Hotel Stockton - Stockton, CA (cropped).JPG
Commercial & Savings Bank - Stockton, CA.jpg
Fox California Theater - Stockton, CA.jpg
Downtown Stockton California.jpg
UOP-burnstower.jpg
Clockwise: Hotel Stockton; Fox Theatre; University of the Pacific; Downtown Stockton; Commercial & Savings Bank.
علم Stockton, California
Flag
الختم الرسمي لـ Stockton, California
Seal
الكنية: 
'"Tuleburg",[1] "Mudville",[1] "California's Sunrise Seaport".[2] "Port City".[1] "Asparagus Capital of America",[1]
الشعار: 
"Stockton: All American City"[3]
Location in San Joaquin County and the State of California
Location in San Joaquin County and the State of California
Stockton is located in الولايات المتحدة
Stockton
Stockton
Location in the contiguous United States
الإحداثيات: 37°58′32″N 121°18′03″W / 37.97556°N 121.30083°W / 37.97556; -121.30083Coordinates: 37°58′32″N 121°18′03″W / 37.97556°N 121.30083°W / 37.97556; -121.30083
CountryUnited States
StateCalifornia
RegionSan Joaquin Valley
CountySan Joaquin
IncorporatedJuly 23, 1850[4]
السمِيْRobert F. Stockton
الحكومة
 • النوعCity Manager-Council[5]
 • MayorKevin J. Lincoln, II (R)
 • City councilSol Jobrack[6]
Daniel Wright[7]
Paul Canepa[8]
Susan Lenz[9]
Christina Fugazi[10]
Kimberly Warmsley[11]
 • City managerHarry E. Black[12]
 • State senatorCathleen Galgiani (د)[13]
 • AssemblymemberSusan Eggman (د)[13]
المساحة
[14]
 • City65٫25 ميل² (169٫01 كم²)
 • البر62٫17 ميل² (161٫02 كم²)
 • الماء3٫08 ميل² (7٫99 كم²)  4.76%
المنسوب
[15]
13 ft (4 m)
التعداد
 (2010)[16]
 • City291٬707
 • Estimate 
(2019)[17]
312٬697
 • الترتيب1st in San Joaquin County
13th in California
62nd in the United States
 • الكثافة5٬029٫63/sq mi (1٬941٫96/km2)
 • العمرانية
726٬126
صفة المواطنStocktonian
منطقة التوقيتUTC−8 (Pacific)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC−7 (PDT)
ZIP codes
95201–95213, 95215, 95219, 95267, 95269, 95296–95297
Area code209
FIPS code06-75000
GNIS feature IDs1659872, 2411987
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.stocktongov.com

ستوكتون هي مدينة في كاليفورنيا و هي مقعد المقاطعة لمقاطعة سان هواكين، كاليفورنيا.[18] Stockton was founded by Captain Charles Maria Weber in 1849 after he acquired Rancho Campo de los Franceses. The city is named after Robert F. Stockton,[19] and it was the first community in California to have a name not of Spanish or Native American origin. The city is located on the San Joaquin River in the northern San Joaquin Valley and had an estimated population of 312,697 by the California Department of Finance for 2019. Stockton is the 13th largest city in California and the 62nd largest city in the United States. It was named an All-America City in 1999, 2004, 2015 and again in 2017.

Built during the California Gold Rush, Stockton's seaport serves as a gateway to the Central Valley and beyond. It provided easy access for trade and transportation to the southern gold mines. The University of the Pacific (UOP), chartered in 1851, is the oldest university in California, and has been located in Stockton since 1923. In 2012 Stockton filed for what was then the largest municipal bankruptcy in US history, which had multiple causes including financial mismanagement in the 1990s, generous fringe benefits to unionized city employees,[20] and the 2008 financial crisis. Stockton successfully exited bankruptcy in February 2015.

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الجغرافيا

Stockton is situated amidst the farmland of California's San Joaquin Valley, a subregion of the Central Valley. In and around Stockton are thousands of miles of waterways, which make up the California Delta.

Interstate 5 and State Route 99, inland California's major north-south highways, pass through the city. State Route 4 and the dredged San Joaquin River connect the city with the San Francisco Bay Area to its west, creating the Stockton Deepwater Shipping Channel. Stockton and Sacramento are California's only inland sea ports.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city occupies a total area of 64.8 square miles (168 km2), of which 61.7 square miles (160 km2) is land and 3.1 square miles (8.0 km2) (4.76%) is water.


التاريخ

القرن التاسع عشر

Stockton, circa 1860.
Main Street, Stockton, California, ca. 1870.
City of Stockton in 1895
العصر المكسيكي

Capt. Charles Maria Weber, a German, emigrated to America in 1836 (originally named Karl, he changed his name to Charles shortly after his arrival). After spending time in Texas, he came overland from Missouri to California with the Bartleson-Bidwell Party in 1841. Weber went to work for John Sutter, who vouched for "Carlos Maria Weber" to Mexican authorities. In 1842 Weber settled in the Pueblo of San José.

As an alien, Weber could not secure a land grant directly, so he formed a partnership with Guillermo (William) Gulnac. Born in New York, Gulnac had married a Mexican woman and sworn allegiance to Mexico, which then ruled California. He applied in Weber's place for Rancho Campo de los Franceses, a land grant of 11 square leagues on the east side of the San Joaquin River.[21]

Gulnac and Weber dissolved their partnership in 1843. Gulnac's attempts to settle the Rancho Campo de los Franceses failed, and Weber acquired it in 1845. In 1846 Weber had induced a number of settlers to locate on the rancho, when the Mexican–American War broke out. Considered a Californio, Weber was offered the position of captain by Mexican Gen. José Castro, which he declined; he later, however, accepted the position of captain in the Cavalry of the United States. Capt. Weber's decision to change sides lost him a great deal of the trust he had built up among his Mexican business partners. As a result, he moved to the grant in 1847 and sold his business in San Jose in 1849.

عصر الهروع إلى الذهب

At the start of the California Gold Rush in 1848, Europeans and Americans started to arrive in the area of Weber's rancho on their way to the goldfields. When Weber decided to try his hand at gold mining in late 1848, he soon found selling supplies to gold-seekers was more profitable.[22]

As the head of navigation on the San Joaquin River, the city grew rapidly as a miners' supply point during the Gold Rush. Weber built the first permanent residence in the San Joaquin Valley on a piece of land now known as Weber Point.[23] During the Gold Rush, the location of what is now Stockton developed as a river port, the hub of roads to the gold settlements in the San Joaquin Valley and northern terminus of the Stockton - Los Angeles Road. During its early years, Stockton was known by several names, including "Weberville," "Fat City," "Mudville" and "California's Sunrise Seaport."[2] In 1849 Weber laid out a town, which he named "Tuleburg," but he soon decided on "Stockton" in honor of Commodore Robert F. Stockton. Stockton was the first community in California to have a name that was neither Spanish nor Native American in origin.[1]

الهجرة الصينية

Thousands of Chinese came to Stockton from the Kwangtung province of China during the 1850s due to a combination of political and economic unrest in China and the discovery of gold in California. After the gold rush, many worked for the railroads and land reclamation projects in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta and remained in Stockton. By 1880 Stockton was home to the third-largest Chinese community in California. Discriminatory laws, in particular the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, restricted immigration and prevented the Chinese from buying property.[24] The Lincoln Hotel, built in 1920 by the Wong brothers on South El Dorado Street, was considered one of Stockton's finest hotels of the time. Only after the Magnuson Act was repealed in 1962 were American-born Chinese allowed to buy property and own buildings.[25][26]

الإشهار

The city was officially incorporated on July 23, 1850, by the county court, and the first city election was held on July 31, 1850. In 1851 the City of Stockton received its charter from the State of California. Early settlers included gold seekers from Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe, the Pacific Islands, Mexico and Canada. The historical population diversity is reflected in Stockton street names, architecture, numerous ethnic festivals and the faces and heritage of a majority of its citizens. In 1870 the Census Bureau reported Stockton's population as 87.6% white and 10.7% Asian. Many Chinese were immigrating to California as workers in these years, especially for the Transcontinental Railroad.[27]

Benjamin Holt settled in Stockton in 1883 and with his three brothers founded the Stockton Wheel Co., and later the Holt Manufacturing Company.


القرن العشرون

Benjamin Holt (left) with British Col. Ernest Dunlop Swinton in Stockton, April 1918. The vehicle on the right is a Holt tractor; on the left is a miniature replica of a British tank.
First Sikh temple in the United States, Stockton, California, 1912.


المناخ

Stockton in relation to the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta.
بيانات مناخ Stockton Metropolitan Airport, California (1981–2010 normals,[أ] extremes 1948–present)
الشهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر العام
العظمى القياسية °ف (°س) 75
(23.9) 		79
(26.1) 		87
(30.6) 		100
(37.8) 		107
(41.7) 		111
(43.9) 		115
(46.1) 		113
(45) 		110
(43.3) 		101
(38.3) 		85
(29.4) 		73
(22.8) 		115
(46٫1)
العظمى المتوسطة °ف (°س) 53.9
(12.17) 		60.7
(15.94) 		66.3
(19.06) 		72.6
(22.56) 		81.1
(27.28) 		88.1
(31.17) 		93.4
(34.11) 		92.2
(33.44) 		87.9
(31.06) 		77.9
(25.5) 		64.1
(17.83) 		53.9
(12.17) 		74٫4
(23٫56)
الصغرى المتوسطة °ف (°س) 37.7
(3.17) 		40.2
(4.56) 		42.8
(6) 		45.9
(7.72) 		51.6
(10.89) 		56.8
(13.78) 		60.0
(15.56) 		59.2
(15.11) 		56.5
(13.61) 		49.7
(9.83) 		41.9
(5.5) 		37.2
(2.89) 		48٫3
(9٫06)
الصغرى القياسية °ف (°س) 16
(-8.9) 		22
(-5.6) 		27
(-2.8) 		32
(0) 		36
(2.2) 		45
(7.2) 		49
(9.4) 		47
(8.3) 		42
(5.6) 		33
(0.6) 		25
(-3.9) 		17
(-8.3) 		16
(−8٫9)
هطول inches (mm) 2.74
(69.6) 		2.54
(64.5) 		2.16
(54.9) 		0.98
(24.9) 		0.53
(13.5) 		0.08
(2) 		trace 0.01
(0.3) 		0.29
(7.4) 		0.82
(20.8) 		1.69
(42.9) 		2.22
(56.4) 		14٫06
(357٫1)
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 9.5 9.2 8.9 5.0 2.7 1.0 0.2 0.2 1.1 3.3 6.8 9.0 56٫9
Source: NOAA[28][29]


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الديمغرافيا

التعداد التاريخي
التعداد Pop. %±
18603٬679—
187010٬066173٫6%
188010٬2822٫1%
189014٬42440٫3%
190017٬50621٫4%
191023٬25332٫8%
192040٬29673٫3%
193047٬96319�0%
194054٬71414٫1%
195070٬85329٫5%
196086٬32121٫8%
1970109٬96327٫4%
1980148٬28334٫8%
1990210٬94342٫3%
2000243٬77115٫6%
2010291٬70719٫7%
2019 (تق.)312٬697[17]7٫2%
U.S. Decennial Census[30]
Ethnic composition 2010[31] 1990[32] 1970[32] 1940[32]
White 37.0% 57.5% 79.5% 90.7%
—Non-Hispanic whites 22.1% 43.6% 63.3%[33] n/a
Black or African American 12.2% 9.6% 11.0% 1.6%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 40.3% 25.0% 17.5%[33] n/a
Asian 21.5% 22.8% 7.9% 7.6%


المدن الشقيقة

Stockton has seven sister cities:[34]

Country City Year of Partnership
Japan Shizuoka March 9, 1959[35] October 16, 1959[36]
Philippines Iloilo City August 2, 1965
Mexico Empalme September 4, 1973
People's Republic of China Foshan April 11, 1988
Italy Parma January 13, 1998
Cambodia Battambang October 19, 2004
Nigeria Asaba June 6, 2006

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج "Stockton Facts". Stockton Convention & Visitors Bureau. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  2. ^ أ ب "About Stockton". www.pacific.edu. University of the Pacific. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  3. ^ "AAC Winners by State and City". National Civic League. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  4. ^ "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  5. ^ "City Council". City of Stockton. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
  6. ^ "City Council District 1 Councilmember Jobrack". City of Stockton. Retrieved January 17, 2019.
  7. ^ "City Council District 2 Councilmember Wright". City of Stockton. Retrieved January 17, 2019.
  8. ^ "City Council District 3 Councilmember Canepa". City of Stockton. Retrieved January 17, 2019.
  9. ^ "City Council District 4 Councilmember Lenz". City of Stockton. Retrieved January 17, 2019.
  10. ^ "City Council District 5 Councilmember Fugazi". City of Stockton. Retrieved January 17, 2019.
  11. ^ "City Council District 6 Councilmember Warmsley". City of Stockton. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  12. ^ "The City Manager". City of Stockton, CA. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
  13. ^ أ ب "Statewide Database". UC Regents. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved 2014-10-09.
  14. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  15. ^ "Stockton". نظام معلومات الأسماء الجغرافية، المسح الجيولوجي الأمريكي.
  16. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Stockton city, California". Census Bureau QuickFacts. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
  17. ^ أ ب "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  18. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  19. ^ "Register of the Stockton (Calif.) Public Documents, 1947-". www.oac.cdlib.org. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
  20. ^ "How Stockton went broke: A 15-year spending binge". Reuters (in الإنجليزية). 2012-07-03. Retrieved 2019-11-16.
  21. ^ Tinkham, George Henry (1880). A History of Stockton from Its Organization up to the Present Time. W.M. Hinton & Co. p. 397.
  22. ^ "Captain Charles M. Weber Award". City of Stockton – Cultural Heritage Board. مايو 23, 2008. Archived from the original on مارس 22, 2008. Retrieved فبراير 4, 2010.
  23. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة historycity
  24. ^ Aviles, Gwen (November 15, 2019). "An ugly legacy: Latino couple finds racist covenant in housing paperwork". NBC News (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2019-11-16. No persons other than those wholly of the white Caucasian race shall use, occupy or reside upon any part of or within any building located on the above described real property, except servants or domestics of another race employed by or domiciled with a white Caucasian owner or tenant,
  25. ^ "Spirit of Stockton's Chinatown". Downtown Stockton Alliance. Archived from the original on فبراير 2, 2016. Retrieved فبراير 21, 2016.
  26. ^ "Some State of California and City of San Francisco Anti-Chinese Legislation and Subsequent Action" (PDF). The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. 2006. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  27. ^ "California - Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012.
  28. ^ "NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data". W2.weather.gov. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  29. ^ "CA STOCKTON METROPOLITAN AIRPORT AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2020-07-16.
  30. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  31. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة quickfacts
  32. ^ أ ب ت "California – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
  33. ^ أ ب From 15% sample
  34. ^ "Sister Cities - City of Stockton, CA". Archived from the original on مارس 25, 2012.
  35. ^ "Sister Cities - City of Stockton, CA". Archived from the original on March 25, 2012.
  36. ^ "Northern and Central California Sister Cities in Japan".

للاستزادة


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وصلات خارجية

قالب:San Joaquin County, California

الكلمات الدالة:
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