جون، ملك إنگلترة

John
Tomb effigy of King John, Worcester Cathedral
King of England (more ...)
العهد	27 May 1199 – 19 October 1216
التتويج	27 May 1199
سبقه	Richard I
تبعه	Henry III
Lord of Ireland
العهد	May 1177 – 19 October 1216
تبعه	Henry III
وُلِد	24 December 1166 Beaumont Palace, Oxford, Kingdom of England
توفي	19 October 1216 (aged 49) Newark Castle, Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire, Kingdom of England
الدفن	Worcester Cathedral, England
Spouse	Isabella, Countess of Gloucester (ز. 1189; ann. 1199) Isabella, Countess of Angoulême (ز. 1200)
الأنجال تفاصيل	Henry III, King of England Richard, King of the Romans Joan, Queen of Scotland Isabella, Holy Roman Empress Eleanor, Countess of Pembroke Illegitimate: Richard FitzRoy Joan, Lady of Wales
البيت	Plantagenet/Angevin
الأب	Henry II, King of England
الأم	Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine

جون بلا أرض (John Lackland) عاش (أوكسفورد 1167 -نوورك، نوتنغهامشير 1216 م)، هو ملك إنكلترا (1199-1216 م)، كان خامس أبناء الملك هنري الثاني، تولى الحكم خلفا لأخيه ريتشارد قلب الأسد.

بعد فترة قصيرة من تتويجه (1200 م)، تزوج من "إيزابيل من أنْغُولِم" (Isabelle d'Angoulême)، والتي كانت قد خُطِبت لأحد النبلاء الفرنسيين، وهو "هوغ التاسع من لوسينيان" (Hugues IX de Lusignan)، كان في عمله هذا قد خالف الأعراف المسيحية، فاشتكى الأخير لملك فرنسا "فيليب أوغست" (Philippe Auguste)، والذي استدعى بدوره "جون" أمام مجلس النبلاء، وأمام تهرب المدعى عليه، انتهز "فيليب أوغست" الفرصة فقرر وبموافقة من المجلس تجريده من أملاكه الفرنسية (1202 م). حاول "جون" أن يستعيد أملاكه، فتحالف مع الامبراطور الجرماني "أوتو الرابع"، إلا أن الأخير هُزِم أمام الفرنسيين، ثم لاقى "جون" نفس المصير في معركة "روش أو مولن" (Roche-aux-Moines) في نفس العام. في السنة التالية، أصَّر الملك على رفض تعيين "ستيفان لانغتون" (Stephen Langton) أُسقفا على كانتربيري (Canterbury)، فحلت عليه نقمة البابا، ثم حُرِم من حقوقه الكَنسِية وأُجبِر على أن يضع مملكته تحت سلطة البابا المعنوية.

أحد أختام الملك جون بلا أرض (ملك إنكلترا)

كانت لإخفاقات جون في الخارج صدى سلبي في الداخل (إنكلترا)، وبالأخص وأنه قد أجهَد الشعب بكثرة مطالبه المالية وشروطه التعجيزية، فتعالت الأصوات المعارضة، وبالأخص بين كبار النبلاء (البارونات). كانت الحكومة الملكية ضعيفة جدا وفي غفلة عن الأحداث، فقام النبلاء بالاستيلاء على لندن، وأجبروا الملك على توقيع وثيقة الـ"ماغنا كارتا" (Magna Carta). حدَّت (قلصت) هذه الوثيقة من صلاحيات الملك، وحرمته من اعتقال الناس بطريقة تعسفية (بدون محاكمة). بعد فترة عاد الملك ليرفض الوثيقة، فاشتعلت نار الحرب الأهلية، وانتهى أمر "جون" بأن لاقى مصرعه في إحدى المعارك.

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 النشأة (1166–1189)

 الطفولة وإرث الأنجڤان

The Angevin continental empire (red shades) in the late 12th century

المقالة الرئيسية: Angevin Empire

 الحياة المبكرة

John's parents, Henry II and Eleanor, holding court

13th-century depiction of Henry II and his legitimate children, left to right: William, Henry, Richard, Matilda, Geoffrey, Eleanor, Joan and John

 حكم ريتشارد (1189–1199)

Richard I (left) and Philip II Augustus at Acre during the Third Crusade

 العهد اللاحق (1204–1214)

 السياسة القارية

المقالة الرئيسية: Anglo-French War (1202–1214)

An early-13th-century drawing by Matthew Paris showing contemporary warfare, including the use of castles, crossbowmen and mounted knights

 Scotland, Ireland and Wales

A 13th-century depiction of John with two hunting dogs

 Dispute with the Pope and excommunication

Pope Innocent III, who excommunicated John in 1209

Rochester Castle in Kent, one of the many properties owned by the disputed archbishopric of Canterbury, and an important fortification in the final years of John's reign

 Failure in France and the First Barons' War (1215–1216)

The French victory at the battle of Bouvines doomed John's plan to retake Normandy in 1214 and led to the First Barons' War.

 الحرب مع البارونات

المقالة الرئيسية: First Barons' War

John's campaign from September 1215 to March 1216

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 الأنجال

John and Isabella of Angoulême had five children:

1. Henry III, King of England (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272)
2. Richard, King of the Romans (5 January 1209 – 2 April 1272)
3. Joan, Queen of Scotland (22 July 1210 – 4 March 1238)
4. Isabella, Holy Roman Empress (1214 – 1 December 1241)
5. Eleanor, Countess of Pembroke (1215 – 13 April 1275)

John had several mistresses, including one named Suzanne. His known illegitimate children are:

1. Richard FitzRoy (1190ح. 1190 – June 1246), whose mother was Adela, John's first cousin
2. Joan, Lady of Wales (1191ح. 1191 – February 1237), also known by her Welsh name of Siwan
3. John (fl. 1201), who became a clerk
4. Geoffrey (died 1205), held the honour of Perche
5. Oliver fitz Regis (bef. 1199 – 1218/1219), whose mother was Hawise, sister of Fulk FitzWarin
6. Osbert Giffard

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جون، ملك إنگلترة House of Plantagenet وُلِد: 24 December 1166 توفي: 19 October 1216
ألقاب ملكية
سبقه Richard I	Duke of Normandy 1199–1204	شاغر اللقب حمله بعد ذلك John II
	Count of Maine 1199–1204	شاغر اللقب حمله بعد ذلك John Tristan
	King of England 1199–1216	تبعه Henry III
لقب حديث	Lord of Ireland 1185–1216
سبقه Eleanor and Richard I	Duke of Aquitaine 1199–1216 مع Eleanor (1199–1204)
	Count of Poitou 1199–1204 مع Eleanor	شاغر اللقب حمله بعد ذلك Alphonse
سبقه Aymer	Count of Angoulême 1202–1216 مع Isabella	تبعه Isabella