الحيوانات الدنسة

This article presents religious views on unclean animals. For discussion in relation to specific animals and food, see Taboo food and drink.
The pig is considered an unclean animal in Judaism and Islam

الحيوانات الدنسه أو القذرة , في بعض الأديان, ولا يوجد إلا دين واحد "إن الدين عند الله الإسلام" هى حيوانات التى يعد تعاطيها أو إستهلاكها يوضع تحت عنوان محظور أو ممنوع. حسب تلك الملل , الأديان 'العقائد ، والأشخاص الذين يتعاملون مع هذه الحيوانات قد يحتاجون إلى تطهير أنفسهم للتخلص من قذارة تلك الحيوانات.

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التاريخ

أصول الممارسات المرتبطة "بالحيوانات النظيفة" و " الحيوانات الدنسة " ترجع الى عصور ماقبل التاريخ, و لكنها تتخذ من قبل الأديان كذريعة.الفكرة أن بعض الحيوانات تكون خطرة أو تكون مثيرة للاشمئزاز هو معروف في جميع الثقافات البشرية. ويمكن أن يعزى ذلك إلى حقيقة أنه في العصور القديمة فإن الناس لم يدركوا كيفية الحفاظ وكيفية إعداد الأطعمة . فمثلا لحم الخنزير, إذا لم يسوى وينضج , يخزن جيدا فسوف يسبب المرض , مثل بعض المأكولات البحرية. الخنازير, أيضا عامل أساسى , في نقل فيروس الإنفلونزا الى الآدميين من الطيور , لأن الخنزير يشبه من حيث نظم المناعة, يشبه البشر وبوضع لافتة تقول "هذا حيوان غير نظيف أو دنس" فهو ممنوع (محظور) , فإن إستهلاك وتناول تلك الأطعمة الخطرة لن يحدث.


اليهودية

فى اليهودية, كوشر (كوشر) هو مجموعة من التعليمات والإرشادات الخاصة بالغذاء وتحدد مايؤكل وما لايؤكل. وهذه القواعد مستمدة من التوراة و التلمود. تبعال القانون اليهودى, الثدييات التى التى تسترجع اجتر و تمتلك cloven hooves هى كوشر[1]. حيوانات بصفة واحدة وليست كل الصفات ( الجمل, الوبر وحيوان ثديى لإنه ليس لديهم أظلاف, والخنزير لإنه لا يجتر) وهو مستبعدexcluded[2] (Leviticus 11:3–8).[3] اليهود ممنوعة من أكل الخنزير, و الخنزير يعتبر من الحيوانات الدنسة. في سياق اليهودية , كتب وسفر اللاويين Deuteronomy من العبرية الكتاب المقدس يحدد ما هو الطعام الذى لا يطعم .

الكتاب Leviticus ينص على:

” ومع ذلك أنتم لاتأكلون منها تلك الحيوانات التى لا تجتر , وليس لها أظلاف مشقوقة مجترة, : فالجمل مثلا, و لأنه يجتر الطعام,لكن أظلافه غير مشقوقة. فهو محرم , فهو غير نظيف . “

—– Leviticus 11:4

Mice are forbidden "crawling creatures" (Leviticus 11:29).
Bats are forbidden (Leviticus 11:19).

هذه هى الحيوانات التى تعتبر غير نظيفة تبعا Leviticus 11 و Deuteronomy 14:

Crabs تعتبر دنسة لأنها لاتمتلك إما قشور أو " خياشيم".

يجب أن نذكر أن ترجمة تلك الأسماء من العبرية, هو أمر متنازع عليه في اليهودية الكلاسيكية و التعليقات. فيما يختص بالطيور, و التوراة تركز على الأنواع التى لاتؤكل .فى هذه الحالة فإن أمر هذه الترجمات هي أيضا مدعاة للخلاف في النصوص اليهودية التقليدية . ولذلك من الممارسات الشائعة الأكل فقط للطيور مع تقاليد الكوشر للطعام ، على سبيل المثال. الطيور الداجنة.

كثير من الحيوانات الإضافية غير مذكورة بالاسم على وجه التحديد, لكن من خواصها المذكورة في الكتب وسفر اللاويين و Deuteronomy, يمكن أيضا إعتبارها غير نظيفة. وعلى سبيل المثال المحار يعد على وجه العموم غير نظيفا.أمثلة الحيوانات غالبا ما ينظر إليها من جانب غير النظيفة من حيث خواصها :

Leviticus 11:20–23 تسمح ببعض أنواع من kinds of "حشرات تشبه الجراد, بينما تحظر أنواعا أخرى" (i.e. insects) while prohibiting others; however, today rabbis are uncertain as to which insects were specifically permitted, so now all insects are prohibited to be on the safe side.[3] An exception to this is a number of Yemenite communities that have retained their own traditions with respect to kosher locusts. As a result these particular locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) are considered kosher for the specific community which has the tradition. Bees' honey is, however, considered kosher[4] because the honey is not made by bees, but is rather collected Nectar and concentrated by bees. There are no exceptions to the rule that any product of a non-kosher animal is also non-kosher, for example gelatin (but see the controversy on shellac). Within the past twenty years "kosher gelatin" has begun appearing. Some of this is derived from cows or from fish and made in a manner keeping with kosher traditions; others are derived from a plant or seaweed base using agar or pectin.[5]

In order to eat an animal or bird it must be slaughtered according to Jewish law (Shechita). This involves cutting the animal's trachea and esophagus, the carotid artery and jugular vein are also severed in this operation - as are most arteries and veins leading to and from the brain - with a sharp knife that has been thoroughly checked for imperfections beforehand. The cut must be swift and without pause, to avoid tearing, and must be performed by an expert. Fish and Locusts must be killed before allowed to be eaten, but no particular method has been specified in Jewish law.

The animal must then be determined to be free of treifot - which are 70 different categories of injuries, diseases and abnormalities - whose presence renders the animal non-kosher.

Not all parts of the animal may be eaten; certain fats, known as Chelev, may not be eaten. As much blood as possible must be removed from the meat, either by soaking, salting and rinsing or by broiling over a fire. In addition the sciatic nerve in each leg and the fat surrounding the nerve must be removed.

It is forbidden to cook, eat, or derive any benefit from mixtures of milk and meat (and their by-products). It is also forbidden to cook or eat dairy products together with poultry as a rabbinic injunction against mixing milk and meat.

Clean animals in Judaism

The term clean animals in the Hebrew bible is a misnomer as the actual term refers to the 'purity' and 'impurity' of the animal, which itself is a reference to the status the animal has in terms of Kashrut and its eligibility for sacrifice. Hence all pure or clean animals are allowed to be eaten [are Kosher] while the unclean or impure animals may not be eaten. These land, sea, or air creatures are listed in the book of Leviticus in the Torah and have different criteria for kosher consumption as follows: All animals that have the characteristics of having completely divided hooves and also chew their cud are by definition clean. All fish that have both scales and fins are clean. There are no biblical signs for poultry as the bible simply delineates 24 specific species of bird as being non-kosher with all other birds being by default, kosher.

أمثلة للحيوانات النظيفة

هذه القائمة التي تحتوي على الحيوانات ، في حين لم تحدد في التوراة العبرية ،, وتعتبر هذه من الحيوانات النظيفة ، على أساس الخصائص الموصوفة في سفر اللاويين 11.

الإسلام

فى الإسلام تشريعات المأكل وتعتبر العديد من الحيوانات دنسة وغير نظيفة و(حرام), بينما يسمح بالأخرى طالما كانت(مباح), طالما كانت قد ذبحت بالطريقة الشرعية الصحيحة. حلال والحرام لا يختلف عن اليهودية فهو محلل ذلك لأنها تشمل أيضا السلوك والكلام واللباس والسلوك المناسب. البلدان الناطقة بغير العربية ومع ذلك ، من حيث هي الأكثر شيوعا في سياق أضيق

الإسلام تشريعات الطعام, وبخاصة اللحوم والدواجن , على الرغم من أنها يمكن أن تستخدم لأكثر من معنى يشملها.


القرآن ينص:

"حرمت عليكم الميتة والدم,ولحم الخنزير, وما أهل لغير الله به, والمنخنقة والموقوذة والمتردية والنطيحة وما أكل السبع إلا ما ذكيتم وماذبح على النصب وأن تستقسموا بالأزلام ذلكم فسق..اليوم يئس الذين كفروا من دينكم فلا تخشوهم وأخشون..سورة المائدة 5:3.blood, the flesh of خنزير, and that on which hath been invoked the name of other than Allah. that which hath been killed by strangling, or by a violent blow, or by a headlong fall, or by being gored to death; that which hath been eaten by a wild animal; unless ye are able to slaughter it; that which is sacrificed on stone [altars]; [forbidden] also is the division by raffling with arrows: that is impiety...But if any is forced by hunger, with no inclination to transgression, Allah is indeed Oft-Forgiving Most Merciful." – سورة المائدة 5:3

ووفقا للمسلمين أهم شرط هوالنطق بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم (النطق باسم الله) وقت القيام بالذبح[[ . أيضا من الأهمية أن نعتبر أن لحوم تلك الحيوانات قد أضحى حلالا بعد التلفظ بإسم الله ذبيحة (الشريعة الذبح) الذى فيها التسمية تعد شرطا. إذا لم تعتبر تلك الحيوانات ميتة Maytah (جيفة) وهى محرمة تحربما قطعيا. اللحوم من الحيوانات قبل ذبحها مشرك ( مشرك) ممنوع. ومع ذلك ، فإن طعام اليهود والمسيحيين, مسموح تناولة في الشريعة الإسلامية

"و طعام الذين أوتوا الكتاب حل لكم وطعامكم حل لهم ." – سورة المائدة 5:4


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الكلاب

Dogتعتبر دنسة(نجسة)لكل من درس ووعى التشريع الإسلامى , كلب سلوقي, مثل الصورة أعلاه ، في بعض الحالات التي يتمسك بها المسلمون.

الكلب ورد ذكره في كتاب الإسلام القرآن عدة مرات مثلا في السورة. السورة 18 حيث كان الكلب رفيقا لأصحاب الكهف . القرآن يقول أيضا أنه يجوز الأكل من ما تصيده الكلاب المدربة (5:4). و بالرغم من ذلك فإن أغلب العلماء المسلمين يرون أن الكلب نجس و أن المسلم الذى يصيبة لعاب الكلب يجب أن يجرى طهارة . طبقا لنصوص السنة والأحاديث, فإن "'الوعاء إذا ولغ فيه الكلب وأراد الإنسان أن يأكل فيه , فيجب أن يغسل سبعة مرات بالماء, منهم مرة بالتراب'". وفقا لمعظم علماء السنة ، ويمكن أن تقتنى الكلاب للمزارعون و الصيادون و الرعاة لأغراض الصيد و الحراسة . استثناء آخر يبدو أنه أدلى به البدو في حالة كلب سلوقي .السماح لهم في الخيام و تعتبر خاصة من رفاقه.

Christianity

In the Bible, the books Leviticus and Deuteronomy contain lists of unclean animals but the idea can also be found in the book of Genesis in the story of Noah and the Ark.

” Of clean beasts, and of beasts that are not clean, and of fowls, and of every thing that creepeth upon the earth “

—Wikisource:Bible (King James)/Genesis/Chapter 7

In the very early days of Christianity it was debated if converts ought to follow Jewish customs (including circumcision and dietary laws) or not. A decision was reached at the Council of Jerusalem, though the extent and application of this decision has been a matter of some debate. (Some see a parallel with the Noahide Laws - See also: Genesis 7:2). In the Acts of the Apostles the "apostles and elders" promulgated the decision in a letter "to the Gentile believers":

"For it seemed good to the Holy Ghost, and to us, to lay upon you no greater burden than these necessary things; that ye abstain from meats[6] offered to idols, and from blood, and from things strangled ..." – Acts 15:28-29

The commonly held theological position is that with the death and resurrection of Jesus, the "Old Covenant" and its restrictions no longer apply (See Christian View of the Law for the different viewpoints).

In the First Epistle to Timothy it states:

"...commanding to abstain from meats[7], which God hath created to be received with thanksgiving of them which believe and know the truth. For every creature[8] of God is good, and nothing to be refused, if it be received with thanksgiving: For it is sanctified by the word of God and prayer." – 1 Timothy 4:3-5

In the Epistle to the Colossians it states:

"...Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ....Blotting out the handwriting of ordinances that was against us, which was contrary to us, and took it out of the way, nailing it to his cross; 15 And having spoiled principalities and powers, he made a shew of them openly, triumphing over them in it. 16 Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in respect of an holyday, or of the new moon, or of the sabbath days." – Colossians 2:8-16

However, there are Torah-submissive Christians who hold different interpretations of passages such as those cited and believe that the dietary restrictions continue under the new covenant. For example, in Acts 11:8 Peter was convinced that it would be out of character for the Lord to recommend an unclean diet. (See also Acts 10:10-17 for context.) Acts 11:11,18 clarifies Peter's vision. These verses indicate that God was instructing him not to refer to gentiles as "unclean" as it was common in Israel, indicating that salvation had been extended to the gentiles. One modern example of a Torah-submissive group is the Seventh-day Adventist Church whose co-founder Ellen G. White was a proponent of vegetarianism. Many Seventh-day Adventists avoid meat for health reasons, though vegetarianism is not a requirement. Members of the United Church of God as well as other Sabbath-keeping Christian Churches also believe in abstaining from unclean meats. In their publication on the subject, they state that

the Bible teaches that the distinction between clean and unclean has never been rescinded and that the distinction continues to exist for a good reason. http://www.gnmagazine.org/booklets/CU/

In the Roman Catholic Church, it was forbidden to eat meat (defined as the flesh of any warm-blooded animal) on Friday, but as a penance to commemorate Christ's death rather than for meat's being regarded as "unclean" (exceptions are few, such as when Christmas falls on a Friday, in which case Thursday is the day of abstinence). After the Second Vatican Council, the mandatory Friday abstinence from meat was limited to Lent, although some traditionalist Catholics still maintain the abstinence year-round. In Eastern Orthodoxy, both Friday and Wednesday were similarly considered off-limits. Many Protestants on the other hand have never observed the tradition, and may consider the tradition to be pagan in origin.

Some Christians believe that there is proof in the New Testament that the Apostle Paul and his close followers actually opposed Christ's teachings on the Law of Moses and that most modern Christians follow Paul's erroneous teachings.

Seemingly proof of this can be found in many passages, for example Christ said,

"17 ¶ Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil. For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled. Whosoever therefore shall break one of these least commandments, and shall teach men so, he shall be called the least in the kingdom of heaven: but whosoever shall do and teach them, the same shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven. For I say unto you, That except your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees, ye shall in no case enter into the kingdom of heaven." (Matthew 5:17-20)

The fact that Christ was circumcised and kept every tradition & feast of the Law of Moses - including the Passover - also strongly points to the fact that He expected future Christians to do the exact same thing. In fact there is no one quote of Christ in the entire New Testament where He clearly, explicitly 'does away with' or denounces the Law of His fellow practicing Jews.

Scientific studies

In 1953 Dr. David I. Macht, one of the primary proponents of biblical scientific foresight, conducted toxicity tests on more than a hundred species of mammals, birds and fish.[9] He reported that in every case, extracts from meat of unclean mammals, birds, and fish inhibited the growth of lupin seedlings more than those the Old Testament called clean.[10] Macht's methodology, known as phytopharmacology,[11][12] has not been widely used by other researchers and is regarded as outdated and unreliable by modern mainstream science.

In 1966, British anthropologist Mary Douglas published the influential study Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. In Purity and Danger, Douglas first proposed that the kosher laws were not, as many believed, either primitive health regulations or randomly chosen as tests of Jews' commitment to God. Instead, Douglas argued that the laws were about keeping symbolic boundaries. Prohibited foods were those which did not seem to fall neatly into any category. Her theory was that pigs were declared unclean in Leviticus because pigs' place in the natural order was ambiguous since they shared the cloven hoof of the ungulates, but did not chew cud.

A 1985 study by Nanji and French[13] found that there was a significant correlation between cirrhosis and pork consumption. Modern day swine raising is very different from earlier times with greater exposure to toxins but reduced exposure to pests and disease.

انظر أيضاً

Notes

  1. ^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01517a.htm Retrieved October 21, 2005.
  2. ^ ibid.
  3. ^ ibid.
  4. ^ ibid.
  5. ^ http://ohr.edu/ask/ask210.htm#Q5 Ohr Somayach, Jerusalem Website "Ask the Rabbi - Swan Vs. Giraffe" which itself references Mazon Kasher Min Hachai, Rabbi Yisrael Meir Levinger pp.19,22 for its answer. Retrieved October 21, 2005.
  6. ^ Support for "swan" in Sept., Vulg., and Targum Onkelos(?).
  7. ^ http://www.jewfaq.org/kashrut.htm#Details Retrieved October 25, 2005.
  8. ^ http://ohr.edu/yhiy/article.php/993#Kosher Retrieved October 22, 2005.
  9. ^ http://ohr.edu/ask_db/ask_main.php/127/Q1/ Retrieved October 31, 2005.
  10. ^ "Lawful food in the Quran "http://www.godsmosque.org/march2007.html Retrieved March 2, 2007.
  11. ^ "Jibra'eel (Álayhi Salaam) said that we, the group of Angels do not enter a house wherein there is a dog or pictures. (Sahih Muslim Hadith no.3928)" http://www.albalagh.net/qa/dogs_islam_prayer.shtml
  12. ^ "Religious traditions hold that if a dog - or woman - passes in front of you as you prepare to pray, it pollutes your purity and negates your prayer. Dogs are permissible as watchdogs or for other utilitarian purposes but not simply for companionship. Abou El Fadl says this zealous adherence to doctrine led one religious authority to advise a Muslim that his pet dog was evil and should be driven away by cutting off its food and water." http://www.islamicconcern.com/dogs.asp Retrieved October 21, 2005.
  13. ^ http://www.faqs.org/faqs/dogs-faq/breeds/salukis/ rec.pets.dogs: Salukis Breed-FAQ Retrieved October 22, 2005.
  14. ^ "broma" (bro'-mah) Meaning: "that which is eaten, food" [Strong: #1033]
  15. ^ "broma" (bro'-mah) Meaning: "that which is eaten, food" [Strong: #1033]
  16. ^ "ktiðsma" (ktis'-mah) Meaning: "1. thing founded 2. created thing" [Strong: #2938]
  17. ^ http://members.dslextreme.com/users/hollymick/Macht1953.pdf (PDF) Macht, D. M.D., (1953). “An Experimental Pharmacological Appreciation of Levitcus XI and Deuteronomy XIV,”] Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 27. 444-450. Retrieved October 21, 2005.
  18. ^ Macht, D.I. , Contributions to phytopharmacology or the applications of plant physiology to medical problems Science 1930, 71 :302 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/search?volume=71&firstpage=302
  19. ^ Macht, D.I. , Science and the Bible, Science 1951 114: 505 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/search?volume=114&firstpage=505
  20. ^ Macht, D.I., (1953). “An Experimental Pharmacological Appreciation of Leviticus XI and Deuteronomy XIV,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 27. 444-450
  21. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2858627&dopt=Abstract Nanji AA, French SW. Relationship between pork consumption and cirrhosis. Lancet. 1985 Mar 23;1(8430):681-3. Retrieved October 21, 2005.
  22. ^ Jane Cahill and Peter Warnock, "It had to happen, Scientist Examines Ancient Bathrooms of Romans 586B.C." BAR May/June 1991


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الهامش

  1. ^ Glover, ألفريد كنجزلى (1900). الشريعة والعادات اليهودية: بعض قوانين الشريعة اليهودية وإستعماله أطفال الغيتو. Original من جامعة هارفارد: W.A. Hammond. p. 157.
  2. ^ Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2005). The 613 Mitzvot: A Contemporary Guide to the Commandments of Judaism. Schreiber Publishing, Incorporated. p. 251. ISBN 0884003035.
  3. ^ Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 79

وصلات خارجية

Judaism

Islam

Christianity

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