أوردوس (مدينة)

أوردوس
鄂尔多斯市 • ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠰ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ
Ordos
مدينة بمستوى محافظة
Ulan Moron Site Lake in Ordos City
Ulan Moron Site Lake in Ordos City
موقع نطاق مدينة أوردوس في منغوليا الداخلية (برتقالي)
موقع نطاق مدينة أوردوس في منغوليا الداخلية (برتقالي)
أوردوس is located in منغوليا الداخلية
أوردوس
أوردوس
موقع وسط المدينة في منغوليا الداخلية
الإحداثيات: 39°36′N 109°47′E / 39.600°N 109.783°E / 39.600; 109.783Coordinates: 39°36′N 109°47′E / 39.600°N 109.783°E / 39.600; 109.783
البلدجمهورية الصين الشعبية
منطقةمنغوليا الداخلية
مقر البلديةكانگ‌باشي (ناحية)
المساحة
 • مدينة بمستوى محافظة86٬752 كم² (33٬495 ميل²)
 • الحضر
2٬137 كم² (825 ميل²)
 • العمران
2٬137 كم² (825 ميل²)
المنسوب
1٬305 m (4٬281 ft)
أعلى منسوب
2٬149 m (7٬051 ft)
أوطى منسوب
850 m (2٬790 ft)
التعداد
 (2014 est.)
 • مدينة بمستوى محافظة2٬035٬653
 • الكثافة23/km2 (61/sq mi)
 • Urban
582٬544
 • الكثافة الحضرية270/km2 (710/sq mi)
 • العمرانية
582٬544
 • الكثافة العمرانية270/km2 (710/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيتUTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code
017000
ISO 3166 codeCN-NM-06
GDP
(2016)		CNY 441.79 billion
(US$ 66.51 billion)
GDP per capita
(2016)		CNY 215,486
(US$ 32,442)
Licence plate prefixes蒙K
Administrative division code150600
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.ordos.gov.cn
أوردوس
Chinese name
الصينية المبسطة鄂尔多斯
الصينية التقليدية鄂爾多斯
Mongolian name
الكيريلية المنغوليةОрдос хот
Mongolian scriptᠣᠷᠳᠣᠰ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ

أوردوس (ᠣᠷᠳᠤᠰᠬᠣᠲᠠ Ordos qota; الصينية المبسطة: 鄂尔多斯市؛ الصينية التقليدية: 鄂爾多斯市؛ پن‌ين: È'ěrduōsī�؛ إنگليزية: Ordos) هي واحدة من اثنا عشر تقسيم رئيسي لـمنغوليا الداخلية، الصين. وتقع ضمن ثنية أوردوس للنهر الأصفر. وبالرغم من أن معظمها ريفي، إلا أن أوردوس تدار كـمدينة بمستوى محافظة.

Ordos is known for its large scale government projects undertaken recently including most prominently the new Kangbashi District, an urban district planned as a massive civic mall with abundant monuments, cultural institutions, and other showpiece architecture. It was the venue for the 2012 Miss World Final.[1]

When it was newly built, the streets of the new Kangbashi district didn't have much activity and was frequently described as a "ghost city" by the western media. However by 2017, Kangbashi had become more populated with a resident population of 153,000 and around one-third of apartments occupied. In a Forbes article, Wade Shepard noted that "Of the 40,000 apartments that had been built in the new district since 2004, only 500 are still on the market.[2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

أصل الاسم

The area had been administered under the Ih Ju League, also spelled Ikh Juu (بالمنغولية: ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠵᠤᠤ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ Yeke Juu ayimaγ; صينية: 伊克昭盟؛ پن‌ين: Yīkèzhāo Méng�) since the 17th century, and was redesignated a prefecture-level city and renamed to Ordos on 26 February 2001. "Ordos" means "palaces" in the Mongolian language.[3] Ordos originally referred to a tribe belonging to the Yeke Juu (Ike Chao ‘great monastery’) league and later included the tribe’s area, hence the Ordos, or Ordus, the area within the big bend of the Yellow River. Mongolian ordu(n), ord ‘court, residence of a ruler; palace; camp’, also for 'camp bodyguards'. According to Ramstedt -s is a plural suffix; further: ordu, orda; Turkic orta ‘a center’; Mongolian > Turkish orda ‘camp’ > Hindi urdū > English "horde."[4] The name is sometimes claimed to be related to the eight white yurts of Genghis Khan.[5] Linguistically, the Ordos dialect of Mongolian is quite different from neighboring Chakhar Mongolian.


التاريخ

الجغرافيا والمناخ

Ordos's prefectural administrative region occupies 86,752 square kilometres (33,495 sq mi) and covers the bigger part of the Ordos Desert, although the urban area itself is relatively small. It borders the prefecture-level divisions of Hohhot to the east, Baotou to the northeast, Bayan Nur to the north, Alxa League to the northwest, Wuhai to the west, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region to its southwest, and the provinces of Shaanxi and Shanxi to the south. The maximal north-south extent is 340 km (210 mi), while from east to west it stretches for 400 km (250 mi).[6]

The most populous municipality is Dongsheng which had a population of 582,544 inhabitants as of the 2010 census. Another urban area is the conglomeration of Kangbashi District and the adjacent township of Altan Xire.[7] Kangbashi is to the north of the Wulan Mulun River, a tributary of the Yellow River, while Altan Xire is to the south of the same river.

The area of Ordos Shi can roughly be divided into a hilly area in the east, high plateaus in the west and center, sandy deserts in the north and south, and plains at the southern bank of the Yellow River. The highest elevation, at 2,149 metres (7,051 ft), is located in the west, the lowest point, at 850 m (2,790 ft), is in the east.

There are two large deserts in the territory of Ordos Shi: Kubuqi Desert (库布其沙漠) in the north and the Maowusu Desert (毛乌素沙漠) in the south. The Kubuqi Desert occupies 19.2% of Ordos, or 16,600 km2 (6,400 sq mi), while the Maowusu Desert takes up 28.8% of the area, or 25,000 km2 (9,700 sq mi).

Ordos features a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk), marked by long, cold and very dry winters; very warm, somewhat humid summers; and strong winds, especially in spring. The annual precipitation is 300 to 400 millimetres (11.8 to 15.7 in) in the eastern part of the city and 190 to 350 mm (7.5 to 13.8 in) in the western part. Most of the rain falls between July and September, with very little snow in winter; average annual evaporation reaches 2,000 to 3,000 mm (79 to 118 in). In the city proper, the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −10.5 °C (13.1 °F) in January to 21.0 °C (69.8 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 6.16 °C (43.1 °F). Sunshine duration averages 2,700 to 3,200 hours annually.[6]

بيانات مناخ أوردوس (1971−2000)
الشهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر العام
العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) 7.8
(46) 		13.9
(57) 		19.4
(66.9) 		32.2
(90) 		32.9
(91.2) 		32.2
(90) 		35.3
(95.5) 		33.3
(91.9) 		33.3
(91.9) 		24.4
(75.9) 		18.2
(64.8) 		10.6
(51.1) 		35٫3
(95٫5)
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) −4.8
(23.4) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		5.2
(41.4) 		14.1
(57.4) 		20.8
(69.4) 		25.0
(77) 		26.7
(80.1) 		24.5
(76.1) 		19.4
(66.9) 		12.6
(54.7) 		4.0
(39.2) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		11٫9
(53٫5)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) -10.5
(13.1) 		-7.2
(19) 		-0.5
(31.1) 		7.7
(45.9) 		14.6
(58.3) 		19.1
(66.4) 		21.0
(69.8) 		19.1
(66.4) 		13.8
(56.8) 		6.8
(44.2) 		-1.7
(28.9) 		-8.3
(17.1) 		6٫16
(43٫09)
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) −14.7
(5.5) 		−11.5
(11.3) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		1.9
(35.4) 		8.4
(47.1) 		13.0
(55.4) 		15.8
(60.4) 		14.3
(57.7) 		8.8
(47.8) 		2.1
(35.8) 		−5.9
(21.4) 		−12.3
(9.9) 		1٫2
(34٫2)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) -28.4
(-19.1) 		-27.5
(-17.5) 		-22.8
(-9) 		-11.6
(11.1) 		-4.8
(23.4) 		1.7
(35.1) 		9.1
(48.4) 		4.3
(39.7) 		-2.1
(28.2) 		-13.6
(7.5) 		-21.8
(-7.2) 		-25.3
(-13.5) 		−28٫4
(−19٫1)
هطول mm (inches) 2.1
(0.083) 		4.4
(0.173) 		10.8
(0.425) 		11.4
(0.449) 		25.8
(1.016) 		44.8
(1.764) 		105.7
(4.161) 		105.5
(4.154) 		44.7
(1.76) 		19.4
(0.764) 		5.3
(0.209) 		1.3
(0.051) 		381٫2
(15٫008)
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 2.1 2.9 4.3 3.4 5.9 8.7 12.2 11.9 8.1 4.4 2.6 1.9 68٫4
Source: Weather China[6]

الاقتصاد

انظر أيضاً: Economy of the People's Republic of China

Ordos is one the most prosperous regions of China when measured by GDP figures. With a nominal per-capita GDP of US$34,352 and ppp per capita GDP of $65,192 in 2016, it ranks first among prefecture-level divisions in the entire Chinese mainland, and second in the PRC (including Hong Kong & Macau), behind Macau (Nominal GDP per capita: US$67,079; GDP (PPP) per capita: $96,148). It is extremely rich in natural resources, having one sixth of the national coal reserves. The pillars of its economy are textiles (wool), coal mining, petrochemicals, electricity generation, production of building materials, and bitcoin mining. An industrial park in Dalad Banner is home to one of the world's largest bitcoin 'mines' - really a massive server farm - owned by Beijing-based Bitmain.[8]

التقسيمات الادارية

Ordos Shi is divided into two districts and seven ألوية:

Map
Name Mongolian Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin Population (2010) Area (km²) Density (/km²)
Dongsheng District ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩᠱᠧᠩ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ
(Düŋšėŋ toɣoriɣ) 		东胜区 Dōngshèng Qū 582,544 2,137 108
Kangbashi District
(Hia'bagx District) 		ᠬᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ
(Kiy-a baγsi toɣoriɣ) 		康巴什区 Kāngbāshí Qū
Dalad Banner ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠳ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Dalad qosiɣu) 		达拉特旗 Dálātè Qí 322,101 8,192 40
Jungar Banner ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Jegünɣar qosiɣu) 		准格尔旗 Zhǔngé'ěr Qí 356,501 7,535 36
Otog Front Banner
(Otog Omnod Banner) 		ᠣᠲᠣᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Otoɣ-un Emünedü qosiɣu) 		鄂托克前旗 Ètuōkè Qián Qí 68,282 12,318 6
Otog Banner ᠣᠲᠣᠭ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Otoɣ qosiɣu) 		鄂托克旗 Ètuōkè Qí 148,844 20,064 4
Hanggin Banner ᠬᠠᠩᠭᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Qaŋɣin qosiɣu) 		杭锦旗 Hángjǐn Qí 111,102 18,903 7
لواء أوشين ᠦᠦᠰᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Üüsin qosiɣu) 		乌审旗 Wūshěn Qí 124,527 11,645 9
لواء إجين هورو ᠡᠵᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠷᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Ejin Qoroɣ-a qosiɣu) 		伊金霍洛旗 Yījīnhuòluò Qí 226,752 5,958 23


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

كانگ‌باشي، المنطقة الجديدة

المقالة الرئيسية: كانگ‌باشي، المنطقة الجديدة

A large, sparsely inhabited urban real estate development has been constructed 25 km من Dongsheng District. Intended to house a million people, it remains mostly uninhabited.[9][10] Intended to have 300,000 residents by 2010, government figures stated it had 28,000.[11] It has been the subject of several speculative publication, including an illustrated feature series conducted by Al Jazeera in 2010.[12] The Daily Mail has documented Ordos/Kangbashi and try to facile expose urban developments in China. trend [13][14]

متحف أوردوس

متحف أوردوس
المقالة الرئيسية: متحف أوردوس

In 2011, a 49,400-square-meter museum, entitled متحف أوردوس (صينية: 鄂尔多斯博物馆�), was opened in Kangbashi. The museum, designed by China-based architectural practice MAD Studio, focuses upon the history of the Ordos area, as well as on the culture and traditions of Inner Mongolia.[15]

النقل

Travel within Ordos City is primarily made by car or bus, using the city's network roads. Two tolled expressways, the G18 Rongcheng–Wuhai Expressway and the G65 Baotou–Maoming Expressway, provide connections with other towns and cities including Dongsheng.

There are no direct rail lines to the city. The closest is the Baoshen Line in Dongsheng.

Ordos Airport is located in Ejin Horo Banner.

الديمغرافيا

In the 2000 census, there were 1,369,766 inhabitants:

ethnic group population share
Han 1,207,971 88.19%
Mongols 155,845 11.38%
Manchu 2,905 0.21%
Hui 1,861 0.14%
Tibetans 1,023 0.07%

Many people came from the Shanxi province, 30 km (19 mi)south of this city.[citation needed]

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ Sheehan, Matt (5 April 2015). "Signs of Life In China's Gleaming 'Ghost City' Of Ordos". Huffington Post. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  2. ^ Shepard, Wade. "China's Most Infamous 'Ghost City' Is Rising From The Desert". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-08-24.
  3. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-11-22. Retrieved 2009-11-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) 市情概况
  4. ^ G. John Ramstedt: Kalmückisches Wörterbuch, Helsinki, 1935, Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, and Ferdinand D. Lessing, ed.: Mongolian-English Dictionary, Bloomington, Ind., 1982, The Mongolia Society, Inc.
  5. ^ W. R. Carles, "Problems in Exploration II. Ordos", in The Geographical Journal, Vol. 33, No. 6 (Jun., 1909), p. 669
  6. ^ أ ب ت Weather China
  7. ^ Woodworth, Max David. Frontier Boomtown Urbanism: City Building in Ordos Municipality, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 2001-2011 (PDF). p. 51.
  8. ^ Wong, Joon Ian. "Photos: Inside one of the world's largest bitcoin mines". Quartz. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  9. ^ Time Photos of Ordos/Kangbashi, Time Photos Website 2011
  10. ^ Gus Lubin (2011-06-13). "NEW SATELLITE PICTURES OF CHINA'S GHOST CITIES". Business Insider. Retrieved 2011-12-09.
  11. ^ Barboza, David (2010-10-19). "A New Chinese City, With Everything but People". New York Times.
  12. ^ "China's Ghost Town". AlJazeera. 10 November 2009. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
  13. ^ The Ghost Towns of China...The Daily Telegraph 18 Dec 2010
  14. ^ "Ordos: The biggest ghost town in China". BBC News. 2012-03-17.
  15. ^ "Ordos Museum". WikiArchitectura. Retrieved 2017-01-25.

وصلات خارجية

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ordos City.
الكلمات الدالة:
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=أوردوس_(مدينة)&oldid=3850117"