أستراليا

كومنويلث أستراليا Commonwealth of Australia
النشيد Advance Australia Fairexplanation
العاصمة		كانبرا 35°18′S, 149°08′E
أكبر مدينة		سيدني
اللغات الرسمية		الإنجليزية (الفعلية الرسمية)
صفة المواطن		أسترالي, أوسي
الحكومة		ديمقراطية برلمانية وملكية دستورية
-	العاهل	الملكة إليزابث الثانية
-	الحاكم العام	مايكل جفري
-	رئيس وزراء	كڤن رد
الاستقلال		عن المملكة المتحدة
-	الدستور	1 يناير 1901
-	تشريع وستمنستر	11 ديسمبر 1931 (تم تبنيه 3 اكتوبر 1942)
-	قانون أستراليا	3 مارس 1986
-	المياه (%)	1
تعداد السكان
-	تقدير 2008	21,290,000[1] (53rd)
-	تعداد 2006	19,855,288
GDP (PPP)		2007 تقدير
-	الاجمالي	US$718.4 بليون (IMF) (17)
-	متوسط الدخل	US$34,359 (صندوق النقد الدولي) (14)
ن.م.إ. (الإسمي)		2007 تقدير
-	الاجمالي	US$936.4 بليون (15)
-	Per capita	US$42,553 (DFAT) (16)
م.ت.ب. (2007)		▬ 0.962 (high) (3)
العملة		دولار أسترالي (AUD)
منطقة التوقيت		مختلف[1] (UTC+8 to +10.5)
-	بالصيف (DST)	مختلف[2] (UTC+9 to +11.5)
م.أ.م. على الإنترنت		.au
مفتاح الهاتف		+61

الملازم جيمس كوك استكشف الساحل الشرقي لأستراليا من على متن HM Bark Endeavour, معلناً ملكية الأرض للملكة المتحدة في 1770. نسخة طبق الأصل من السفينة بـُنيت في فريمانتل في 1988; واُخذت لها الصور في ميناء كوك تاون حيث أمضى كوك سبعة أسابيع.

كومنويلث أستراليا هو بلد في نصف الكرة الجنوبي يشتمل على البر الرئيسي لأصغر قارة في العالم, جزيرة تازمانيا الرئيسية, وعدد من الجزر الأخرى في المحيطين الهندي والهادي.^Ocean الدول المجاورة هي إندونسيا, تيمور الشرقية, وپاپوا غينيا الجديدة إلى الشمال, جزر سولومون, ڤانواتو, ونيو كاليدونيا إلى الشمال الشرقي, ونيوزيلندا إلى الجنوب الشرقي.

البر الرئيسي الأسترالي سكنه لأكثر من 42,000 سنة indigenous Australians.^[1] After sporadic visits by fishermen from the north and then European discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606,^[1] the eastern half of Australia was later claimed by the British in 1770 and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales, commencing on 26 يناير 1788. As the population grew and new areas were explored, another five largely self-governing Crown Colonies were established during the 19th century.

في 1 يناير 1901, المستعمرات الست أصبحت federation, and the Commonwealth of Australia was formed. Since federation, Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system and remains a Commonwealth realm. The capital city is Canberra, located in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The population is just over 21 million, with approximately 60% of the population concentrated in and around the mainland state capitals of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide.

استراليا دولة وقارة تقع جنوب شرق آسيا على غرب المحيط الهادي عاصمتها كانبرا. والقارة يحيطها بالشمال بحر تيمور وبحر أرفورا ومضيق تورز وبالشرق بحر كورال وبحر تسمان وبالجنوب ممر باس. والمحيط الهندي يحيط بها من الجنوب والغرب.

أصل الكلمة

تخيل فني لبورت جاكسون, وهو موقع تأسيس سيدني, كما يبدو المنظر من ساوث هيد. (من A Voyage to Terra Australis.)

The name "Australia" is derived from the Latin Australis, meaning "Southern". Legends of an "unknown land of the south" (terra australis incognita) date back to Roman times and were commonplace in medieval geography, but were not based on any actual knowledge of the continent. The first use of the word "Australia" in English was in 1625—the words "A note of Australia del Espiritu Santo, written by Master Hakluyt", published by Samuel Purchas in Hakluytus Posthumus.^[1] The Dutch adjectival form Australische was used by Dutch officials in Batavia to refer to the newly discovered land to the south in 1638. "Australia" was used in a 1693 translation of Les Aventures de Jacques Sadeur dans la Découverte et le Voyage de la Terre Australe, a 1676 French novel by Gabriel de Foigny under the pen name Jacques Sadeur.^[1] Alexander Dalrymple then used it in An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean (1771), to refer to the entire South Pacific region. In 1793, George Shaw and Sir James Smith published Zoology and Botany of New Holland, in which they wrote of "the vast island, or rather continent, of Australia, Australasia or New Holland."

الاسم "أستراليا Australia" أصبح شعبياً بسبب كتاب من عام 1814 باسم A Voyage to Terra Australis بقلم الملاح ماثيو فليندرز, وهو أول شخص مسجل أنه دار حول أستراليا. وبالرغم من أن العنوان يعكس استعمال الأدميرالية البريطانية, فإن فليندرز استعمل كلمة "Australia" في كتابه ولما كان الكتاب قد حاز على شعبية كبيرة فقد روّج للتعبير. الحاكم لاخلان ماكواري لنيو ساوث ويلز لاحقاً استخدم الكلمة في رسائله لإنجلترة, وفي 12 ديسمبر 1817 اقترح على المكتب الاستعماري تبني السم رسمياً.^[1] وفي 1824, وافقت الأدميرالية تـُعرف القارة رسمياً باسم "أستراليا Australia".

تاريخ

المقال الرئيسي: تاريخ أستراليا

كان السكان الأوائل من شعب الأبورجينال Aboriginal people الذي هاجر للقارة منذ 60 ألف سنة من جنوب شرق آسيا ،عندما كانت المياه حولها ضحلة وتسمح لأفراده بالترحال إليها بحرا. ثم إرتفعت المياه المحيطة مما عزلت هؤلاء الوافدين إليها من الإتصال بموطنهم الأصلي, وأصبحوا معزولين داخل قارتهم الجديدة. وكانت هذه القارة مجهولة للعالم الخارجي حتي القرن 17.

وكان هؤلاء المهاجرون جامعي الثمار وصائدي الحيوانات والأسماك. . ولم يربوا الحيوانات الأليفة. وكانوا يفلحون أرضهم بإشعال النيران فيها لتطهيرها, و ليمكنوا الحشائش النضرة من النمو ولجذب حيوان الكانجرو وغيره ليصطادوها. وكانوا يقيمون سدود المياه, ويغيرون مجاري الماء. ويتحكمون في مخارج برك المستنقعات والبحيرات لتربية الأسماك في مزارع سمكية. ورغم أنه شعب بدوي إلا انه خلال 3000 سنة الماضية كان يتسارع في التغيير مرتبطا بأرضه مستخدما آلاته الحجرية. وكان الإستراليون القدماء يمارسون التجارة مع الأطراف البعيدة بالقارة. وتوائموا مع العوامل البيئية, وكانت لهم سماتهم الثقافية والحضارية. كما وجدها الرجل الأوربي في أواخر القرن 17م. وكان يوجد بالقارة أكثر من 250 لغة متداولة.

وانقرضت في مطلع القرن التاسع عشر. وكانت المجموعات البشرية هناك ثنائية اللغة أو متعددة اللغات. و هذه المجموعات كان يطلق عليها قبائل.

Port Arthur, Tasmania was Australia's largest gaol for transported convicts.

مع مجيء المستوطنين الأجانب قلت أعداد الشعب الأبروجينالي نتيجة لظهور الأمراض المعدية التي لم يكن لديه مناعة مكتسبة ضدها, ولسوء المعاملة التي كان يعامله بها الأوربيون المستعمرون. وأول المستوطنين الأوربيين وفدوا إلي جنوب شرقها عام 1788م. حيث أقاموا مستوطنة بريطانية تطورت لمدينة سيدني عام 1787 م. بعدها أصبحت بالقارة مستوطنات بريطانية في القرن 19 م. وقامت بأستراليا حضارة موراي في أقصى جنوب القارة حول نهري جارلنج وموراي.

ومياهما من فيضانات مياه الجليد المنصهر. وبهما بحيرات من بينها بحيرة مونجو حيث عثر حولها علي هيكل إنسان أبارجين الأول. وكان لطفلة عمره 26 ألف سنة. كما عثر علي جماجم عمرها 13 ألف سنة وهيكل عظمي لإنسان مونجو وجماحم تشبه إنسان الصين.

The Last Post is played at an ANZAC Day ceremony in Port Melbourne, Victoria, 25 April 2005. Such ceremonies are held in virtually every suburb and town in Australia.

A gold rush began in Australia in the early 1850s, and the Eureka Stockade rebellion against mining licence fees in 1854 was an early expression of civil disobedience. Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies individually gained responsible government, managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire. The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs, defence, and international shipping. On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies was achieved after a decade of planning, consultation, and voting. The Commonwealth of Australia was born as a Dominion of the British Empire. The Federal Capital Territory (later renamed the Australian Capital Territory) was formed from a part of New South Wales in 1911 to provide a location for the proposed new federal capital of Canberra (Melbourne was the temporary seat of government from 1901 to 1927 while Canberra was being constructed). The Northern Territory was transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the Commonwealth in 1911. Australia willingly participated in World War I.^[1] Many Australians regard the defeat of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) at Gallipoli as the birth of the nation—its first major military action. The Kokoda Track Campaign is regarded by many as an analogous nation-defining event during World War II.

The Statute of Westminster 1931 formally ended most of the constitutional links between Australia and the United Kingdom when Australia adopted it in 1942. The shock of the United Kingdom's defeat in Asia in 1942 and the threat of Japanese invasion caused Australia to turn to the United States as a new ally and protector. Since 1951, Australia has been a formal military ally of the US under the auspices of the ANZUS treaty. After World War II, Australia encouraged immigration from Europe; since the 1970s and the abolition of the White Australia policy, immigration from Asia and other non-European parts of the world was also encouraged. As a result, Australia's demography, culture and self-image have been radically transformed. The final constitutional ties between Australia and the UK were severed in 1986 with the passing of the Australia Act 1986, ending any British role in the government of the Australian States, and ending judicial appeals to the UK Privy Council.^[1] In 1999, Australian voters rejected by a majority of 54% a move to become a republic with a president appointed by two-thirds vote of both houses of the Australian Parliament. To alter the Australian constitution an Act of the Australian Parliament must occur as well as a referendum receiving not only a majority of votes across the country, but also a majority of votes in a majority of the six Australian states. The referendum of 1999 not only did not receive a majority of votes across the country, it also did not win one of the six Australian states. ^{[1] [1]} Since the election of the Whitlam Government in 1972, there has been an increasing focus on the expansion of ties with other Pacific Rim nations while maintaining close ties with Australia's traditional allies and trading partners.

In 2008, Australia extended its rights over waters in the Pacific and Antarctic oceans [3]

السياسة

Parliament House in Canberra was opened in 1988 replacing the provisional Parliament House building opened in 1927.

ولايات و أراضي أسترليا

الولايات

الولايات والمناطق الأسترالية

المقال الرئيسي: ولايات ومناطق أستراليا

أستراليا تتكون من ست ولايات واثنين من المناطق الكبرى على البر الرئيسي ومناطق صغرى أخرى. الولايات هي نيو ساوث ويلز, كوينزلاند, أستراليا الجنوبية, تاسمانيا, ڤيكتوريا, وأستراليا الغربية. المنطقتان الكبريان على البر الرئيسي هما المنطقة الشمالية ومنطقة العاصمة الأسترالية. In most respects, the territories function like the states, but the Commonwealth Parliament can override any legislation of their parliaments. By contrast, federal legislation only overrides state legislation in certain areas that are set out in Section 51 of the Constitution; state parliaments retain all residual legislative powers, including powers over hospitals, education, police, the judiciary, roads, public transport, and local government.

ولكل ولاية ومنطقة مجلسها التشريعي: unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT, and Queensland, and bicameral in the remaining states. The lower house is known as the Legislative Assembly (House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania) and the upper house is known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier, and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a Governor; an Administrator in the Northern Territory and the Australian Governor-General in the ACT, have analogous roles.

Australia also has several minor territories; the federal government administers a separate area within New South Wales, the Jervis Bay Territory, as a naval base and sea port for the national capital. In addition Australia has the following, inhabited, external territories: Norfolk Island, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and several largely uninhabited external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and the Australian Antarctic Territory.

تنقسم أستراليا إلى ستة ولايات هي كالتالي:

1. نيو ساوث ويلز وعاصمتها سيدني
2. كوينسلاند وعاصمتها بريسبان
3. أستراليا الجنوبية وعاصمتها أديليد
4. تاسمانيا وعاصمتها هوبارت
5. فيكتوريا وعاصمتها ميلبورن
6. أستراليا الغربية وعاصمتها بيرث

العلاقات الخارجية والجيش

المقال الرئيسي: العلاقات الخارجية لأستراليا و قوة الدفاع الأسترالية

نصب الحرب التذكاري الأسترالي

في العقود الأخيرة, العلاقات الخارجية لأستراليا have been driven by a close association with the United States through the ANZUS pact, and by a desire to develop relationships with Asia and the Pacific, particularly through ASEAN and the Pacific Islands Forum. In 2005 Australia secured an inaugural seat at the East Asia Summit following its accession to the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation. Australia is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, in which the Commonwealth Heads of Government meetings provide the main forum for cooperation. Australia has energetically pursued the cause of international trade liberalisation. Australia led the formation of the Cairns Group and APEC. It is a member of the OECD and the WTO. There are several major bilateral free trade agreements Australia has pursued, most recently the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement and Closer Economic Relations with New Zealand. A founding member country of the United Nations, Australia also maintains an international aid program under which some 60 countries receive assistance. The 2005–06 budget provides A$2.5 bn for development assistance;^[1] as a percentage of GDP, this contribution is less than that of the UN Millennium Development Goals.

Australia's armed forces—the Australian Defence Force (ADF)—comprise the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), the Australian Army, and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), numbering about 51,000.^[1] All branches of the ADF have been involved in UN and regional peacekeeping (most recently in East Timor, the Solomon Islands and Sudan), disaster relief, and armed conflict, including the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The government appoints the Chief of the Defence Force from one of the armed services; the current Chief of the Defence Force is Air Chief Marshal Angus Houston. In the 2006–07 budget, defence spending is A$22 bn.^[1] While the Governor-General is the Commander-in-Chief of the Australian Defence Force, he or she does not play an active part in the ADF's command structure and the elected Australian Government controls the ADF.^[1]

الجغرافيا والبيئة

المقال الرئيسي: Geography of Australia, Climate of Australia, و Environment in Australia

Climatic zones in Australia, based on Köppen classification.

Australia's 7,617,930 square kilometres (2,941,299 sq. mi) landmass^[1] is on the Indo-Australian Plate. Surrounded by the Indian^Ocean and Pacific oceans, Australia is separated from Asia by the Arafura and Timor seas. Australia has 34,218 kilometres (21,262 mi) of coastline (excluding all offshore islands)^[1] and claims an extensive exclusive economic zone of 8,148,250 square kilometres (3,146,057 sq. mi). This exclusive economic zone does not include the Australian Antarctic Territory.

The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef,^[1] lies a short distance off the north-east coast and extends for over 2,000 kilometres (1,250 mi). Mount Augustus, claimed to be the world's largest monolith,^[1] is located in Western Australia. At 2,228 metres (7,310 ft), Mount Kosciuszko on the Great Dividing Range is the highest mountain on the Australian mainland, although Mawson Peak on the remote Australian territory of Heard Island is taller at 2,745 metres (9,006 ft).

By far the largest part of Australia is desert or semi-arid lands commonly known as the outback. Australia is the flattest continent, with the oldest and least fertile soils, and is the driest inhabited continent. Only the south-east and south-west corners of the continent have a temperate climate. Most of the population lives along the temperate south-eastern coastline. The landscapes of the northern part of the country, with a tropical climate, consist of rainforest, woodland, grassland, mangrove swamps, and desert. The climate is significantly influenced by ocean currents, including the El Niño southern oscillation, which is correlated with periodic drought, and the seasonal tropical low pressure system that produces cyclones in northern Australia.^[1]

The koala and the eucalyptus forming an iconic Australian pair.

Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, it includes a diverse range of habitats, from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests and is recognised as a megadiverse country. Because of the continent's great age (and consequent low levels of fertility), its extremely variable weather patterns, and its long-term geographic isolation, much of Australia's biota is unique and diverse. About 85% of flowering plants, 84% of mammals, more than 45% of birds, and 89% of in-shore, temperate-zone fish are endemic.^[1] Many of Australia's ecoregions, and the species within those regions, are threatened by human activities and introduced plant and animal species. The federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 is a legal framework for the protection of threatened species. Numerous protected areas have been created under the national Biodiversity Action Plan to protect and preserve unique ecosystems; 64 wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention, and 16 World Heritage Sites have been established. Australia was ranked 13th in the world on the 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index.^[1] Australian forests often contain a wide variety of eucalyptus trees, and are mostly located in higher rainfall regions.

Most Australian woody plant species are evergreen and many are adapted to fire and drought, including many eucalypts and acacias. Australia has a rich variety of endemic legume species that thrive in nutrient-poor soils because of their symbiosis with Rhizobia bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi. Among well-known Australian fauna are the monotremes (the platypus and the echidna); a host of marsupials, including the kangaroo, the koala, and the wombat; the saltwater and freshwater crocodiles; and birds such as the emu and the kookaburra. Australia is home to the largest number of venomous snakes in the world.^[1] The dingo was introduced by Austronesian people who traded with Indigenous Australians around 3000 BCE.^[1] Many plant and animal species became extinct soon after first human settlement, including the Australian megafauna; others have become extinct since European settlement, among them the Thylacine.^[1]

الاقتصاد

المقال الرئيسي: اقتصاد أستراليا

The Super Pit in Kalgoorlie, Australia's largest open cut gold mine

Australia has a prosperous, Western-style mixed economy, with a per capita GDP slightly lower than that of the UK, but higher than those of Germany, and France in terms of purchasing power parity. The country was ranked third in the United Nations' 2007 Human Development Index and sixth in The Economist worldwide quality-of-life index 2005. The absence of an export-oriented manufacturing industry has been considered a key weakness of the Australian economy. More recently, rising prices for Australia's commodity exports and increasing tourism have made this criticism less relevant. Nevertheless, Australia has the world's fourth largest current account deficit in absolute terms (in relative terms it is more than 7% of GDP). This is considered problematic by some economists, especially as it has coincided with the high terms of trade and low interest rates that make the cost of servicing the foreign debt low.^[1]

The Hawke Government started the process of economic reform by floating the Australian dollar in 1983, and partially deregulating the financial system.^[1] The Howard government continued the process of microeconomic reform, including a partial deregulation of the labour market and the privatisation of state-owned businesses, most notably in the telecommunications industry.^[1] The indirect tax system was substantially reformed in July 2000 with the introduction of a 10% Goods and Services Tax (GST), which has slightly reduced the heavy reliance on personal and company income tax that characterises Australia's tax system.

At January 2007, there were 10,033,480 people employed, with an unemployment rate of 4.6%.^[1] Over the past decade, inflation has typically been 2–3% and the base interest rate 5–6%. The service sector of the economy, including tourism, education and financial services, constitutes 69% of GDP.^[1] Agriculture and natural resources constitute 3% and 5% of GDP but contribute substantially to export performance. Australia's largest export markets include Japan, China, the US, South Korea and New Zealand.^[1]

السكان

The Super Pit in Kalgoorlie, Australia's largest open cut gold mine

الثقافة

المقال الرئيسي: Culture of Australia

The Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne was the first building in Australia to be listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004.

Since 1788, the primary basis of Australian culture has been Anglo-Celtic, although distinctive Australian features soon arose from the country's unique environment and the pre-existing indigenous culture. Over the past 50 years, Australian culture has been strongly influenced by American popular culture (particularly television and cinema), large-scale immigration from non-English-speaking countries and Australia's Asian neighbours. The vigour and originality of the arts in Australia—literature, cinema, opera, music, painting, theatre, dance, and crafts—have achieved international recognition.

Australian visual arts have a long history, starting with the cave and bark paintings of its indigenous peoples. From the time of European settlement, a common theme in Australian art has been the Australian landscape, seen for example in the works of Arthur Streeton, Arthur Boyd, and Albert Namatjira. The traditions of indigenous Australians are largely transmitted orally and are closely tied to ceremony and the telling of the stories of the Dreamtime. Australian Aboriginal music, dance, and art have a palpable influence on contemporary Australian visual and performing arts. The National Gallery of Australia and the various state art galleries have strong collections of Australian and overseas artworks and are highly attended by Australians. Australia has an active tradition of music, ballet, and theatre; many of its performing arts companies receive public funding through the federal government's Australia Council. There is a symphony orchestra in each state's capital city, and a national opera company, Opera Australia, first made prominent by the renowned diva Dame Joan Sutherland. Dame Nellie Melba was her great predecessor. Australian music includes classical, jazz, and many popular genres. Ballet and dance are also represented across the nation by The Australian Ballet and various state dance companies. Sir Robert Helpmann featured as a great Australian dancer and has been followed by numerous others including the current artistic director of the Australian Ballet, David McAllister. Each state has a publicly funded theatre company. Australia has produced many great actors including Nicole Kidman and the current joint director of the Sydney Theatre Company, Cate Blanchett.

Australian literature has also been influenced by the landscape; the works of writers such as Banjo Paterson and Henry Lawson captured the experience of the Australian bush. The character of colonial Australia, as embodied in early literature, resonates with modern Australia and its perceived emphasis on egalitarianism, mateship, and a perceived anti-authoritarianism. In 1973, Patrick White was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the only Australian to have achieved this; he is recognised as one of the great English-language writers of the 20th century. Colleen McCullough David Williamson and David Malouf are also writers of great renown. Australian English is a major variety of the language; its grammar and spelling are largely based on those of British English, overlaid with a rich vernacular of unique lexical items and phrases, some of which have found their way into standard English. Australian English has much less internal dialectal variation than either British or American English although pronunciation of words and word usage can vary from region to region.

Australian rules football was developed in Victoria in the late 1850s and is played at amateur and professional levels. It is the most popular spectator sport in Australia, in terms of annual attendances and club memberships.

Australia has two public broadcasters (the ABC and the multicultural SBS), three commercial television networks, several pay-TV services, and numerous public, non-profit television and radio stations. Australia's film industry has achieved many critical and commercial successes. Each major city has daily newspapers, and there are two national daily newspapers, The Australian and The Australian Financial Review. According to Reporters Without Borders in 2007, Australia was in 28th position on a list of countries ranked by press freedom, behind New Zealand (15th) and the United Kingdom (24th) but ahead of the United States (48th). This low ranking is primarily because of the limited diversity of commercial media ownership in Australia;^{[بحاجة لمصدر]} in particular, most Australian print media are under the control of News Corporation and John Fairfax Holdings.

Sport plays an important part in Australian culture, assisted by a climate that favours outdoor activities; 23.5% Australians over the age of 15 regularly participate in organised sporting activities.^[1] At an international level, Australia has strong teams in cricket, hockey, netball, rugby league, and rugby union, and it performs well in cycling, rowing, and swimming. Nationally, other popular sports include Australian rules football, horse racing, soccer, and motor racing. Australia has participated in every summer Olympic Games of the modern era, and every Commonwealth Games. Australia hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne and the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, and has ranked among the top five medal-takers since 2000. Australia has also hosted the 1938, 1962, 1982, and 2006 Commonwealth Games. Other major international events held in Australia include the Grand Slam Australian Open tennis tournament, international cricket matches, and the Formula One Australian Grand Prix. Viewing televised sport is popular; the highest-rating television programs include the summer Olympic Games and the grand finals of local and international football (various codes) competitions.^[1]

Most Australians live in urban areas. Sydney is the most populous city in the country.

هامش

مراجع

• موسوعة حضارة العالم أنشأها أحمد محمد عوف

كتب

• Denoon, Donald, et al. (2000). A History of Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0631179623.
• Hughes, Robert (1986). The Fatal Shore: The Epic of Australia's Founding. Knopf. ISBN 0394506685.
• Macintyre, Stuart (2000). A Concise History of Australia. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521623596.
• Powell, J. M. (1988). An Historical Geography of Modern Australia: The Restive Fringe. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521256194.

روابط خارجية

هنالك المزيد من الملفات في ويكيميديا كومونز حول :

أستراليا

• Australia

Perth, Western Australia is now the most expensive city in Australia in which to live.[citation needed]

The Barossa Valley wine producing region of South Australia; fewer than 15% of Australians live in rural areas.

The Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne was the first building in Australia to be listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004.

قالب:Topics in Australia

ع • ن • ت الدول والمناطق في اوقيانوسيا أستراليا أستراليا · جزيرة عيد الميلاد · جزر كوكوس (كيلنگ) · جزيرة نورفوك ميلانزيا فيجي · نيو كاليدونيا · پاپوا غينيا الجديدة · مالوكو · جزر سولومون · ڤانواتو مايكرونزيا دول ميكرونزيا المتحدة · جوام · كيريباتي · جزر مارشال · ناورو · جزر ماريانا الشمالية · بالاو بولينزيا ساموا الأمريكية · جزر كوك · بولينزيا الفرنسية · نيوزيلندا · Niue · بيتكيرن · ساموا · توكلاو · تونگا · توفالو · والس وفوتونا

ع • ن • ت كومنولث الأمم دول ذات سيادة أنتيگا وبربودا · أستراليا · بهاماس · بنگلادش · باربادوس · بليز · بوتسوانا · بروناي · كاميرون · كندا · قبرص · دومينيكا · فيجي · گامبيا · غانا · گرينادا · گويانا · الهند · جامايكا · كينيا · كريباتي · لسوتو · مالاوي · ماليزيا · المالديف · مالطا · موريشيوس · موزمبيق · ناميبيا · ناورو · نيوزيلندا · نيجريا · پاكستان · پاپوا وغينيا الجديدة · سانت كيتس ونڤيس · سانت لوشا · سانت ڤنسنت والگرنادينز · ساموا · سيشل · سييراليون · سنغافورة · جزر سليمان · جنوب أفريقيا · سري لانكا · سوازيلاند · تنزانيا · تونگا · ترينيداد وتوباگو · توڤالو · اوغندا · المملكة المتحدة · ڤانواتو · زامبيا توابع أستراليا جزر آشمور وكارتييه · الأراضي القطبية الجنوبية الأسترالية · جزيرة الكريسماس · جزر كوكوس (كيلنگ) · جزر بحر المرجان · جزيرة هرد وجزر مكدونالد · جزيرة نورفوك الهند جزر أندمان ونيكوبار · لاكشادويپ نيوزيلندا جزر كوك · نيوه · تابعة روس · توكلاو المملكة المتحدة أكروتيري وذكليا · أنگويلا · برمودا · الأراضي القطبية الجنوبية البريطانية · أراضي المحيط الهندي البريطانية · الجزر العذراء البريطانية · جزر كايمان · جزر فوكلاند · جبل طارق · گرنسي · جزيرة مان · جرسي · مونتسرات · جزر پتكرن · سانت هيلينا (بما فيها جزيرة أسنسيون و تريستان دا كونيا) · جزر جورجيا الجنوبية وساندويتش الجنوبية · جزر تركس وكيكوس

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