الاحتلال الألماني للنرويج

German officers in front of the National Theatre in Oslo, 1940

The occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany during the Second World War began on 9 April 1940 after Operation Weserübung. Conventional armed resistance to the German invasion ended on 10 June 1940, and Nazi Germany controlled Norway until the capitulation of German forces in Europe on 8/9 May 1945. Throughout this period, Norway was continuously occupied by the Wehrmacht. Civil rule was effectively assumed by the Reichskommissariat Norwegen (Reich Commissariat of Norway), which acted in collaboration with a pro-German puppet government, the Quisling regime, while the Norwegian king Haakon VII and the prewar government escaped to London, where they formed a government in exile. This period of military occupation is, in Norway, referred to as the "war years", "occupation period" or simply "the war".

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خلفية

Having maintained its neutrality during the First World War (1914–1918), Norwegian foreign and military policy since 1933 was largely influenced by three factors:

These three factors met resistance as tensions grew in Europe in the 1930s, initially from Norwegian military staff and right-wing political groups, but increasingly also from individuals within the mainstream political establishment and, it has since come to light, by the monarch, King Haakon VII, behind the scenes. By the late 1930s, the Norwegian parliament (Storting) had accepted the need for a strengthened military and expanded the budget accordingly, even by assuming national debt. As it turned out, most of the plans enabled by the budgetary expansion were not completed in time.


الاحتلال

القوى السياسية والعسكرية الألمانية

Heinrich Himmler visiting Norway in 1941. Seated (from left to right) are Quisling, Himmler, Terboven, and General Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, the commander of the German forces in Norway.


التحرير

حرب لاپلاند، والتقدم السوڤيتي وانسحاب الجيش الألماني

Map showing the German army's retreat from Finland and, shortly thereafter, from Finnmark in northern Norway.
Soviet soldiers meet local Norwegian inhabitants.
The town of Kirkenes was left severely damaged following the withdrawal of German forces.

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

الهامش

ببليوگرافيا

  • Boyne, Walter J. The Aircraft Treasures of Silver Hill: The Behind-The-Scenes Workshop of Our Nation's Air Museums. New York: Rawson Associates, 1982. ISBN 978-0-89256-216-9.
  • Klemann, Hein A. M. & Kudryashov, Sergei (2011). Occupied Economies: An Economic History of Nazi-Occupied Europe, 1939–1945. London: Berg. p. 403. ISBN 978-1-84520-482-2.

للاستزادة


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وصلات خارجية