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Rentier capitalism is a term currently used to describe the belief in economic practices of monopolization of access to any kind of property (physical, financial, intellectual, etc.) and gaining significant amounts of profit without contribution to society.[1][2][3]
The origins of the term are unclear; it is compatible with Marxist conceptions of surplus value extraction, yet the combination of words "rentier capitalism" were never used by Karl Marx himself.
Modern economists agree that the power dynamics of the rentier-tenant relationship are oppressive,[4][5] but capitalist theories such as the natural "euthanasia of the rentier" famously put forth by John Maynard Keynes have been abandoned in light of the increase in rent-seeking behavior seen over the past century.[6][7][8]
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Usage by Marxists
In his early works, Karl Marx juxtaposed the terms "rentier" and "capitalist" to argue that a rentier tends to exhaust his profits, whereas a capitalist must perforce re-invest most of the surplus value in order to survive competition. He wrote, "Therefore, the means of the extravagant rentier diminish daily in inverse proportion to the growing possibilities and temptations of pleasure. He must, therefore, either consume his capital himself, and in doing so bring about his own ruin, or become an industrial capitalist...."[9] However, Marx believed that capitalism was inherently built upon practices of usury and thus inevitably leading to the separation of society into two classes: one composed of those who produce value and the other, which feeds upon the first one. In "Theories of Surplus Value" (written 1862–1863), he states "...that interest (in contrast to industrial profit) and rent (that is the form of landed property created by capitalist production itself) are superfetations (i.e., excessive accumulations) which are not essential to capitalist production and of which it can rid itself. If this bourgeois ideal were actually realisable, the only result would be that the whole of the surplus-value would go to the industrial capitalist directly, and society would be reduced (economically) to the simple contradiction between capital and wage-labour, a simplification which would indeed accelerate the dissolution of this mode of production."[10]
Vladimir Lenin asserted that the growth of a stratum of idle rentiers under capitalism was inevitable and accelerated due to imperialism:
Hence the extraordinary growth of a class, or rather, of a stratum of rentiers, i.e., people who live by 'clipping coupons' [in the sense of collecting interest payments on bonds], who take no part in any enterprise whatever, whose profession is idleness. The export of capital, one of the most essential economic bases of imperialism, still more completely isolates the rentiers from production and sets the seal of parasitism on the whole country that lives by exploiting the labour of several overseas countries and colonies.[11]
It therefore becomes clear that the term "rentier capitalism" could not be coined by Marxists simply because of redundancy of the words composing it. Marxist thought perceives capitalism as inherently "rentier", or usury-based, which would lead eventually to its demise precisely because of this inner deficiency in its organization.
Current usage
Current usage of the term 'rentier capitalism' describes the gaining of 'rentier' income from ownership or control of assets that generate economic rents rather than from capital or labour used for production in a free competitive market.[12] The term rentier state is mainly used not in its original meaning, as an imperialistic state thriving on labor of other countries and colonies, but as a state which derives all or a substantial portion of its national revenues from the rent of indigenous resources to external clients.
Guy Standing has claimed rentier capitalism has become predominant in capitalistic economies since the 1980s.[13] Brett Christophers of Uppsala University, Sweden has asserted that rentier capitalism has been the foundation of the United Kingdom's economic policy from the 1970s onwards.[14]
انظر أيضاً
المراجع
- ^ Peter Frase (7 July 2011). "Slouching towards rentier capitalism".
- ^ Monbiot, George (29 August 2011). "Academic publishers make Murdoch look like a socialist". The Guardian.
- ^ Dariush M. Doust (January–February 2010). "Rentier capitalism and the Iranian puzzle" (PDF). Radical Philosophy (159): 45–49.
- ^ Fukuyama, Francis (May 2016). "What is corruption?" (PDF).
- ^ Smith, Adam (1776). The Wealth of Nations. pp. Book 1, Chapter 6, Paragraph 8.
- ^ Keynes, John Maynard (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. pp. Chapter 24.
- ^ Tho (2020-03-30). "Keynes and the Euthanasia of the Rentier". Mises Institute (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-02-20.
- ^ Piketty, Thomas; Saez, Emmanuel; Stantcheva, Stefanie (February 2014). "Optimal Taxation of Top Labor Incomes: A Tale of Three Elasticities". American Economic Journal: Economic Policy (in الإنجليزية). 6 (1): 230–271. doi:10.1257/pol.6.1.230. ISSN 1945-7731.
- ^ Karl Marx, "The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts", Institute of Marxism-Leninism in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 1932. [1]
- ^ "Economic Manuscripts: Theories of Surplus-Value by Karl Marx 1863". www.marxists.org.
- ^ Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, "Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism", Lenin’s Selected Works, Progress Publishers, 1963, Moscow, Volume 1, pp. 667–766. [2]
- ^ Birch, Kean (6 February 2019). "Technoscience Rent: Toward a Theory of Rentiership for Technoscientific Capitalism". Science, Technology, & Human Values. 45: 3–33. doi:10.1177/0162243919829567.
- ^ Standing, Guy. The Corruption of Capitalism: Why Rentiers Thrive and Work Does Not Pay, London: Biteback (2016)
- ^ Christophers, Brett (12 August 2020). "The PPE debacle shows what Britain is built on: rentier capitalism". The Guardian. London, United Kingdom. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-12-27.
ببليوگرافيا
- Robert Pollin, "Resurrection of the Rentier", in New Left Review 46, July–August 2007, pp. 140–153.
- Michael Hudson. "Financial Capitalism v. Industrial Capitalism"..
- Karl Marx, "The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts", Institute of Marxism–Leninism in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 1932. The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts
- Karl Marx, "Theories of Surplus-Value", Progress Publishers, 1863. Economic Manuscripts: Theories of Surplus-Value by Karl Marx 1863
- Vladimir Lenin, "Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism", Lenin's Selected Works, Progress Publishers, 1963, Moscow, Volume 1, pp. 667–766. Lenin: Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism'
- Ahmed Henni, Le capitalisme de rente: De la société du travail industriel à la société des rentiers. Paris: Harmattan, 2012.