R-1 (صاروخ)
| R-1 | |
|---|---|
 Replica R-1 at Znamensk City | |
| النوع | Short-range ballistic missile |
| مكان الأصل | USSR |
| تاريخ الانتاج | |
| الصانع | Unit 586 (Dnepropetrovsk) [1] |
| أُنتِج | May 10, 1951 [1] |
| المواصفات | |
| الوزن | 13,430 kg (29,610 lb)[2] |
| المحرك | 27,200 kgf (267,000 N; 60,000 lbf)[2] |
| الدافع | Ethanol[2] |
المدى العملياتي | 270 km (170 mi)[2] |
الصاروخ R-1 (الاسم لدى الناتو SS-1 Scunner، الاسم الرمزي السوڤيتي SA11, GRAU index 8A11) was a short-range ballistic missile manufactured in the Soviet Union based[2] on the German V-2 rocket. Even though it was a copy, it was manufactured using Soviet industrial plants and gave the Soviets valuable experience which later enabled the USSR to construct its own much more capable rockets.
In 1945 the Soviets captured several key V-2 rocket production facilities, and also gained the services, at gun point, of some German scientists and engineers related to the project. In particular the Soviets gained control of the main V-2 manufacturing facility at نوردهاوزن, and had 30 V-2 missiles assembled there by September 1946.
In October 1946 the Soviets transferred the German missile engineers working for them to a special research facility near Moscow, where they were forced to remain until the mid-1950s. The Soviets established a missile design bureau of their own (OKB-1), under the direction of سرگي كوروليوڤ. This team was directed to create a Soviet capability to build missiles, starting with a Soviet copy of the German V-2 and moving to more advanced, Soviet-designed missiles in the near future.
In April 1947 Stalin authorised the production of the R-1 missile, the designation for the Soviet copy of V-2. The first tests of the missile began in September 1948. The system was accepted by the Soviet army in November 1950. The R-1 missile could carry a 785 كيلوگرام warhead of conventional explosive to a maximum range of 270 كم، with an accuracy of about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi).
In 1947, the R-1A was tested, a variant with a separable warhead. High-altitude scientific experiments were conducted with two of the R-1As, and later a series of specialized scientific rockets were built on the basis of the R-1: The R-1B, R-1V, R-1D and R-1E. These carried dogs, and experiments to analyze the upper atmosphere, measure cosmic rays and take far-UV spectra of the Sun.
The R-1's insulated electrical wiring attracted vermin. In one January 1953 incident, thousands of flood-displaced mice disabled many rockets by eating the insulation, requiring "hundreds of cats and repairmen".[3]
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المشغلون
انظر أيضاً
الهامش
- ^ أ ب Kudryashov, V. A. Baikonur cosmodrome: Chronicle of the main events (Baikonur Chronicle). Yandex.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج http://www.energia.ru/ru/history/systems/rockets/r1.html
- ^ Siddiqi, Asif A. Challenge To Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945-1974. NASA.
- "russianspaceweb".
- "astronautix.com".
- Naimark, Norman (1995). The Russians in Germany. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-78405-5.
- Kurt, Magnus (1999). Raketensklaven. Deutsche Forscher hinter rotem Stacheldraht. Elbe-Dnjepr-Verlag. ISBN 3-933395-67-4.