الامبراطور تنجي
| Emperor Tenji 天智天皇 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Great King of Yamato | |||||
 | |||||
| Emperor of Japan | |||||
| العهد | 661–672 | ||||
| سبقه | Saimei | ||||
| تبعه | Kōbun | ||||
| وُلِد | Kazuraki (葛城) 626 | ||||
| توفي | يناير 7, 672 (aged 45–46) Ōmi no Miya (Shiga) | ||||
| الدفن | Yamashina no misasagi (山科陵) (Kyoto) | ||||
| الزوج | Yamato Hime no Ōkimi | ||||
| الأنجال among others... | |||||
| |||||
| البيت | Imperial House of Japan | ||||
| الأب | Emperor Jomei | ||||
| الأم | Empress Kōgyoku | ||||
الإمبراطور تنجي 天智天皇 تنجي تينو (626 - 7 يناير 672) كان الإمبراطور 38 في اليابان وكانت سنوات حكمه بين 661 و 672.
كان ابن للإمبراطور جوميه لكنه خلف في الحكم أمه الإمبراطورة سايمي، وقبل استلامه الحكم كان يعرف باسم الأمير ناكا تو أويه.
Traditional narrative
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Tenji was the son of Emperor Jomei, but was preceded as ruler by his mother Empress Saimei.
Prior to his accession, he was known as Prince Naka-no-Ōe (中大兄皇子, Naka-no-Ōe no Ōji).
Events of Tenji's life
As prince, Naka no Ōe played a crucial role in ending the near-total control the Soga clan had over the imperial family. In 644, seeing the Soga continue to gain power, he conspired with Nakatomi no Kamatari and Soga no Kurayamada no Ishikawa no Maro to assassinate Soga no Iruka in what has come to be known as the Isshi Incident. Although the assassination did not go exactly as planned, Iruka was killed, and his father and predecessor, Soga no Emishi, committed suicide soon after. Following the Isshi Incident, Iruka's adherents dispersed largely without a fight, and Naka no Ōe was named heir apparent. He also married the daughter of his ally Soga no Kurayamada, thus ensuring that a significant portion of the Soga clan's power was on his side.
Events of Tenji's reign
Naka no Ōe reigned as Emperor Tenji from 661 to 672.
- 661: In the 3rd year of Saimei's reign (斉明天皇三年), the empress designated her son as her heir; and modern scholars construe this as meaning that this son would have received the succession (senso) after her death or abdication. Shortly after, she died, and Emperor Tenji could be said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).[1]
- 662: Tenji is said to have compiled the first Japanese legal code known to modern historians. The Ōmi Code, consisting of 22 volumes, was promulgated in the last year of Tenji's reign.[2] This legal codification is no longer extant, but it is said to have been refined in what is known as the Asuka Kiyomihara ritsu-ryō of 689; and these are understood to have been a forerunner of the Taihō ritsu-ryō of 701.[3]
- 663: Tenji invaded Korea in an attempt to support a revival of Japan's ally Paekche, one of Korea's Three Kingdoms, which had been conquered by the Korean kingdom of Silla in 660. He was seriously defeated at the Battle of Baekgang by the combined forces of Silla and Tang China.
- 668: Tenji undergoes his ceremonial confirmation as emperor. He had postponed formalities during the period that the mausoleum of his mother was being constructed, and when the work was finished he could delay no longer. Up until this time, although he had been de facto monarch, he had retained the title of Crown Prince.[4]
Tenji was particularly active in improving the military institutions established during the Taika Reforms.[5]
Death of the emperor
Following his death in 672, there ensued a succession dispute between his fourteen children (many by different mothers). In the end, he was succeeded by his son, Prince Ōtomo, also known as Emperor Kōbun, then by Tenji's brother Prince Ōama, also known as Emperor Tenmu. Almost one hundred years after Tenji's death, the throne passed to his grandson Emperor Kōnin.
- Post-Meiji chronology
- In the 10th year of Tenji, in the 11th month (671): Emperor Tenji, in the 10th year of his reign (天智天皇十年), designated his son as his heir; and modern scholars construe this as meaning that the son would have received the succession (senso) after his father's death. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Kōbun is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).[6] If this understanding were valid, then it would follow:
- Pre-Meiji chronology
- Prior to the 19th century, Ōtomo was understood to have been a mere interloper, a pretender, an anomaly; and therefore, if that commonly accepted understanding were to have been valid, then it would have followed:
- In the 10th year of Tenji, in the 11th month (671): Emperor Tenji, in the 10th year of his reign (天智天皇十年)), died; and despite any military confrontations which ensued, the brother of the dead sovereign would have received the succession (senso); and after a time, it would have been understood that Emperor Tenmu rightfully acceded to the throne (sokui).
The actual site of Tenji's grave is known.[8] This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Yamashina-ku, Kyoto.
The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Tenji's mausoleum. It is formally named Yamashina no misasagi.[9]
Poetry
The Man'yōshū includes poems attributed to emperors and empresses; and according to Donald Keene, evolving Man'yōshū studies have affected the interpretation of even simple narratives like "The Three Hills." The poem was long considered to be about two male hills in a quarrel over a female hill, but scholars now consider that Kagu and Miminashi might be female hills in love with the same male hill, Unebi.[10] This still-unresolved enigma in poetic form is said to have been composed by Emperor Tenji while he was still Crown Prince during the reign of Empress Saimei:
| Japanese | Rōmaji | English |
|
香具山は |
Kaguyama wa |
Mount Kagu strove with |
One of his poems was chosen by Fujiwara no Teika as the first in the popular Hyakunin Isshu anthology:
| Japanese | Rōmaji | English |
|
秋の田の |
Aki no ta no |
Because of the coarseness of the rush-mat |
After his death, his wife, Empress Yamato wrote a song of longing about her husband.[13]
Kugyo
The top court officials (公卿, Kugyō) during Emperor Tenji's reign included:
- Daijō-daijin: Ōtomo no Ōji (大友皇子), 671–672.[14]
- Naishin (内臣): Fujiwara no Kamatari (藤原鎌足) (614–669), 645–669.[14]
Prince Ōtomo (Ōtomo-shinnō) was the favorite son of Emperor Tenji; and he was also the first to be accorded the title of Daijō-daijin.[15]
Non-nengō period
The years of Tenji's reign are not linked by scholars to any era or nengō.[4] The Taika era innovation of naming time periods – nengō – languished until Mommu reasserted an imperial right by proclaiming the commencement of Taihō in 701 (aside from the momentary proclamation of the Shuchō era under Emperor Tenmu in 686).
- See Japanese era name – "Non-nengo periods"
- See Tenji period (661).
In this context, Brown and Ishida's translation of Gukanshō offers an explanation about the years of Empress Jitō's reign which muddies a sense of easy clarity in the pre-Taiho time-frame:
- "The eras that fell in this reign were: (1) the remaining seven years of Shuchō [(686+7=692?)]; and (2) Taika, which was four years long [695–698]. (The first year of this era was kinoto-hitsuji [695].) ... In the third year of the Taka era [697], Empress Jitō yielded the throne to the Crown Prince."[16]
أعمال الإمبراطور تينجي
- لعب الأمير ناكا نو أويه (قبل أن يصبح إمبراطوراً) دوراً هاماً في إنهاء سيطرة عشيرة سوغا على القصر الإمبراطوري.
Consorts and children
Empress: Yamato Hime no Ōkimi (倭姫王), Prince Furuhito-no-Ōe's daughter (son of Emperor Jomei).
Hin: Soga no Ochi-no-iratsume (蘇我遠智娘, d. ح. 651), Soga no Kura-no-yamada no Ishikawa-no-maro's daughter
- First Daughter: Princess Ōta (大田皇女), married to Emperor Tenmu
- Second Daughter: Princess Uno-no-sarara (鸕野讃良皇女) later Empress Jitō
- Second Son: Prince Takeru[ja] (建皇子, 651–658)
Hin: Soga no Mei-no-iratsume (蘇我姪娘), Soga no Kura-no-yamada no Ishikawa-no-maro's daughter
- Third Daughter: Princess Minabe (御名部皇女), married to Prince Takechi
- Fourth Daughter: Princess Abe/Ahe (阿閇皇女) later Empress Genmei, married to Prince Kusakabe
Hin: Soga no Hitachi-no-iratsume (蘇我常陸娘), Soga no Akae's daughter
- Princess Yamabe (山辺皇女), married to Prince Ōtsu
Hin: Abe no Tachibana-no-iratsume (阿部橘娘, d. 681), Abe no Kurahashi-maro's daughter
- Princess Asuka (明日香皇女), married to Prince Osakabe
- Princess Niitabe (新田部皇女), married to Emperor Tenmu
10th son: Prince Ōama, later Emperor Tenmu
Court lady: Koshi-no-michi no Iratsume (越道伊羅都売)
- Seventh Son: Prince Shiki (施基皇子/志貴皇子, d. 716), Father of Emperor Kōnin
Court lady (Uneme): Yakako-no-iratsume, a lower court lady from Iga (伊賀采女宅子娘) (Iga no Uneme)
- First Son: Prince Ōtomo (大友皇子) later Emperor Kōbun
- Prince Abe (阿閇皇子, b.648)
- Princess Aga (阿雅皇女, 648–709)
Court lady: Oshinumi no Shikibuko-no-iratsume (忍海色夫古娘), Oshinumi Zokuryu's daughter
- Third Son: Prince Kawashima (川島皇子, 657–691)
- Princess Ōe (大江皇女), married to Emperor Tenmu
- Princess Izumi (泉皇女), Saiō in Ise Shrine (701–706)
Court lady: Kurikuma no Kurohime-no-iratsume (栗隈黒媛娘), Kurikuma Tokuman's daughter
- Princess Minushi (水主皇女)
Mausoleum
Mausoleum of Emperor Tenji is a Kofun in that is the traditional burial site of Emperor Tenji. Specifically, it is an Octagonal Kofun.[17]
The Imperial Household Agency has limited access by the public out of respect for Emperor Tenji who they claim is buried there.[17]
Popular culture
- Emperor Tenji is portrayed by Ahn Hong-jin in the 2012–2013 KBS1 TV series Dream of the Emperor.
اقرأ أيضاً
Notes
- ^ Titsingh, p. 54; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, p. 44; a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 52.
- ^ Varley, p. 136 n. 43.
- ^ أ ب Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, p. 54., p. 53, في كتب گوگل
- ^ Asakawa, Kan'ichi. (1903). The Early Institutional Life of Japan, p. 313.
- ^ Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 268–269.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 55–58.
- ^ Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 天智天皇 (38)
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 420.
- ^ Nippon Gakujutsu Shinkokai. (1969). The Manyōshū, p. iv.
- ^ Nippon Gakujutsu Shinkokai, p. 5.
- ^ MacCauley, Clay. (1900). "Hyakunin-Isshu: Single Songs of a Hundred Poets" in Transactions of the Asia Society of Japan, p. 3.
- ^ Sato 2008, p. 21.
- ^ أ ب Brown, p. 268.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 53.
- ^ Brown, p. 270.
- ^ أ ب "Gobyōyama Kofun (In Kyōto)". Retrieved October 21, 2023.
References
- Asakawa, Kan'ichi. (1903). The Early Institutional Life of Japan. Tokyo: Shueisha. OCLC 4427686; see online, multi-formatted, full-text book at openlibrary.org
- Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. OCLC 448337491
- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
- MacCauley, Clay. (1900). "Hyakunin-Isshu: Single Songs of a Hundred Poets" in Transactions of the Asia Society of Japan. Tokyo: Asia Society of Japan. ...Click link for digitized, full-text copy of this book (in English)
- Nippon Gakujutsu Shinkokai (1969). The Manyoshu: The Nippon Gakujutsu Shinkokai Translation of One Thousand Poems. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-08620-2
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
- Hiroaki Sato (2008). Japanese women poets: an anthology. M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842
| ألقاب ملكية | ||
|---|---|---|
| سبقه Empress Saimei |
Emperor of Japan: Tenji 661–672 |
تبعه Emperor Kōbun |
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- Short description is different from Wikidata
- مقالات تحتوي نصاً باللغة اليابانية
- Emperor Tenji
- Emperors of Japan
- 626 births
- 672 deaths
- People of the Asuka period
- 7th-century Japanese monarchs
- Man'yō poets
- Hyakunin Isshu poets
- Sons of Japanese emperors
- Sons of empresses regnant
- 7th-century Japanese poets
- مواليد 626
- وفيات 672
- أباطرة اليابان