معركة نربونة (737)

Coordinates: 43°11′03″N 3°00′11″E / 43.184277°N 3.003078°E / 43.184277; 3.003078
(تم التحويل من معركة نربون (737))
حصار نربونة
جزء من Islamic invasion of Gaul
Muslim troops leaving Narbonne to Pepin le Bref in 759.jpg
القوات المسلمة تغادر نربونة، في 759، تاركةً إياها لـپپين القصير، بعد أربعين عام من الاحتلال.
التاريخ737
الموقع
نربونة، فرنسا[1]
43°11′03″N 3°0′11″E / 43.18417°N 3.00306°E / 43.18417; 3.00306
النتيجة

Frankish Christian military success against the Umayyad Caliphate[6]
Politically inconclusive[7]

المتحاربون
White flag 3 to 2.svg Umayyad Caliphate Oriflamme of Charlemagne.png Kingdom of Francia
القادة والزعماء
White flag 3 to 2.svg Yusuf al-Fihri[2]
White flag 3 to 2.svg Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj[5]		 Oriflamme of Charlemagne.png Charles Martel[12]
Siege of Narbonne is located in فرنسا
Siege of Narbonne
Siege of Narbonne
class=notpageimage|
الموقع داخل فرنسا

معركة نربونة Battle of Narbonne، هي معركة دارت عام 737 بين قوات يوسف بن عبد الرحمن الفهري‎، الحاكم الأموي في نربونة، وجيش الفرنجة بقيادة شارل مارتل. أسفرت المعركة عن خسارة الفرنجة هذه المدينة، حيث بقيت تحت إمرة الأمويين.

السياق التاريخي

المقالة الرئيسية: الإمبراطورية الكارولنجية, إمبراطورية الفرنجة, and فرنسيا الغربية
للمزيد من المعلومات: الفتح الإسلامي لبلاد الغال and الوجود الإسلامي في فرنسا العصور الوسطى

بعد أن فتحت أربونة سنة 719 من قبل الوالي الأموي في الأندلس السمح بن مالك الخولاني، أتخذت المدينة كقاعدة عسكرية للقيام بحملات مستقبلية.
في سنة 737، وبعد الفوز الكبير المحقق في أڤنيون، قرر شارل مارتل إمبراطور الفرنجة بإقتحام المدينة، وبذلك وقعت هذه المعركة التي خسرها فيما بعد.

The region of Septimania, in southern Gaul, was the last unconquered province of the Visigothic Kingdom.[13] The incursion into Septimania was motivated by the need to secure their territorial gains in Iberia.[13] Arab and Berber Muslim forces began to campaign in Septimania in 719.[13]

The region of Septimania was invaded by al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani, wāli (governor-general) of al-Andalus,[14] in 719, and subsequently occupied by the Arab and Berber Muslim forces in 720.[2][4] The region was renamed Arbūnah and turned into a military base for future operations by the Andalusian military commanders.[15]

By 721, al-Samh was reinforced and ready to lay siege to Toulouse, a possession that would open up the bordering region of Aquitaine to him on the same terms as Septimania. But his plans were thwarted in the disastrous battle of Toulouse in 721; the Aquitanian Christian army led by Odo the Great, Duke of Aquitaine defeated the Umayyad Muslim army and achieved a decisive and significant victory.[16] The surviving Umayyad forces drove away from Aquitaine with immense losses, in which al-Samh was so seriously wounded that he soon died at Narbonne.[9]

Arab and Berber Muslim forces, soundly based in the stronghold of Narbonne and easily resupplied by sea, struck in the 720s, conquering Carcassonne on the north-western fringes of Septimania (725) and penetrating and raiding other cities. In 731, the Berber lord of the region of Cerdagne, Uthman ibn Naissa, called Munuza by the Franks, was an ally of the Duke of Aquitaine Odo the Great after he revolted against the Emirate of Córdoba, but the rebel lord was killed by the Arab Umayyad commander Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi.

المعركة

بعد النجاح في حصار المدينة، فشل الفرنجة في أخذها، حيث تمسك المسلمون في الدفاع عليها بقوة.
لمعرفته بأن مصير سپتمانيا يقف عند مدينة أربونة، بعث والي الأندلس عقبة بن الحجاج السلولي بجيش لتعزيز دفاع المدينة، هذا الجيش أعترض من قبل قوات شارل مارتل في معركة وادي بير جنوبي بلاد الفرنجة.
نظرا لقروب فصل الشتاء وإستحالة الدخول إلى المدينة، قام الفرنجة برفع حصارهم عنها في النهاية.

Following the successful military campaigns of the Carolingian duke Charles Martel at the battle of Poitiers in 732 and the siege of Avignon in 737,[1] he went on to attack the city of Narbonne,[17] but the local nobility of Gothic and Gallo-Roman stock had concluded different military and political arrangements with the Arab Umayyad governor due to their fear of the expanding Frankish realm.[5]

However, when the Umayyads sent reinforcements from Muslim-ruled Iberia, the Frankish Christian army intercepted a sizeable group of Arab-Berber Muslim troops led by Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj[5] along the banks of the River Berre (located in the present-day Department of Aude) and achieved a decisive and significant victory against the Umayyad invaders,[18] after which the Frankish army marched on Nîmes.[19]

In the aftermath of their resounding victory against the relieving Arab-Berber Muslim forces,[20] the Frankish Christian army pursued the fleeing Arab-Berber Muslim troops into the nearby sea-lagoons, "taking much booty and many prisoners".[21] Martel's forces then devastated the principal Umayyad settlements of Septimania, as the Frankish army marched on Agde, Béziers, Maguelonne, and Nîmes.[22]

الانسحاب

The Frankish Mayor of the Palace Charles Martel may have been able to take Narbonne had he been willing to commit his army and full resources for an indefinite siege, but he was not willing or able to do so.[3] Probably he found that Hunald I, Duke of Aquitaine, was threatening his line of communication with the north. Meanwhile Maurontius, Duke of Provence, from his unconquered city of Marseille, raised a revolt against him from the rear.[24] The Frankish king may have considered accomplished his primary goals by destroying the Arab Muslim armies in Septimania, and leaving the remaining Arab and Berber garrison confined within the city of Narbonne.[2]

A second Frankish expedition was led later in 739 to expel the inconvenient count Maurontius, who couldn't expect this time Andalusian relief, from Marseille and regain control of Provence.[1] According to Paul the Deacon's historical treatise Historia Langobardorum (787–796), the Arabs retreated when they learned that Martel had formed an alliance with the Lombards.[21]

النتائج

بعد هذه الخسارة، قام الفرنجة بإفراغ ونهب عدة مدن في المنطقة منها نيم وبيزيرز لتصبح منعدمة الأهمية.
بقيت أربونة مسلمة حتى سنة 759 تاريخ سقوطها من قبل بيبين القصير.
يذكر أن هشام بن عبد الرحمن الداخل أنفق خُمس غنائم معركة أربونة في بناء المساجد وتحسين البنية التحتية للدولة [25].

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Riché 1993
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Deanesly 2019
  3. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Verbruggen 2005
  4. ^ أ ب ت ث ج خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Collins 1998
  5. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش Collins, Roger (1995). "Conquerors Divided". The Arab Conquest of Spain: 710–797. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-631-19405-7. It would be quite anachronistic that the Provençal aristocracy would or those whose primary interests lay in the south would welcome the extension into their region of the authority of the eastern Frankish Mayors of the Palace, or that a sense of Christian solidarity should mean more than the dictates of realpolitik. For that matter it was not with any sense of obligation to free formerly Christian lands from Islamic rule that Charles Martel launched a raid into western Provence in 737. He took Avignon, but clearly did not retain it, and advanced to besiege Narbonne, the centre of Arab control in the March. The Frankish chronicles record his victory over a relieving force sent by the governor ʿUqba, but their uniform silence makes it clear that despite this he failed to take the city itself.
  6. ^ [1][2][3][4][5]
  7. ^ [1][2][3][4][5]
  8. ^ [1][3][5]
  9. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Baker, Patrick S. (2013). "The Battle of the River Berre". Medieval Warfare. Karwansaray BV. 3 (2): 44–48. ISSN 2211-5129. JSTOR 48578218. After three months, Eudo the Great, Duke of Aquitaine, lifted the siege. Eudo's army decimated the Moors, killed As-Sahm and drove the survivors from Aquitaine.
  10. ^ [1][3][9]
  11. ^ [1][3][5]
  12. ^ [1][2][3][4][5]
  13. ^ أ ب ت Watson, William E. (2003). "Three Legacies: Charles Martel, the Crusades, and Napoleon". Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publications. pp. 1–11. ISBN 9780275974701. OCLC 50322732.
  14. ^ Christys, Ann (2002). Christians in Al-Andalus (711-1000). London: Routledge, ISBN 0-7007-1564-9, p. 28.
  15. ^ Holt, P. M., Lambton, Ann K. S. and Lewis, Bernard (1977). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29135-6, p. 95.
  16. ^ [1][9]
  17. ^ [1][2][3][4][5]
  18. ^ [1][3][5][9]
  19. ^ [1][3][5]
  20. ^ [1][3][5][9]
  21. ^ أ ب Fouracre, Paul (2000). The Age of Charles Martel. Harlow: Longman. p. 97. ISBN 0-582-06476-7.
  22. ^ [1][3][5]
  23. ^ Lewis, Archibald R. (1965). The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 23. Retrieved June 15, 2012.
  24. ^ [1][23]
  25. ^ (ar) هشام الداخل و التصرف في غنائم معركة أربونة، الجزيرة نت، 1 يناير 2013

43°11′03″N 3°00′11″E / 43.184277°N 3.003078°E / 43.184277; 3.003078

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