شعاب اصطناعية

Constructing an artificial reef using concrete breeze blocks[1]

الشعاب الاصطناعية artificial reef هي منشأ تحت الماء من صنع الإنسان، عادةً وُجـِد لتشجيع marine life in areas with a generally featureless bottom, to control erosion, block ship passage, block the use of trawling nets,[2] or improve surfing.

Many reefs are built using objects that were built for other purposes, such as by sinking oil rigs (through the Rigs-to-Reefs program), scuttling ships, or by deploying rubble or construction debris. Other artificial reefs are purpose-built (e.g. the reef balls) from PVC or concrete. Shipwrecks may become artificial reefs when preserved on the seafloor. Regardless of construction method, artificial reefs generally provide hard surfaces where algae and invertebrates such as barnacles, corals, and oysters attach; the accumulation of attached marine life in turn provides intricate structures and food for assemblages of fish.

Though there's no research indicating the benefits of artificial reefs, they are still being practiced in modern times.

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أمثلة

فلوريدا

Florida is the site of many artificial reefs,[3] many created from deliberately sunken ships, including Coast Guard cutters Duane and Bibb and the U.S. Navy landing ship Spiegel Grove.[4]

شعاب أوزبورن

المقالة الرئيسية: شعاب أوزبورن
A bed of skummy tires rests piled upon the ocean's floor; a small yellow fish swims by the left.
Tires constituting Osborne Reef (2007)

In the early 1970s, more than 2,000,000 used vehicle tires were dumped off the coast of Fort Lauderdale, Florida to form an artificial reef. However, the tires were not properly secured to the reef structures, and ocean currents broke them loose, sending them crashing into the developing reef and its natural neighbors. As of 2009, fewer than 100,000 of the tires had been removed after more than 10 years of efforts.[5]

Neptune Reef

Neptune Memorial Reef was originally conceived as an art project called The Atlantis Reef Project and was envisioned and created by Gary Levine and Kim Brandell. Burial at sea became a way of financing the project. As of 2011, about 200 "placements" had occurred. Cremated remains are mixed with concrete and either encased in columns or molded into sea-star, brain-coral, 15 feet (4.6 m) castings of lions or other shapes before entering the water.[4]

Ex-USS Massachusetts

In 1921 the US battleship Massachusetts was scuttled in shallow water off the coast of Pensacola, Florida and then used as a target for experimental artillery. In 1956 the ship was declared the property of the state of Florida by the Florida Supreme Court. Since 1993 the wreck has been a Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserve and is included in the National Register of Historic Places. She serves as an artificial reef and recreational dive site.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Ex-USS Oriskany

Sea life growing on the remains of يوإس‌إس Oriskany, intentionally sunk in 2006 to become an artificial reef.

The world's largest artificial reef was created by sinking of the 44,000 ton aircraft carrier يوإس‌إس Oriskany off the coast of Pensacola, Florida, in 2006.[6]

Ex-USNS Hoyt S. Vandenberg

The second-largest artificial reef is USNS Hoyt S. Vandenberg, a former World War II era troop transport that served as a spacecraft-tracking ship after the war. The Vandenberg was scuttled seven miles off Key West on May 27, 2009, in 140 feet (43 m) of clear water.[7] Supporters expected the ship to draw recreational divers away from natural reefs, allowing those reefs to recover from damage from overuse.[8]

Ex-USS Spiegel Grove

The ex-USS Spiegel Grove is located on Dixie Shoal, 6 miles (9.7 km) off the Florida Keys in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Her exact location is 25°04′00.23″N 80°18′00.7″W / 25.0667306°N 80.300194°W / 25.0667306; -80.300194.[بحاجة لمصدر]

North Carolina

Ex-USS Yancey

يوإس‌إس Yancey was sunk as an artificial reef off Morehead City, North Carolina, 1990. She is lying on her starboard side at a depth of 160 ft (49 m)[بحاجة لمصدر]


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Ex-USCGC Spar

USCGC Spar was scuttled in June 2004 by Captain Tim Mullane in 108 feet (33 m) of water, 30 miles (48 km) off Morehead City, North Carolina, where she serves as an artificial reef.[9]

Ex-USS Indra

يوإس‌إس Indra was sunk as an artificial reef, 4 August 1992 in 60 feet (18 m) of water.
Its coordinates are 34°33′55″N 76°58′30″W / 34.56528°N 76.97500°W / 34.56528; -76.97500.[10]

Ex-USS Aeolus

يوإس‌إس Aeolus was sunk to form an artificial reef in August 1988. The ex-Aeolus, located about 22 miles from Beaufort Inlet in 110 feet (30 m) of water, is regularly visited by divers.[بحاجة لمصدر]

دلاوير

Redbird Reef

المقالة الرئيسية: Redbird Reef
Retired subway cars on a barge before being sunk to form an artificial reef.

In the late 2000s, the New York City Transit Authority decided to retire an outdated fleet of subway cars to make room for new R142 and R142A trains. The obsolete subway cars, (nicknamed "Redbirds"), had run on the A Division (former Interborough Rapid Transit Company routes) of the New York City Subway system for 40 years. Each car was stripped, decontaminated, loaded on a barge, and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Delaware, Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Some cars had number plates removed because of rust, which were then auctioned off on eBay. A total of 1,200 subway cars were sunk for this project.

In September 2007, the NYCTA approved a further contract with Weeks Marine worth $6 million, to send 1,600 of its retired subway cars to be used as artificial reefs. The old models were sheathed in stainless steel, except for the fiberglass reinforced plastic front ends, which were removed before sinking. The retired fleet included old work trains and cars that were badly damaged beyond repair.[11]

كندا

بريتش كلومبيا

In 2006, a Boeing 737-200 that was deemed no longer airworthy by Air Canada was sunk by the Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia.[12]

المكسيك

Cancun Underwater Museum

Since November 2009, artist Jason deCaires Taylor has created more than 400 life size sculptures off the coast of Cancun, Mexico at the Cancun Underwater Museum. The coral reefs in this region suffered heavy degradation due to repetitive hurricane abuse. This project was funded by The National Marine Park and the Cancun Nautical Association. It was designed to emulate coral reefs using a neutral ph clay. Taylor constructed unique settings depicting daily activities ranging from a man watching TV to a 1970s replica of a Volkswagen Beetle. This artificial reef relieved pressure from the nearby Manchones Reef.[13]

أستراليا

Since the late 1990s, the Australian government has been providing decommissioned warships for use as artificial reefs for recreational scuba diving. So far, seven ships have been sunk:


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إسپانيا

Ex-SS American Star

The former ocean liner SS American Star was wrecked on 18 January 1994 on the west coast of the island of Fuerteventura, on Playa de Garcey. By 2008, the wreck of the ship had completely collapsed and sunk, and is now lying about 10 metres underwater near the coast. Its coordinates are 28° 20′ 45.88″ N, 14° 10′ 49.59″ W.

كوستاريكا

At Playa Hermosa, the Playa Hermosa Artificial Reef Project has created an artificial reef using discarded porcelain insulators.[20][21]

كوراساو

On Curaçao, Secore International has created 12 artificial reefs using the cost-effective technique with small tetrapod-shaped concrete structures, seeded with coral larvae.[22]

سابا وستاتيا

The AROSSTA project is located at Saba and Statia.[23] They are using MOREEFs, which are said to be more efficient then reefballs.[24]

جبل طارق

The Gibraltar Reef was first proposed by Eric Shaw in 1973. Initial experiments with tires proved unsuccessful as the tires were swept away by currents or buried underneath sand. In 1974, boats from local marinas and the Gibraltar Port Authority were donated. The first two were barges that were sunk in Camp Bay. In 2006, a 65-ton wooden boat, True Joy (also referred to as Noah's Ark) was sunk there as well, followed by MV New Flame, a mid-sized bulk carrier, in 2007.[بحاجة لمصدر]

In 2013, more than 70 concrete blocks were sunk, each one square meter in size with protruding metal bars. This led to heated debate between the United Kingdom and Spain, with Gibraltar accusing Spain of over forty incursions into their waters per month[25] and Spain accusing Gibraltar of including metal bars in the reef to stop Spanish fishermen trawling the seabed for fish. The dropping led to a diplomatic conflict between the two countries because Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory.[بحاجة لمصدر]

الهند

Temple Reef

The surfing reef Temple reef is off the coast of Pondicherry, India constructed of fully recycled materials such as concrete, rocks, trees, palms, and iron bars. It is located at a depth of 18 metres (59 ft).[بحاجة لمصدر]

دبي

Pearl of Dubai is an art-inspired Lost City off the coast of Dubai. The site encompasses five acres and is located at the World Islands. At a depth of 10 to 20 metres (33 to 66 ft), the site is designed as an ancient lost city, complete with temples and statues using regional design cues from 800 BC.[26]

العقبة، الأردن

Jordan made an under-water military vehicles museum, which is intended to form an artificial reef over time.[27]

الفلبين

Underwater Chocolate Hills is an artificial reef project undertaken by Spindrift Reefs Dive Center[28] off the coast of Panglao Island in the Philippines. It consists of broken coral harvested by local divers, who attach it to wire structures. The structures are built in the same shape as the Chocolate Hills, which can be found in the Bohol Region. The intent is to create a new dive site and new marine habitat.[بحاجة لمصدر]

لبنان

In 2018, the Lebanese Army donated 10 stripped tanks to an NGO and sunk them 3 km away from the coast of Sidon, South Lebanon.[29]

أستراليا

Cooper Reef is a purpose-built artificial reef off the coast of Esperance, Western Australia. It is at a depth of 30m and consists of 128 dome-like concrete modules designed to attract fish and enhance fish stocks, thereby creating new fishing and recreation opportunities for tourists, anglers and local families.

مالطة

Following a gas explosion that occurred on 3 February 1995, the Libyan-owned motor tanker Um El Faroud was scuttled off the coast of Malta as an artificial reef.

وجهة نظر الغواصين في الشعاب الاصطناعية

A study in Barbados showed a marked variation in diver satisfaction with artificial reef diving experiences. Novice divers tended to be more satisfied than more experienced divers, who had a strong preference for natural reefs and large shipwrecks. [30]

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ Aspinall, Richard (2016-09-20). "From concrete to coral: breeze blocks make a splash regenerating reefs". The Guardian. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  2. ^ Cambodia volunteers step up battle against illegal fishing
  3. ^ The Artificial Reefs of Volusia County, Florida
  4. ^ أ ب "Artificial Reefs". National Geographic. February 2011. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  5. ^ Peppard, Jim (21 August 2009). "Florida tire reef removal ends for the year". St. Petersburg, Florida: WTSP. Archived from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  6. ^ Olsen, Erik (18 August 2008). "Out of Commission Above Water, but Not Below It". New York Times. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  7. ^ "WWII-era ship becomes sunken reef off Key West". AT&T Online News. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009.[dead link]
  8. ^ "Ship to Become 2nd Largest Intentional Reef". New York Times. Associated Press. 25 May 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2009.[dead link]
  9. ^ Hudy, Paul. "North Carolina Shipwrecks". nc-wreckdiving.com. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  10. ^ Mobile Riverine Force Association (October 4, 1999). "History of The USS Indra (ARL-37)". Archived from the original on February 23, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
  11. ^ "More Subway Cars Slated For Reefs". United Press International. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  12. ^ "Boeing 737, 2006". Artificial Reef Society British Columbia. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  13. ^ "Cancun's Underwater Museum Blooms In Time For Spring". Cancun Vacation Blog (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2010-04-07. Retrieved 2017-10-05.
  14. ^ "HMAS Swan – History". Michael McFayden's Scuba Diving Web Site. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  15. ^ "Welcome to the official former HMAS Perth Website". Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  16. ^ "Dive the Ex-HMAS Hobart". Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  17. ^ "Ex-HMAS Brisbane Conservation Park". Archived from the original on May 11, 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  18. ^ "ex-HMAS Canberra Reef". Dive the ex-HMAS Canberra. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  19. ^ "Ex-HMAS Tobruk scuttled off the Queensland coast to become dive wreck". ABC. 29 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  20. ^ Costa Rican Electricity Institute launches construction of artificial reef
  21. ^ Playa Hermosa Artificial Reef Project
  22. ^ Our latest weapon in the fight to save dying coral reefs is … a concrete pod?
  23. ^ ATOSSTA
  24. ^ MOREEF
  25. ^ Bennett, Owen (19 November 2013). "Gibraltar: We are just one shot away from military conflict, warns MP amid new standoff". Daily Express. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  26. ^ Kim, Soo (1 July 2014). "The world's largest underwater theme park planned in Dubai". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  27. ^ "Jordan Creates Artificial Reef From Decommissioned Military Vehicles". New York Times. 25 July 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
  28. ^ "Spindrift Reefs Dive Center". Archived from the original on 2016-01-09.
  29. ^ "Lebanon sinks tanks in Mediterranean to make new reef". BBC News. 28 July 2018.
  30. ^ Kirkbride-Smith, Anne E.; Wheeler, Philip M.; Johnson, Magnus L. (23 July 2013). "The Relationship between Diver Experience Levels and Perceptions of Attractiveness of Artificial Reefs – Examination of a Potential Management Tool". PLOS ONE. 8 (7): e68899. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...868899K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068899. PMC 3720904. PMID 23894372.

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Coastal management

قالب:Recreational dive sites

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