زاهدان
29°29′43″N 60°52′06″E / 29.49528°N 60.86833°E
زاهدان
زاهدان | |
|---|---|
 مسجد مكي، زاهدان | |
 Seal | |
  زاهدان الموقع ضمن إيران | |
| الإحداثيات: 29°29′43″N 60°52′06″E / 29.49528°N 60.86833°E | |
| البلد |  إيران |
| المحافظة | سيستان وبلوچستان |
| المقاطعة | زاهدان |
| بخش | المركزي |
| الحكومة | |
| • العمدة | حمايت رضا |
| المنسوب | 1٬352 m (4٬436 ft) |
| التعداد (2016 Census) | |
| • الحضر | 587٬730[1] |
| منطقة التوقيت | UTC+3:30 (توقيت إيران) |
زاهدان (بالبلوچي وفارسية: زاهدان ؛ Zâhedân [zɒːheˈd̪ɒːn])[أ]، هي مدينة في جنوب شرق إيران، وعاصمة محافظة سيستان وبلوچستان. وصل عدد سكانها في 2005 إلى 580.071 نسمة.[1]
شهدت المدينة قمعاً دموياً في أكتوبر 2022، راح ضحيته عشرات المتظاهرين.
أصل الاسم
The original name of the city was Duzzap (Persian: Duzdab, meaning "Water Sink"), which it had received due to the purous ground that sinks the water flowing on the surface due to rain or rivers. The name was later changed to Zahedan during Reza Shah's visit in 1929.[4] The name is taken from the medieval large city of Zaidan that was located some distance to the northeast of modern city on the Helmand River delta. Zana Salehrad suggests that the name Zahedan may reflect more than just geography or past settlements. In this theory, “Zahedan” could have emerged as a descriptive term for the early communities that settled the region—people known for their simplicity, piety, or ascetic way of life. The Persian word “Zahed” means a devout or ascetic person, and “Zahedan” could therefore have originally referred to a place inhabited by such people, a town of the righteous or spiritually mindful. Over time, the name became formalized, carrying both the moral connotation of devotion and the historical continuity from the earlier city of Zaidan, blending culture, faith, and memory into a single identity.[5]
التاريخ
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Mention of Zahedan first appears in sources in August 1849. However, the city first truly started to grow during the early 20th century.[6] During World War I it became the westernmost terminal of the Zahedan railway station, which reached as far as Quetta in the northern part of what was then British Baluchistan.[7]
The city was the site of a deadly crackdown in October 2022, with dozens citizens killed by pro-governmental forces.[8] Over 90 people were killed.[9] Two senior police officials were fired in the aftermath of the crackdown.[9] On 28 October, there were protests in Zahedan and security forces fired on protestors, killing 98 and injuring 14.[9]
On 3 November 2022, the Shi'i cleric and Khamenei loyalist Sajjad Shahraki was assassinated in Zahedan.[10][11] The next day, there were widespread protests in the city; Revolutionary Guards and other armed forces fired on protestors.[10]
الجغرافيا
تقع زاهدان على الحدود مع پاكستان وأفغانستان، على إرتفاع 1.352 متر فوق سطح البحر على مسافة 1.605 كم من العاصمة الإيرانية طهران.
| بيانات المناخ لـ زاهدان | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الشهر | ينا | فب | مار | أبر | ماي | يون | يول | أغس | سبت | أكت | نوف | ديس | السنة |
| القصوى القياسية °س (°ف) | 27.0 (80.6) |
28.0 (82.4) |
32.2 (90.0) |
37.0 (98.6) |
40.4 (104.7) |
43.0 (109.4) |
42.0 (107.6) |
43.0 (109.4) |
40.0 (104.0) |
36.0 (96.8) |
30.2 (86.4) |
28.0 (82.4) |
43.0 (109.4) |
| متوسط القصوى اليومية °س (°ف) | 14.0 (57.2) |
16.5 (61.7) |
21.9 (71.4) |
27.5 (81.5) |
32.5 (90.5) |
36.2 (97.2) |
37.0 (98.6) |
35.6 (96.1) |
32.3 (90.1) |
27.7 (81.9) |
21.7 (71.1) |
16.3 (61.3) |
26.6 (79.9) |
| المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) | 6.4 (43.5) |
9.2 (48.6) |
14.5 (58.1) |
20.0 (68.0) |
24.7 (76.5) |
28.3 (82.9) |
29.3 (84.7) |
27.1 (80.8) |
22.7 (72.9) |
17.8 (64.0) |
11.9 (53.4) |
7.9 (46.2) |
18.3 (65.0) |
| متوسط الدنيا اليومية °س (°ف) | −0.5 (31.1) |
2.5 (36.5) |
7.4 (45.3) |
12.1 (53.8) |
15.9 (60.6) |
18.6 (65.5) |
19.8 (67.6) |
17.2 (63.0) |
12.4 (54.3) |
8.1 (46.6) |
3.1 (37.6) |
0.5 (32.9) |
9.8 (49.6) |
| الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | −22 (−8) |
−14 (7) |
−7 (19) |
0.0 (32.0) |
1.4 (34.5) |
11.0 (51.8) |
12.0 (53.6) |
8.0 (46.4) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−4 (25) |
−11 (12) |
−16 (3) |
−22 (−8) |
| متوسط تساقط الأمطار mm (inches) | 19.3 (0.76) |
21.1 (0.83) |
13.6 (0.54) |
9.5 (0.37) |
3.9 (0.15) |
0.4 (0.02) |
0.8 (0.03) |
0.9 (0.04) |
0.2 (0.01) |
1.8 (0.07) |
3.4 (0.13) |
7.2 (0.28) |
82.1 (3.23) |
| Average rainy days | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 2.8 | 25.8 |
| متوسط الرطوبة النسبية (%) | 54 | 50 | 42 | 36 | 29 | 24 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 31 | 40 | 49 | 36 |
| Mean monthly ساعات سطوع الشمس | 208.8 | 199.3 | 221.2 | 235.2 | 296.2 | 310.2 | 317.9 | 324.5 | 305.4 | 290.2 | 245.6 | 215.2 | 3٬169٫7 |
| Source: NOAA (1961–1990) [12] | |||||||||||||
الديموغرافيا
التعداد
While the surrounding area boasts numerous ancient sites, Zahedan itself primarily developed in the 20th century. It transitioned from a small village to the provincial administrative center in the 1930s. Its population reached 17,500 by 1956, and increased more than fivefold to 93,000 by 1976. After 1980, large numbers of refugees fleeing the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan helped triple the population of Zahedan to more than 281,000 by 1986, a number which has since doubled again.[citation needed]
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 552,706 in 109,488 households.[13] The following census in 2011 counted 560,725 people in 134,088 households.[14] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 587,730 people in 146,717 households.[15]
التعليم
يوجد في زاهدان مقر جامعة أزاد الإسلامية، زاهدان، وجامعة زاهدان للعلوم الطبية [16] وجامعة سيستان وبلوچستان.
الاقتصاد
![[icon]](/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg&filetimestamp=20141018051257&){kind=small} | This section requires expansion. (March 2014) |
Zahedan is the main economic center of the region and home to many small- and medium-scale industries. Its main products include cotton textiles, woven and hand-knotted rugs, ceramics, processed foods, livestock feed, processed hides, milled rice, brick, reed mats and baskets.
Zahedan also serves as a significant regional trade hub due to its proximity to the borders of Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Taftan border crossing, located east of Zahedan, is the main artery connecting Iran with Pakistan's Balochistan province, facilitating the movement of goods and people and playing a key role in regional commerce. Strategically located along routes linking Central Asia and Persian Gulf ports to the south, the city has benefited from regional trade. Despite its strategic location, the region remains among the least economically developed in Iran, facing challenges related to underdevelopment and regional inequality.[17]
النقل
Zahedan is served by Zahedan International Airport.
Highway 95 links Zahedan to Tehran and Mashhad in the north and the port of Bandar Chabahar on the Sea of Oman in the south, and Highway 84 to the Pakistani city of Quetta in the east and to Kerman in the west.
For decades the 5 ft 6 in (1٬676 mm) broad gauge (Indian subcontinent system) railway exists from Zahedan station to/from Quetta's station in Pakistan, the Quetta–Taftan Railway Line. Beyond this, west, a standard gauge line was completed from Zahedan to Kerman linking the city with the rest of the Iranian rail network.[18] This flowed from a 18 May 2007 MOU for rail co-operation (of Pakistan and Iran) under which the line was to be completed by December 2008.[citation needed] It was completed with an opening ceremony on 19 June 2009.[19] This means that Zahedan hosts the break of gauge between the Islamic Republic of Iran Railway's standard gauge tracks of the Trans-Iranian Railway and Pakistan Railway's broad gauge aforementioned.
سكة حديد چابهار–زاهدان
In May 2016, during Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's trip to Iran, agreement was signed to develop two terminals and five berths at Port of Chabahar and to build a new railway between Chabahar and Zahedan, as part of North–South Transport Corridor, by Indian Railways's public sector unit Ircon International.[20] Ten years later, this proposal is still under study and consideration, a via Kerman connection to the port of Chabahar.[20]
In July 2016, India began shipping US$150 million of tracks to Chabahar[21] to build the US$1.6 billion line, for which India pledged additional US$400 million and Iran has also allocated US$125 million in December 2016, thus taking the total allocation to US$575 million (out of US$1.6 billion needed) by the end of 2016.[22]
انظر أيضا
المصادر
- ^ "Statistical Center of Iran > Home". amar.org.ir.
- ^ Skrine, Clarmont (1962). World War in Iran. Constable & Company, Ltd. p. 68.
- ^ زاهدان can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3088799" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
- ^ Dudoignon 2017, p. 119.
- ^ Sajidi, Jiand (20 October 2022). "Western Balochistan: Past and Present". The Baloch News. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
- ^ Dudoignon 2017, pp. 118–119.
- ^ Bosworth 2002, p. 387.
- ^ Engelbrecht, Cora; Tabrizy, Nilo; Jhaveri, Ishaan (2022-10-14). "'It Was a Massacre': How Security Forces Cracked Down in Southeastern Iran". The New York Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
- ^ أ ب ت "Iran protests: Fresh clashes in Zahedan". BBC News. 28 October 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
- ^ أ ب Daragahi, Borzou (4 November 2022). "'Death to the dictator': Dozens killed as Iran's southeast erupts in political violence". The Independent. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
- ^ "Iranian cleric killed in flashpoint city of Zahedan - IRNA". Reuters. Islamic Republic News Agency. 3 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
- ^ "Zahedan Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
- ^ (in fa) (Excel)Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Sistan and Baluchestan Province. The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the
|archivedate=parameter. http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls. Retrieved on 25 September 2022. - ^ (in fa) (Excel)Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Sistan and Baluchestan Province. The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the
|archivedate=parameter. https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Sistan-and-Baluchestan.xls. Retrieved on 19 December 2022. - ^ (in fa) (Excel)Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Sistan and Baluchestan Province. The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the
|archivedate=parameter. https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_11.xlsx. Retrieved on 19 December 2022. - ^ New Page 1
- ^ "Zahedan, Balochistan: Unveiling Iran's Southeastern Frontier". IBBU. 21 May 2026.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Dr John Stubbs (1 January 2007). "Closing the gap from Bam to Zahedan". Railway Gazette International. Archived from the original on 9 May 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
- ^ "Zahedan | Railways of Afghanistan". andrewgrantham.co.uk. 7 September 2010.
- ^ أ ب "Chabahar port: India to build 500 km rail line on southern coast of Iran as part of transit corridor to Afghanistan". Daily News and Analysis. 23 May 2016.
- ^ "India to export USD 150 mn rails for Chabahar port next month". 16 June 2016.
- ^ "$125m for Chabahar-Zahedan Railroad". Financial Tribune. 24 December 2016. Archived from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
ملاحظات
- ^ ويمكن أيضاً رومنتها كالتالي: Zāhidān و Zaahedaan. كما تُعرف بإسم زاهدانه يك. وكانت تُعرف سابقاً بإسم دوزداب أو دزداب أو دزداپ (دزداپ)، وتغير اسمها إلى زاهدان بأمر من رضا شاه پهلوي في أواخر ع1920.[2][3]
وصلات خارجية
|
|
|---|---|
| العاصمة | زاهدان |
| المقاطعات |
إیرانشهر | چابهار | خاش | دلگان | زابل | زاهدان | زهک | سراوان | سرباز | کنارک | نیکشهر |
| المدن |
اسپکه | إیرانشهر | بزمان | بمپور | بـِنِت | بنجار | پیشین | جالق | چابهار | خاش | دوستمحمد | راسک | زابل | زابلی | زاهدان | زهک | سراوان | سرباز | سوران | سیرکان | فنوج | قصرقند | کنارک | گلمورتی | محمدآباد | میرجاوه | نصرتآباد | نگور | نوکآباد | نیکشهر |
| المعالم |
ارگ کوه خواجه | بازار زاهدان | درخت مکرزن | دریاچه هامون | دهانه غلامان | زیارتگاه مرتضیعلی | عمارت قدیمی پست چابهار | القلعة البرتغالية (چابهار) | قلعه تیس | قلعه رستم | قلعه سب | قلعه سه کوهه | قلعة ناصري | سنگنگارههای کوه نگاران | بازار منطقه آزاد چابهار | موزه ایرانشهر | موزه چابهار | میل نادری |
| القرى | |
| Rank | المحافظة | Pop. | Rank | المحافظة | Pop. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 طهران  مشهد |
1 | طهران | طهران | 14,000,010 | 11 | زاهدان | سيستان وبلوچستان | 557,336 |  إصفهان  تبريز |
| 2 | مشهد | خوزستان | 2,527,316 | 12 | رشت | گيلان | 567,449 | ||
| 3 | إصفهان | إصفهان | 1,702,110 | 13 | كرمان | كرمان | 515,114 | ||
| 4 | تبريز | أذربيجان ش. | 1,598,060 | 14 | همدان | همدان | 479,640 | ||
| 5 | كرج | البرز | 1,386,030 | 15 | آراك | مركزي | 446,760 | ||
| 6 | شيراز | فارس | 1,152,733 | 16 | يزد | يزد | 432,194 | ||
| 7 | الأحواز | خوزستان | 985,614 | 17 | أردبيل | أردبيل | 418,262 | ||
| 8 | قم | قم | 964,706 | 18 | بندر عباس | هرمزگان | 379,301 | ||
| 9 | کرمانشاه | کرمانشاه | 794,683 | 19 | سنندج | كردستان | 358,084 | ||
| 10 | اورميا | أذربيجان غ. | 583,255 | 20 | إسلام شهر | طهران | 357,389 | ||
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- زاهدان
- مقاطعة زاهدان
- مدن إيران
- مدن محافظة سيستان وبلوشستان
- عواصم محافظات إيرانية