جورج تشرش

جورج تشرش
George Church
Church 8-Jul-2010.jpg
جورج تشرش في المفوضية الرئاسية لدراسة قضايا الأخلاق الحيوية في 2010
وُلِدَ
George McDonald Church

28 أغسطس 1954 (العمر 69 سنة)[1]
قاعدة ماكدِل الجوية، فلوريدا[1]
الجنسيةالولايات المتحدة
الجنسيةالولايات المتحدة
المدرسة الأم
الزوجتينگ وو
الجوائز
السيرة العلمية
المجالاتالكيمياء[3]
الهيئات
أطروحةGenetic Elements within Yeast Mitochondrial and Mouse Immunoglobulin Introns (1984)
المشرف على الدكتوراهوالتر گلبرت[4]
الموقع الإلكترونيarep.med.harvard.edu/gmc

جورج مكدونالد تشرش George McDonald Church (ولد في 28 أغسطس 1954) هو عالم وراثة ومهندس جزيئي وكيميائي أمريكي. اعتبارا من 2015، فهو أستاذ كرسي روبرت وينثروپ لعلم الوراثة في كلية طب هارڤرد وأستاذ علوم وتكنولوجيا الصحة في هارڤرد و معهد مساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا، وهو عضو مؤسس في معهد وايس للهندسة الملهمة حيوياً في هارڤرد.[3][2][5]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

نشأته

ولد جورج تشرش في 28 أغسطس 1954 في قاعدة ماكدِل الجوية، بالقرب من تامپا، فلوريدا.

تلقى تعليمه قبل الجامعة في أكاديمية فلپس، مع سونگ-هو كيم في جامعة دوك، ومع والتر گلبرت في جامعة هارڤرد، ثم في زمالة مابعد الدكتوراه مع گيل مارتن في جامعة كاليفورنيا، سان فرانسسكو، ثم بدأ تشرش أبحاثه المستقلة كأستاذ مساعد في كلية طب هارڤرد في 1986.


أبحاثه

تقنيات تتابع وتفسير الجينوم

With Walter Gilbert, Church published the first direct genomic sequencing method in 1984.[6][7] Described in that publication were the cyclic application of fluids to a solid phase alternating with imaging, plus avoidance of bacterial cloning, strategies that are still used in current dominant Next-Generation Sequencing technologies. These technologies began to have an impact on genome-scale sequencing 2005.[8] Church also helped initiate the Human Genome Project in 1984.[9] He invented the broadly applied concepts of molecular multiplexing and barcode tags.[10] Technology transfer from his Harvard laboratory of automated sequencing and software to Genome Therapeutics Corp. resulted in the first bacterial genome sequence and first commercial genome (the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori) in 1994.[11] Church was also co-inventor of nanopore sequencing in 1995,[بحاجة لمصدر] which are now commercially available (e.g. Oxford Nanopore Technologies),[بحاجة لمصدر] but not in the form embodied in Church's contribution to the original patents.[12][استشهاد ناقص]

To aid in the interpretation and sharing of genomes, Church, in 2005, initiated the Personal Genome Project (PGP),[13] which provides the world’s only open-access human genome and trait data sets.[14][15][16] Eight trios (mother, father, and child) from the Personal Genome Project are in the process of being chosen to act as the primary genome standards (Reference Materials) for the NIST+FDA genomeinabottle.org program.[17]

علم الأحياء التخليقي وهندسة الجينوم

He has co-developed "genome engineering" technologies since 1997 via either general homologous recombination (recA and lambda-red) [18] or via sequence-specific nucleases.[19] Since 2004, his team has developed use of DNA array (aka DNA chip) synthesizers for combinatorial libraries and assembling large genome segments.[20] He co-developed Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering (MAGE) and optimized CRISPR/Cas9 discovered by Jennifer Doudna and Emanuelle Charpentier for engineering a variety of genomes ranging from yeast to human.[19] His laboratory's use of CRISPR in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS) is the latest contender for precise gene therapy.[21]

His team is the first to tackle a genome-scale change in the genetic code.[22] This was done in a 4.7 million basepair genome of an industrially useful microbe (E. coli) with the goal of making a safer and more productive strain; this strain uses non-proteinogenic amino acids in proteins and is metabolically and genetically isolated from other species.

He has co-invented several uses for DNA, including detectors for dark matter -- Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs),[23] anti-cancer "nano-robots",[24] and strategies for digital data storage that are over a million times denser than conventional disk drives.[25] Together with polymerase, DNA can be used to sense and store variation in photons, nucleotides, or ions.[26]

مبادرة المخ

He was part of a team of six[26] who, in a 2012 scientific commentary, proposed a Brain Activity Map, later named BRAIN Initiative (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies).[27] They outlined specific experimental techniques that might be used to achieve what they termed a "functional connectome", as well as new technologies that will have to be developed in the course of the project,[26] including wireless, minimally invasive methods to detect and manipulate neuronal activity, either utilizing microelectronics or synthetic biology. In one such proposed method, enzymatically produced DNA would serve as a "ticker tape record" of neuronal activity.[26][28]

استنساخ الماموث الصوفي

In March 2015, Church and his genetics research team at Harvard successfully copied woolly mammoth genes into the genome of an Asian elephant. Using the CRISPR DNA editing technique, his group spliced genetic segments from frozen mammoth specimens, including genes from the ears, subcutaneous fat, and hair attributes, into the DNA of skin cells from a modern elephant. This marked the first time that woolly mammoth genes had been functionally active since the species became extinct.[29] Their work has not been subject to peer review, however. Church stated that "Just making a DNA change isn't that meaningful. We want to read out the phenotypes." To do that, the team plans to perform further tests to get the hybrid cells into becoming specialized tissues, and from there attempting to turn the hybrid elephant/mammoth skin cells into hybrid embryos that can be grown in artificial wombs.

مشروع كتابة الجينوم البشري

جورج تشرش في 2013.

اجتماع سري في كلية طب هارفرد لبدء مشروع تخليق جينوم بشري كامل

الاجتماع الثلاثاء الماضي ضم 150 عالم وراثة، برئاسة جورج تشرش (بالصورة). الجينوم البشري يتألف من 3 مليار قاعدة كيميائية. وقد تطلب عشر سنوات لقراءته بالكامل. والآن يهدف المشروع الجديد أن يصنع هذا الجينوم في عشر سنوات من عناصره الكيميائية الأولية، وذلك مع القدرة على التعديل للحصول على صفات معينة، لتفادي أمراض أو للحصول على شخص له مخ أينشتاين أو عضلات كلاي. كريج فنتنر، قائد مشروع قراءة الجينوم البشري، تمكن في العام الماضي من تخليق بكتريا يتكون جينومها من مليون قاعدة، وحقنها في خلية، فما لبثت أن سيطرت على الخلية. هذا العام ينوي أن يستحدث بكتريا لم يوجد لها مثيل من قبل ويتكون جينومها من نصف مليون قاعدة. وأصبح العلماء قادرين على تعديل جينوم الخميرة (البالغ طول جينومه 12 مليون قاعدة)، بحذف أجزاء ليس لها وظيفة، وتعديل التصميم لتكون أكثر استقراراً ولاضافة ألوان ونكهات وأصبحت مستخدمة في الصناعات الغذائية. ولكن الجينوم البشري أطول 200 مرة من جينوم الخميرة.[30]

ويحذر جرمي مينشول أن قدرة الإنسان على تعديل وتصنيع الجينوم تسبق فهمه للجينوم.

نقل التكنولوجيا ووقع الترجمة

Church has co-founded 9 companies, including Veritas Genetics (human genomics, 2014, with Mirza Cifric, Preston Estep, Joe Thakuria), Warp Drive Bio (natural products, 2011, with Greg Verdine and James Wells), Alacris (cancer systems therapeutics, 2010, with Hans Lehrach, Bernhard Herrmann, and Shahid Imran), Knome (human genomics, 2007, with Jorge Conde and Sundar Subramaniam),[31] Pathogenica (microbe and viral NGS diagnostics, 2009, with Yemi Adesokan),[32] AbVitro (immunomes, 2010, with Francois Vigneault), Gen9 Bio (synthetic biology, 2009, with Joseph Jacobson and Drew Endy), EnEvolv (Genome Engineering), Joule Unlimited (SolarFuels, 2007, with Noubar Afeyan and David Berry), and LS9 (green chemistry, 2005, with Chris Somerville, Jay Keasling, Vinod Khosla, Noubar Afeyan, and David Berry)[33][34][35]

He has participated in technology development, licensing patents and advising most of the Next-Generation Sequencing companies, including Complete Genomics, Life Technologies, Illumina, Danaher Corporation, Roche Diagnostics, Pacific Biosciences, Genia, and Nabsys.[35]

دعم الموافقة المفتوحة

Church spearheaded the concept and implementation of open access sequencing hardware[36] and shareable human medical data.[16] He has noted the potential for re-identification of human research participants and the tendency for consent forms to be opaque – proposing an alternative "open consent" mechanism.[14][15] He has participated in the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues,[37] cautioning about the risk of synthetic DNA and proposing risk-reduction via licensing and surveillance.[38][39] His laboratory has a major bio-safety engineering focus.[22]

تشرش في TED 2010، تصوير Steve Jurvetson.


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

دعم التعليم المفتوح

He has been an early advocate of online, open education since 2002.[بحاجة لمصدر] He is advisor to the Personal Genetics Education Project[40] and has spent a day teaching at The Jemicy School.[41] He has championed citizen science, especially in the fields of synthetic biology and personal genomics.[15] Since 2008, his team has been hosting an annual Genomes, Environments and Traits (GET) Conference with free online videos.[42]

جدالات

In response to a question from Der Spiegel, Church speculated that it could be technically possible to make a Neanderthal by reconstructing the DNA of a Neanderthal and modifying living human cells accordingly.[43] Other media such as The Daily Mail fabricated a "Want-Ad" and quote for Church as having said: "Now I need an adventurous female human." [44] Church pointed out that he was not working on such a project.[45][46]

العلم الشعبي

In his science and popular efforts, Church has also promoted open access genome sequencing and shareable human medical data, as well as online, open education and citizen science. Controversy found Church in early 2013, in response to his spoken speculations as to what was required to engineer the birth of a Neanderthal.

Church authored the 2012 NewScientist "top science book," Regenesis: How Synthetic Biology Will Reinvent Nature and Ourselves with Ed Regis.[47][48] He has participated in news interviews and videos including at TED, TEDx,[49][50][51] and TEDMED venues, at PBS's Charlie Rose,[52] Faces of America, and NOVA, as well as at PopSci, EG, and The Colbert Report.[53][نشر ذاتي سطري?][بحاجة لمصدر أفضل] He is a regular contributor to Edge.org publications and videos.[54]

الجوائز والتكريمات

Church has received accolades including election to the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering, the American Society for Microbiology Promega Biotechnology Research Award, and the heptannual Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science of the Franklin Institute. With Ed Regis, he authored the NewScientist "top science book," Regenesis (on synthetic biology), and Church is a regular contributor to Edge.org and has appeared widely in the lay media, including in TED venues, at NOVA, Faces of America, and Charlie Rose on PBS, and on The Colbert Report.

In 2011, Church was awarded the Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science of the Franklin Institute (awarded once every 7 years in Life Sciences).[55] Other honors include the American Society for Microbiology Promega Biotechnology Research Award in 2009, the Triennial International Steven Hoogendijk Award in 2010, the Scientific American Top 50 twice (for “Designing artificial life” in 2005 and "The $1000 genome" in 2006).[56][57] Newsweek picked Church for their 2008 “Power of Ideas” recognition in the category of Medicine (for the Personal Genome Project).[58] In September 2010, Dr Church was honored for his work in Genetics with the Mass High Tech All-Star Award.[59]

He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences (in 2011)[2][60] and the National Academy of Engineering (in 2012).[61] He is a member of the Research Advisory Board of SENS Research Foundation.[62]

حياته الشخصية

تشرش متزوج من زميلته في طاقم تدريس كلية طب هارڤرد في علم الوراثة، تينگ وو.[63]

Church has been outspoken in his support of following a vegan lifestyle, for reasons concerned with health, and with environmental and moral issues. When asked about his dietary choice, Church replied, "I've been vegan off-and-on since 1974 when I was inspired by participating in an MIT nutritional study, and quite strictly since 2004." He goes on to elaborate 4 reasons:

"medical (cholesterol in fish & dairy), energy conservation (up to 20-fold impact), cruelty ("organic" animals are deprived of medicines that humans use), and risks of spreading pathogens (not just the flu)… [noting that] veganism is an issue for which personal and global love of life, health and wealth align. It's a pity to lose parts of our humanity and planet just due to a lack of recipes."[64][dead link]

In the context of the Personal Genome Project, journalists at Forbes and Wired have noted Church's openness about his health issues, including dyslexia, narcolepsy, and high cholesterol (one of the motivations for his vegan diet).[65][66]

للاستزادة

  • David C. Brock, 2008, "George M. Church," at Chemical Heritage Foundation: Discover, Collections, Oral Histories, at [6], accessed 26 February 2015.
  • Alex Salton, 2009, "Geneticist George Church ’72 Sought Independence at PA," The Phillipian, April 17, 2009, see [7], accessed 2 March 2015.
  • David Ewing Duncan, 2010, "On a Mission to Sequence the Genomes of 100,000 People: The geneticist George Church advises or licenses technology to most companies involved in sequencing, The New York Times, June 7, 2010, see [8], accessed 26 February 2015.
  • Jeffrey M. Perkel, 2011, "Charting the Course: Three gene jockeys share their thoughts on past and future tools of the trade," in The Scientist (online), October 1, 2011. see [9], accessed 26 February 2015.
  • Heidi Legg, 2014, "Harvard Professor George Church and the future of genomics," at BetaBoston, a Boston Globe site (online), December 25, 2014, see [10], accessed 2 March 2015.
  • Peter Miller, 2015, "News, The Innovators Project: George Church, The Future Without Limits," National Geographic (online), see [11], accessed 26 February 2015.
  • Matthew Allen, 2015, "Artificial Natures (interview with George Church)," Harvard Design Magazine (online), see [12], accessed 10 February 2016.

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب "Church, George". Biography Reference Bank. The H. W. Wilson Company. 2010. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
  2. ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة NairNASbio
  3. ^ أ ب قالب:GoogleScholar
  4. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة churchphd
  5. ^ قالب:Scopus
  6. ^ Church GM, Gilbert W (1984). "Genomic sequencing". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 81 (7): 1991–1995. Bibcode:1984PNAS...81.1991C. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.7.1991. PMC 345422. PMID 6326095.
  7. ^ Saluz HP, Jiricny J, Jost JP (1986). "Genomic sequencing reveals a positive correlation between the kinetics of strand-specific DNA demethylation of the overlapping estradiol/glucocorticoid-receptor binding sites and the rate of avian vitellogenin mRNA synthesis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (19): 7167–71. Bibcode:1986PNAS...83.7167S. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.19.7167. PMC 386676. PMID 3463957. Direct genomic sequencing, first described by Church and Gilbert (15) and further developed in our laboratory (16), overcomes the disadvantages inherent to the use of restriction enzymes.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Shendure J, Porreca GJ, Reppas NB, Lin X, McCutcheon JP, Rosenbaum AM, Wang MD, Zhang K, Mitra RD, Church GM (2005). "Accurate Multiplex Polony Sequencing of an Evolved Bacterial Genome". Science. 309 (5741): 1728–32. Bibcode:2005Sci...309.1728S. doi:10.1126/science.1117389. PMID 16081699.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Cook-Deegan RM (1989). "The Alta summit, December 1984". Genomics. 5 (3): 661–663. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(89)90042-6. PMID 2613249.
  10. ^ Church GM, Kieffer-Higgins S (1988). "Multiplex DNA sequencing". Science. 240 (4849): 185–188. Bibcode:1988Sci...240..185C. doi:10.1126/science.3353714. PMID 3353714.
  11. ^ "Capitalizing on the genome". Nature Genetics. 13 (1): 1–5. 1996. doi:10.1038/ng0596-1. PMID 8673083.
  12. ^ "Genia Technologies Collaborates with Professors Jingyue Ju at Columbia and George Church at Harvard to Develop a Nanopore-based Sequencing Platform". 3 Oct 2012.
  13. ^ Church GM (2005). "The Personal Genome Project". Molecular Systems Biology. 1 (1): E1–E3. doi:10.1038/msb4100040. PMC 1681452. PMID 16729065.
  14. ^ أ ب Ian L. Marpuri (8 Apr 2013). "Researchers explore genomic data privacy and risk (NIH NHGRI)".
  15. ^ أ ب ت Angrist M (Nov 2009). "Eyes wide open: the Personal Genome Project, citizen science and veracity in informed consent". Personalized Medicine. 6 (6): 691–699. doi:10.2217/pme.09.48. PMC 3275804. PMID 22328898.
  16. ^ أ ب "Personal Genome Project". Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  17. ^ "Okay, You've Sequenced My Genome: Are You Sure You Got it Right?". NGS Leaders.
  18. ^ Link AJ, Phillips D, Church GM (1997). "Methods for generating precise deletions and insertions in the genome of wild-type Escherichia coli: Application to open reading frame characterization". Journal of Bacteriology. 179 (20): 6228–6237. PMC 179534. PMID 9335267.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ أ ب Mali P, Yang L, Esvelt KM, Aach J, Guell M, DiCarlo JE, Norville JE, Church GM (Feb 15, 2013). "RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9". Science. 339 (6121): 823–6. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..823M. doi:10.1126/science.1232033. PMC 3712628. PMID 23287722.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Tian J, Gong H, Sheng N, Zhou X, Gulari E, Gao X, Church G (2004). "Accurate Multiplex Gene Synthesis from Programmable DNA Chips". Nature. 432 (7020): 1050–4. Bibcode:2004Natur.432.1050T. doi:10.1038/nature03151. PMID 15616567.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Matthew Herper (19 Mar 2013). "This Protein Could Change Biotech Forever". Forbes.
  22. ^ أ ب Isaacs FJ, Carr PA, Wang HH, Lajoie MJ, Sterling B, Kraal L, Tolonen AC, Gianoulis TA, Goodman DB, Reppas NB, Emig CJ, Bang D, Hwang SJ, Jewett MC, Jacobson JM, Church GM (2011). "Precise Manipulation of Chromosomes in vivo Enables Genome-wide Codon Replacement". Science. 333 (6040): 348–53. Bibcode:2011Sci...333..348I. doi:10.1126/science.1205822. PMID 21764749.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ "Revolutionary 'DNA Tracking Chamber' Could Detect Dark Matter". Technology Review. 2 Jul 2012.
  24. ^ Belle Dumé (17 Feb 2012). "DNA nanorobot delivers drugs". Physics World.
  25. ^ Robert Lee Hotz (16 Aug 2012). "Future of Data: Encoded in DNA". Wall Street Journal.
  26. ^ أ ب ت ث Alivisatos AP, Chun M, Church GM, Greenspan RJ, Roukes ML, Yuste R (June 2012). "The Brain Activity Map Project and the Challenge of Functional Connectomics" (PDF). Neuron. 74 (6): 970–974. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.006. PMID 22726828. Retrieved February 22, 2013.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ John Markoff (17 Feb 2013). "Obama Seeking to Boost Study of Human Brain". NY Times.
  28. ^ Zamft BM, Marblestone AH, Kording K, Schmidt D, Martin-Alarcon D, Tyo K, Boyden ES, Church G (August 2012). "Measuring Cation Dependent DNA Polymerase Fidelity Landscapes by Deep Sequencing". PLOS ONE. 7 (8): e43876. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...743876Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043876. PMID 22928047. Retrieved February 27, 2013.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  29. ^ Sarah Fecht (24 March 2014), Woolly Mammoth DNA Successfully Spliced Into Elephant Cells, Popular Science, http://www.popsci.com/woolly-mammoth-dna-brought-life-elephant-cells 
  30. ^ ANDREW POLLACK (2016-05-13). "Scientists Talk Privately About Creating a Synthetic Human Genome". النيويورك تايمز.
  31. ^ Dickinson, Boonsri (2010-06-10). "Geneticist George Church: Sequencing human genome 'high priority' for China". Smart Planet. Retrieved 2010-08-18.
  32. ^ Julia Karow (2010-07-06). "Pathogenica Bets on Next-Gen Sequencing for Fast, Multiplexed Pathogen Detection". GenomeWeb. Retrieved 2011-09-06.
  33. ^ Duncan, David (7 Jun 2010). "Scientist at Work: George M. Church - On a Mission to Sequence the Genomes of 100,000 People". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-08-18.
  34. ^ "Biofuel startup raises $5 million". San Francisco Business Times. 12 Mar 2007.
  35. ^ أ ب "Tech Transfer, Advisory Roles, and Funding Sources".
  36. ^ "Open, Affordable Sequencing". Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  37. ^ "Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues". 8 Jul 2010.
  38. ^ "A Synthetic Biohazard Non-proliferation Proposal". Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  39. ^ Church G (Nov 24, 2005). "Let us go forth and safely multiply". Nature. 438 (7067): 423. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..423C. doi:10.1038/438423a. PMID 16306966.
  40. ^ "Personal Genetics Education Project". Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  41. ^ "Jemicy School for Dyslexia, David Malin Lecture". 11 Nov 2010.
  42. ^ "Genomes, Environments and Traits (GET) Conference". Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  43. ^ "How DNA will be construction material of the future". Der Spiegel. 18 Jan 2013.
  44. ^ "Wanted: 'Adventurous woman' to give birth to Neanderthal man". London: Daily Mail. 20 Jan 2013.
  45. ^ Gary J. Remal (22 Jan 2013). "Harvard professor blasts Neanderthal clone baby rumor on Web". Boston Herald.
  46. ^ "Spiegel responds to brouhaha over neanderthal clone". Der Spiegel. 23 Jan 2013.
  47. ^ Church George (2012). Regenesis. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02175-1.
  48. ^ "The top 10 science books of 2012". NewScientist.
  49. ^ TEDx, 2012, "TEDxCambridge: George Church on genomics and human diversity," March 21, 2012, see [1], accessed 4 March 2014.
  50. ^ TEDx, 2013, "Hybridizing with extinct species: George Church at TEDxDeExtinction," May 8, 2013, see [2], accessed 4 March 2014.
  51. ^ TEDx, 2013, "DNA [as detectors], George-Church-at-TEDxCERN," May 24, 2013, see [3], accessed 4 March 2014.
  52. ^ charlierose.com, 2009, "Personalized Medicine, …GUESTS/AFFILIATIONS: ...Steven Pinker, Harvard University, George Church, Harvard Medical School, Personal Genome Project," air date June 19, 2009, see [4] and [5], accessed 4 March 2015.
  53. ^ "Church Lab News". Retrieved 2010-09-08.
  54. ^ "Church Writings, Master Class and Videos on Edge.org". Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  55. ^ "Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science". Franklin Institute. 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
  56. ^ "American Society for Microbiology honors George M. Church". 8 Jun 2009.
  57. ^ "International Steven Hoogendijk Award". 2010.
  58. ^ "The Power of Ideas". Newsweek. 19 Dec 2008.
  59. ^ "All-Star Awards". Mass High Tech. 2010-09-08. Retrieved 2010-09-08.
  60. ^ "National Academy of Sciences Members and Foreign Associates Elected". National Academies. 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
  61. ^ "National Academy of Engineering Elects 66 Members and 10 Foreign Associates". National Academies. 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
  62. ^ Zealley, Ben (March 7, 2013). "SRF's Research Advisory Board Welcomes Dr. George Church". Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  63. ^ "Do inventors get enough respect in science?". The Boston Globe. 2013-02-07.
  64. ^ "George Church". Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  65. ^ Herper, Matthew (27 April 2009). "Going To Church". Forbes Magazine.
  66. ^ Thomas Goetz (2008-07-08). "How the Personal Genome Project Could Unlock the Mysteries of Life". Wired.
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=جورج_تشرش&oldid=2207421"