تزاوج البشر القدماء مع البشر المعاصرين

A model of the phylogeny of H. sapiens over the last 600,000 years (vertical axis). The horizontal axis represents geographic location; the vertical axis represents time in thousands of years ago. Homo heidelbergensis is shown as diverging into Neanderthals, Denisovans and H. sapiens. With the expansion of H. sapiens after 200 kya, Neanderthals, Denisovans and unspecified archaic African hominins are displayed as again subsumed into the H. sapiens lineage. Possible admixture events involving certain modern populations in Africa are also shown.

تزاوج البشر القدماء مع البشر المعاصرين يُعتقد أنه حدث بين modern humans and Neanderthals, Denisovans, as well as other archaic humans over the course of the Middle Paleolithic.

Neanderthal-derived DNA accounts for an estimated 1–4% of the genome of modern Eurasian populations, but it is significantly absent or uncommon in the genome of most groups in Sub-Saharan Africa. Some researchers have suggested that the observed data might alternatively be explained by ancient subpopulation structure. In modern Oceanian and Southeast Asian populations, there is a relative increase of Denisovan-derived DNA (an estimated 4–6% of the Melanesian genome is derived from Denisovans). In certain modern populations in Africa, there is also evidence for archaic admixture with as yet unidentified hominins.

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 نياندرتال

 الوراثة

انظر أيضاً: Neanderthal genetics

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 نسب الاختلاط

Through whole-genome sequencing of three Vindija Neanderthals, a draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome was published by a team of researchers led by Richard Green on 7 May 2010 in the journal Science and revealed that Neanderthals shared more alleles with Eurasian populations (e.g. French, Han Chinese, and Papua New Guinean) than with Sub-Saharan African populations (e.g. Yoruba and San). According to Green et al. (2010), the observed excess of genetic similarity is best explained by recent gene flow from Neanderthals to modern humans after the migration out of Africa. Green et al. (2010) estimated the proportion of Neanderthal-derived ancestry to be 1–4% of the Eurasian genome. The proportion was estimated to be 1.5–2.1% in Prüfer et al. (2013), but it was later revised to a higher 1.8–2.6% and it was noted that East Asians carry more Neandertal DNA (2.3–2.6%) than Western Eurasians (1.8–2.4%) in Prüfer et al. (2017). Lohse and Frantz (2014) infer an even higher rate of 3.4–7.3%.

 Morphology

The modern human Oase 2 skull (cast depicted), found in Peştera cu Oase, displays archaic traits due to possible admixture with Neanderthals.

 Denisovans

The Denisovan distal manual phalanx fragment (replica depicted) was found in the Denisova cave, and its genome was sequenced.

 Archaic African hominins

Rapid decay of fossils in Sub-Saharan African environments makes it currently unfeasible to compare modern human admixture with reference samples of archaic Sub-Saharan African hominins.

 Indirect evidence

Human papillomavirus type 58 causes cervical cancer in 10–20% of cases in East Asia. It is rarely found elsewhere. An estimate of the date of evolution of the most recent common ancestor places it at 478,600 years ago (95% HPD 391,000–569,600). As this date is before the generally accepted date of the evolution of modern humans, this suggests that this virus was transmitted to humans from a now extinct hominin. As this virus is usually transmitted sexually this furthermore suggests that mating occurred in this area between modern humans and a now extinct hominin species.

 See also

• Multiregional origin of modern humans
• Neanderthal extinction
• Recent African origin of modern humans

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