الإسلام في آسام

Muslims of Assam
Hajarat Ajan Pir Dargaah, Horaguri Chapori, Sivasagar..jpg
The dargah of Azan Fakir. Azan Fakir spread Islam (Sufism) in Assam in the 17th century.
إجمالي الأعداد
14,619,086 (2021 estimation)
(40.03% of the state population)▲ح. 14,619,086 (2021 estimation)
(40.03% of the state population)▲
المناطق ذات التجمعات المعتبرة
Majority -: South Salmara - 95.2%, Dhubri - 79.67%, Goalpara - 57.52%, Bongaigaon - 50.22%, Barpeta - 70.74%, Morigaon - 52.56%, Nagaon - 55.36%, Darrang - 64.34%, Hojai - 53.65%, Hailakandi - 60.31% and Karimganj - 56.36%.

Significant -: Cachar - 37.71%, Nalbari - 35.96%, Kokrajhar - 28.44%, Chirang - 22.66% and Kamrup - 39.66%.
اللغات
Bengali (Include Sylheti Bengali) - (10.49 million), Assamese - (4 million) and Urdu - (1.25 lakhs).

إسلام هو ثاني أكبر ديانة في آسام. يبلغ عدد السكان المسلمين حوالي 14.61 مليون نسمة، أصبحوا يشكلون أكثر من 40.03٪ من سكان الولاية بداية من عام 2021،[1][2] مما يجعل آسام ثاني أكبر ولاية من حيث عدد المسلمين بعد كشمير.[3] وصل الإسلام المنطقة في القرن الثالث عشر، وأصبح الأسرع نموًا في ولاية آسام. يشكل المسلمون أغلبية في ما يقرب من ثلاثة عشر مقاطعة في آسام ويتركزون بشكل كبير في أربع مقاطعات.[4][5][6]

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التاريخ

التاريخ القديم

Panbari Mosque, one of the oldest mosque in Assam located at Dhubri
The dargah of Azan Faqir, a Sufi saint who helped spread Islam in the region.
Even after the state-sponsored expulsion of Mughals in 1682, King Sukhrungphaa of the Tungkhungia dynasty was said to have continued to pay great attention to the Powa-Makkah Mosque in Hajo.

كان من أوائل الذين اعتنقوا الإسلام في ولاية آسام علي مش، أحد زعماء قبائل المش. ظهر قائد سلطنة دلهي اختيار الدين محمد بن بختيار الخلجي على حدود آسام عام 1206 وتحول على يديه علي مش الذي هداه[7] في رحلته إلى للاستيلاء على التبت. وصل الخلجي بقوة قوامها 10-12000 فارس في منطقة كامروپ،[8] لكنه هزم في وادي تشومبي مما اضطره للتقهقر والعودة إلى البنغال[9][10] وتوفى في نفس العام الذي أبيد فيه جيشه.[11] وكان من نتائج هذه الحملة أول سكان مسلمين في ولاية آسام.[12]

ظهرت أول مستوطنة للمهاجرين في منتصف القرن الثالث عشر عندما احتل مالك إختيار الدين يوزباك في عام 1257 بعض مناطق ولاية آسام لفترة وجيزة وصلاة الجمعة".[13] ومع ذلك، سرعان ما هزمه سانديا، راي كاماروپا، الذي أسره وأعدمه.[14]:39–40 في حوالي عام 1360، داهم سلطان البنغال سيكندر شاه مملكة كاماتا وأضعف سلطة الملك إندرانارايان بشدة. ومع ذلك، أُجبر سيكندر على التراجع إلى البنغال لقمع غزو فيروز شاه توغلاق دلهي.[15]

في القرن الرابع عشر، وصلت إلى المنطقة مجموعة من الأولياء بقيادة غياث الدين أولياء، وهو صوفي من بغداد. أقاموا خانقاه فوق تلال جاروراشالا في حاجو. بدعوى إحضار قطعة من التراب معه من مكة، أصبح المبنى يعرف باسم برقمام بوا - مكة. توفي غياث الدين عام 1388 وتم بناء مزار هناك.[16]

حكم السلاطين

في 1498، أرسل السلطان علاء الدين حسين شاه القائد العسكري شاه إسماعيل غازي مع 24000 جندي و قافلة لغزو كاماتا.[17] قام ساتشيبرا بالتحريض على الغزو، وهو من البراهمة نيلامبار قد أعدم ابنه بسبب علاقته اغير الشرعية مع الملكة.[18] ومع التمكن من أسر الملك نيلامبار سليل عائلة خين،[14] بدأت سلطنة البنغال بإصدار عملات معدنية تصف السلطان على أنه "فاتح كامرو وكامتا" ونقشت حكاية النصر علنًا على حجر في مالدا.[19] عين السلطان ابنه الأمير نانديال،[20] حاكمًا على المنطقة التي تم غزوها حديثًا؛ والتي وصلت إلى حاجو وأراد أن تتوسع وصولًا إلى آسام.

نجح إتحاد بارو-بهويان بقيادة هاروپ نارايان، سليل گاندهارفا راي، في إزالة نفوذ السلطنة، ولكن قام بويشوا سينغا، الذي أسس سلالة كوخ عام 1515، بإسقاط بارو-بهويان أنفسهم.[18][21][22] واستمر حكم السلاطين لمدة 15 عامًا.

استوعب لاحقًا السكان المحليون الجنود الأتراك الأفغان الذين تم أسرهم من قبل مملكة آهوم في القرن السادس عشر، لكنهم حافظوا على ما يشبه معتقداتهم الإسلامية وعملوا كعمال معادن نحاسية.[بحاجة لمصدر]

سلطنة مغول الهند

في عام 1613، عين الإمبراطور المغولي جهان‌گير محمد زمان كاروري من طهران أميلًا لـسيلهيت. شارك زمان في بعثة إسلام خان الأول الاستكشافية في ولاية أسام وكان له دور فعال في القبض على كوخ حاجو.[23] حكم المغول أيضًا كوالپارا (كجزء من صباح البنغال)، لكنهم لم يتمكنوا من إخضاع الأجزاء الأخرى من ولاية آسام.[24] أسس المغول أربعة ساركار في الأرض المكتسبة حديثًا --- من بينها دكري (بين سانكوش و ماناس) وكامروپ (بين ماناس وبرنادي).[25] تمت إعادة تسمية كامروپ أيضًا باسم شوج آباد، بعد شاه شوجا، سوبحدار من البنغال.[26]

في عام 1630، استقر أحد الأولياء المسلمين من بغداد معروف شعبيًا باسم أذان فقير في سيفاساگار. ودعا السكان المحليين إلى الإسلام ونتيجة لذلك، اعتنق كثيرون وأصبحوا من أتباعه.[بحاجة لمصدر] ومازال ضريحه موجودًا في ساراگوري تشاپوري.

كان هناك عدد من الحكام المسلمين لكامروپ خلال هذه الفترة، وكان يشار إليهم باسم فوجدرس شجباد.[27] شيد الفوجدار السادس ، لطف الله شيرازي، مسجدعلى قمة تل في كوخ حاجو عام 1657. ضم المسجد ضريح للأمير غياث الدين أولياء من العراق، والذي يُنسب إليه الفضل في إدخال الإسلام إلى المنطقة.[28] فقد المغول كامروپ إلى الأبد عام 1682 بعد معركة إيتاخولي. قائمة غير كاملة لفاجودارات گواهاتي:

  1. مكرم خان (1612-1614)
  2. مير الصوفي (1614-1616)
  3. الشيخ كمال (1616-1632)
  4. عبد السلام (1632-1638)
  5. نور الله خان هراتي (1638-1656)
  6. لطف الله شيرازي (1656-1658) ، بنى قمة تل مسجد في حاجو عام 1657.[23]

British Raj

When Assam came under colonial rule, the British brought with them a number of immigrant Bengali settlers (mostly Muslims). These immigrant Bengalis encouraged other Bengalis to settle in Assam for economic and social reasons.[29] The fertile land of Assam and its vast expanse was inhabited by only a moderate indigenous populace at that time( that is, vast lands and forests were present but fewer people) which then attracted a large number of landless immigrant peasants from Bengal presidency, nearly 85% of whom were Muslims. The tea planters and immigrant Marwari businessmen, who needed workers, also welcomed the migrants.[30]

Early establishments of these neo-coloniser immigrant Bengalis were in the Goalpara district, mostly in the char (riverine) lands and reserved forests.[29] Most of these Muslim immigrants were known as "Miyas". Since many of them came from the Northeast part of Rangpur and very few of them came from Mymensingh, they were sometimes referred to as "Bongya" or Bongali meaning Outsider.[31]

After the Government of India Act 1935, a Legislative Assembly was established in Assam in 1937. The Muslim League, led by Muhammed Saadulah, formed a minority government in the state and he again encouraged large scale immigration from then Bengal.[30]

Independence

The Jayantipur Bor Masjid

After the Sylhet referendum in 1947, the Muslim-majority Sylhet region went to East Pakistan while some Muslim-majority areas such as the Karimganj district went to Assam, India.[32][33]

Assam has some indigenous Muslims like the Gauria, Maria and Deshi, though they are very few as compared to the large-scale Bengal-originating immigrants. Thus, there have been concerns that illegal immigration from neighbouring East Pakistan in India has contributed to a sharp rise in the Muslim population of Assam and has slowly destabilized the native inhabitants of Assam. This fear of "demographic invasion" by East Pakistani has been a political issue in Assam since the days of the Assam Movement (1979–1985).[34] In 2001, there were 6 Muslim-majority districts in the state of Assam. By 2011, this number had increased to 9.[35] However, some have stated these numbers have declined in recent years, though there is no concrete proof.[36]

Assam Movement and accord

The Assam Movement or the Assam Agitation (1979-1985) led by All Assam Students Union (AASU) and the ‘All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad’ (AAGSP) was a popular uprising to drive out the illegal immigrants from Bengal/Bihar etc. The movement ended with the signing of the Assam Accord by leaders of AASU-AAGSP and the Government of India under PM Rajiv Gandhi. During this period of six long years of the historic movement, reportedly, 855 people (later on 860 according to AASU reports) sacrificed their lives in the hope of an "infiltration free Assam" in the 1979-1985 Assam agitation. In addition, the infamous Nellie and Khoirabari massacre also took place during this time claiming the lives of 2,191 and 100-500 respectively.

The Assam Accord (1985) was a Memorandum of Settlement (MoS) signed between representatives of the Government of India and the leaders of the Assam Movement for the indigenous ethnic groups in New Delhi on 15 August 1985. The fundamental aspect of the Assam Accord was: foreigners who came to Assam on or after March 25, 1971, shall continue to be detected; deleted and practical steps shall be taken to expel such foreigners. The indigenous people of Assam (by meaning indigenous is for those who are living since ages even before colonization took place in 1826 as per UN definition of the indigenous people). Further details are available on public domain which can be referred to, for detailed information.

Post 1985, Assam witnessed a multiple change of governments; from the Indian National Congress to the Asom Gana Parishad and finally the BJP's maiden entry in 2016 with CM Sarbananda Sonowal at the helm, an erstwhile member of AASU who also signed the Assam Accord.


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Shutdown of Islamic schools

The Assam state has passed a law converting state-run Islamic schools into regular schools, saying they provided sub-standard education.

Opposition parties criticised the move and stated it reflected the government's anti-Muslim attitude in the Hindu-majority country.

More than 700 of the Islamic religious schools, known as madrasas, in Assam will be shut by April, the state's education minister Himanta Biswa Sarma told the local assembly.[37]

Demographics

Decadal presence of Muslims in Assam
السنةتعداد±%
1901 303٬170—    
1911 634٬101+109.2%
1921 880٬426+38.8%
1931 1٬279٬388+45.3%
1941 1٬696٬978+32.6%
1951 1٬995٬936+17.6%
1961 2٬765٬509+38.6%
1971 3٬594٬006+30.0%
1981 4٬722٬467+31.4%
1991 6٬373٬204+35.0%
2001 8٬240٬611+29.3%
2011 10٬679٬345+29.6%
2021 14٬619٬086+36.9%
المصدر: Census of India
Ilias Ali on a journey to propagate family planning among the riverine Muslims of rural Kamrup.
A Muslim man from Barpeta who ethnically identifies as a Miya.

Assamese is the official language of the state and the most widely spoken, and so it serves as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications. Bengali, which is an official language in Assam's Barak Valley, is also a popular common language among certain communities.

The Assamese Muslims are often divided into four subgroups; Deshi, Maria, Gauria and Syeds. Some of these people are descendants of defeated Mughal soldiers, captured in Ahom–Mughal conflicts, who eventually married native Assamese women and adopted Assamese language and culture. Their population totals to roughly 4 million, comprising 12.8% of state population. The Syeds claim to be descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[38][39][40]

The Deshi or Zula are descendants of indigenous converts to Islam from the Koch, Mech, Rabha, Boro and Indo-Aryans. They consider Ali Mech, the 13th-century chief, as their founding father.[41] This group mainly converses in Goalpariya and Rajbanshi, as opposed to Boro and Rabha. They are mainly found in the western districts of Goalpara, Kokrajhar, Dhubri and South Salmara-Mankachar (i.e. Lower Assam).[42]

The Maria are descended from captured Muslim soldiers who were part of Bakhtiyar Khalji's army in 1206. They are named as such because they were engaged in the bell-metal and smithy industry, the word Maria meaning one who hits metals. On the other hand, the Gauria are descendants of Muslim soldiers who accompanied Turbak Khan during his conquest of Assam in 1532. This army hailed from Gaur in Bengal, so are referred to as Gauria. The Mariya and Gauria are minority groups and can be found in Sivasagar, Jorhat, Tinsukia, Golaghat, Kamrup and some other districts in Assam. They speak Assamese language as their own mother tongue.[43]

The Bengali Muslims are the largest majority group in Assam. The Barak Valley is home to native Sylheti speakers; generally considered as a Bengali dialect.[44] The valley's Karimganj district was historically a part of the District of Sylhet but was separated from it during the Partition of India in 1947. The other two districts of the Barak Valley; Cachar and Hailakandi, were historically a part of the Dimasa Kingdom which also hosted a large Sylheti Muslim population. There also a number of Sylhet-origin Muslims inhabiting the Hojai district. The Miya people are descended from Muslim immigrants from the modern-day Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh, Rangpur and Rajshahi. They are concentrated in the central and lower Assam districts such as Dhubri, Morigaon, Goalpara, Hojai, Kamrup, Darrang, Nagaon, Bongaigaon, Barpeta, Hailakandi, Karimganj, South Salmara district, Nalbari, Chirang and Bodoland. Their population is around 10.49 million, comprising about 30% of the state population, out of 40% of the Assam's total Muslim population as of 2021 year estimation report.[45][46][38][47]

The third group are the are descendants of Muslim migrants from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, who speak Hindustani. Their population is about 1.25 lakhs in Assam, comprising 0.4% of state population as of 2011. They are mainly found in Brahmaputra valley.[48]

Human Rights issues

Bengali Muslims in Assam have faced repeated and increased attacks.[49] In 1983, around 3000 Bengali Muslims were killed in the Nellie massacre, (unofficial figures run at more than 10,000).[50][51]

During the 2012 Assam violence there was communal riot between Bengal origin Muslim and indigenous Bodo people.[52] Almost 80 people were killed, most of whom were Bengali Muslims and some Bodos. Nearly, 400,000 people were displaced to migrant camps, most being Muslims.[53] Indian nationalist politicians have accused Bangladesh of trying to expand its territory by ostensibly promoting illegal immigration. However, Indian government census reports note a decline in immigration from Bangladesh between 1971 and 2011.[36][54]

In Baksa district of Assam, from the night of 1 May 2014 until the early morning hours of 3 May a series of attacks occurred on the Bengali Muslims in Assam, a north-eastern state of India. The perpetrator is unknown, but is suspected to be the National Democratic Front of Bodoland's Songbijit faction.[55][56] Speculated to be revenge for not voting for the National Democratic Front in the Lok Sabha elections,[57] the death toll reached 32, mostly Muslims.[58]

On 10 June 2021, nearly 100 families of about 500 Bengali-speaking Muslims were rendered homeless through land eviction, leaving them with no option but to take shelter near a road. A similar drive was also carried out on May 17 at Jamugurihat in North Assam's Sonitpur district which have evicted 25 Muslim families, all belonging to the Bengali speaking groups. The district administration officials said they had illegally occupied government land and did not vacate it despite several warnings in the past.[59][60]

Many Bengali speaking Muslims in Assam are victim of NRC which, they claim, directly declared them under D voter category. Citing the statistics, the letter alleged that the numbers suggest there was pressure from State authorities to declare more persons as foreigners as far as possible. Between 1985 and 2016, out of 468,934 referrals, 80,194 Bengali speaking Muslims were declared as foreigners. In 2017, 13,434 persons from the same community were declared foreigners.[61][62] Assam last NRC which was conducted on 2019 year, have found that 1.9 million people names were out of the list, of which nearly around 5 lakhs Bengali speaking Muslims names were excluded.[63]

On 21th September 2021, Assam government have evicted around 5,000 illegal Bengali speaking Muslims in Darrang district and the reason of their eviction is that they have illegal encroached the government lands without any legal documents. It has been also reported that two mosques and a Madrassa were also demolished during the drive.[64] As per as media report, two Muslims (including a kid) were shot to death by the police firing.[65]

Population

Percentage and population of Islamic religion followers in Assam by decades
Year Percentage (%) Muslim Population

(Star and Crescent.svg)

Total population
1901 12.4% 303,170 3,289,680
1911 16.69% 634,101 3,848,617
1921 19.41% 880,426 4,636,980
1931 23.41% 1,279,388 5,560,371
1941 25.72% 1,696,978 6,694,790
1951 24.68% 1,995,936 8,028,856
1961 25.26% 2,765,509 10,837,329
1971 24.56% 3,594,006 14,625,152
1981 26.15% 4,722,467 18,041,248
1991 28.43% 6,373,204 22,414,322
2001 30.92% 8,240,611 26,655,528
2011 34.22% 10,679,345 31,205,576
2021 40.03% 14,619,086 36,547,715

Source: (Census of India) 1901-2021[66][67]

• Variation for two decades (1971–1991). In 1981, census was not conducted in Assam due to disturbed conditions resulting from insurgency. Muslims in Assam have recorded the most dramatic decline in fertility since NFHS-3, which was conducted 14 years earlier. The number of children who would be born per woman — or the total fertility rate (TFR) — of the Muslim community in Assam is at 2.4 which is higher than the 1.6 for Hindus as of 2019-20 research by the fifth National Family Health Survey. The reduction in fertility among Muslims has been from 3.6 in 2005–06 to 2.4 in 2019–20, a drop of 1.3 compared to 0.4 among Hindus in the same period, although from a lower base.[68] Muslim percentage have increased from 12.4% in 1901 to 40.03% in 2021 year (which is a sharp rise of 27.63% for past 120 years). The estimated Muslim population of Assam for upcoming 2021 census is 14.61 million out of 36.54 million total population, making up 40.03% of the state population.[69][70][71]


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Population by district (2011 year)

Below is a breakdown of the Muslim population by district in the Indian state of Assam according to the 2011 Census of India: [4] Muslims are majority in eleven districts out of thirty-three in Assam. Muslims are majority in Dhubri, Bongaigaon, Goalpara, Barpeta, Morigaon, South Salmara district, Hojai, Nagaon, Darrang, Karimganj and Hailakandi. Highest concentration in Cachar, Nalbari, Kamrup, Kokrajhar and Chirang.

# District Total population Muslim population Percentage
1 Baksa 950,075 135,750 14.29%
2 Barpeta 1,693,622 1,198,036 70.74%
3 Bongaigaon 738,804 371,033 50.22%
4 Cachar 1,736,617 654,816 37.71%
5 Chirang 482,162 109,248 22.66%
6 Darrang 928,500 597,392 64.34%
7 Dhemaji 686,133 13,475 1.96%
8 Dhubri 1,949,258 1,553,023 79.67%
9 Dibrugarh 1,326,335 64,526 4.86%
10 Dima Hasao 214,102 4,358 2.04%
11 Goalpara 1,008,183 579,929 57.52%
12 Golaghat 1,066,888 90,312 8.46%
13 Hailakandi 659,296 397,653 60.31%
14 Jorhat 1,092,256 54,684 5.01%
15 Kamrup 1,517,542 601,784 39.66%
16 Kamrup Metropolitan 1,253,938 151,071 12.05%
17 Karbi Anglong 956,313 20,290 2.12%
18 Karimganj 1,228,686 692,489 57.36%
19 Kokrajhar 887,142 252,271 28.44%
20 Lakhimpur 1,042,137 193,476 19.57%
21 Morigaon 957,423 503,257 52.56%
22 Nagaon 2,823,768 1,563,203 55.36%
23 Nalbari 771,639 277,488 35.96%
24 Sivasagar 1,151,050 95,553 9.30%
25 Sonitpur 1,924,110 350,536 17.22%
26 Tinsukia 1,327,929 48,373 3.64%
27 Udalguri 831,668 105,319 12.66%
28 Hojai 931,218 499,565 53.65%
29 South Salmara district 249,508 244,590 98.03%
Assam (Total) 31,205,576 10,679,345 34.22%

Trends

Islam was first introduced in Assam by Pir Azan who have came from Baghdad in 17th century (1601-1700) during the reign of Ahom king Pratap Singha. He preach Islam to local indigenous assamese tribes in various parts of Assam. He played a vital role in unifying the people of the Brahmaputra Valley. He is considered as a legendary Sufi saint who composed many spiritual songs related to Allah in Assamese language. Thousands of devotees from all over the country visit his Dargah at Sivsagar to pay their homage to this great reformer who had done a lot for the people of Assam.[72]

Projections

In 1891, Muslim Population in Assam was only about 5% and by the 2001 census it has risen to above 30% and now as per the latest census of 2011, It has increased to above 34% of the total Assam population. As far as for upcoming 2021 census, it has been estimated that present Muslim population in Assam is over 40%, which have gone up from 35% in comparison to the previous decade of 2011 census respectively.[73]

Illegal immigration

Census of India between (2001-2011) have shown that Bengali Muslim population grows 5-7% in Assam specially in the bordering districts over the past decade.[74] In February 2020, the Assam Minority Development Board announced plans to segregate illegal Bengali Muslim immigrants from the indigenous Muslims of the state, though some have expressed problems in identifying an indigenous Muslim person. According to the board, there are 1.4 crore (14 million) Muslims in the state, of which 10 million are of Bengali origin, and rest are Indian origin indigenous Assamese.[75][76][77] Allegedly that the number of 'illegal Bangladeshis' in Assam of all religions is about 1 crore (10 million) and are scattered across the length and breadth of the state.[78][79] A report reveals that out of total 33 districts in Assam, Bangladeshis dominate almost 15 districts of Assam.[80][81][82]

اضطهاد

في أواخر سبتمبر 2021، وقعت حادثة وجهت فيها اصابع الاتهام للسلطات الهندية في تهجير المسلمين في ولاية آسام شمال شرقي الهند، والاعتداء عليهم وإساءة معاملتهم، خاصة مع انتشار لقطات مروعة لمهاجمة الشرطة وإصابة أحدهم بالرصاص، وظهور مصور يدوس على جثة المسلم الجريح في مشهد منعزل أثار الغضب العربي والإسلامي.

وبعدها على الفور تصدرت حملات إلكترونية جديدة منصات التواصل في دول عربية وعدة دول إسلامية أخرى، حيث تصدر هاشتگ (مقاطعة المنتجات الهندية) تويتر.

تواجه حكومة رئيس الوزراء الهندي، نارندرا مودي، اتهامات بالاضطهاد والتمييز ضد المسلمين في الهند، واندلع احتجاج عام في الولاية للمطالبة بإعادة تأهيل ما يقرب من 800 أسرة تم إجلاؤها من منازلهم التي تعود ملكيتهم لها إلى عقود مضت.

وزعمت قائدة شرطة دارانج، سوشانتا بيسوا سارما، أن المتظاهرين المسلحين بأسلحة حادة ألقوا الحجارة على الشرطة وآخرين.

وأضافت أن الشرطة أطلقت في البداية النار في الهواء لتفريق المتظاهرين لكنها فشلت، مما أجبرها على إطلاق النار مباشرة وأسفر ذلك عن مقتل اثنين من الفلاحين وإصابة ما لا يقل عن عشرة آخرين. [83]

Notable Muslims from Assam

See also

Notes

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  2. ^ "Assam muslim population have increased from 35% in 2011 to 40% in 2021". India today.
  3. ^ "Why has India's Assam erupted over an 'anti-Muslim' law?". BBC News. 13 ديسمبر 2019.
  4. ^ أ ب 2011 Census Data: Assam.
  5. ^ "India's religions by numbers". The Hindu (in الإنجليزية). 26 أغسطس 2015. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 4 يناير 2020.
  6. ^ "India - Muslim population 2011". Statista (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 20 فبراير 2020.
  7. ^ "كان الغزو الأول بتوجيه من علي مش الذي أسلم على يد اختيار الدين. ربما كان هذا أول مثال على الدعوة للإسلام الذي تزامن مع ظهورهم على حدود آسام."(Kar 1980:68)
  8. ^ Bayur, Yusuf Hikmet. (1946–1947). Hindistan tarihı ... : Y. Hikmet Bayur ... Türk tarih kurumu basımevi. p. 273. OCLC 458672248.
  9. ^ Muhammad Mojlum Khan (2013). The Muslim Heritage of Bengal. Kube. p. 18. ISBN 9781847740625.
  10. ^ D. Nath (1989). History of the Koch Kingdom, c. 1515 – 1615. Mittal. p. 9. ISBN 9788170991090.
  11. ^ "فقد غرق معظم أتباعه. وعبر بختيار نفسه نهر [كاراتويا] ببضع مئات فقط. وكان بإمكانه الوصول إلى ديڤكوت جنوب ديناجبور ثم العودة إلى گور، ومات هناك حزنًا، في عام 1206".(Sarkar 1992b:37)
  12. ^ (Sarkar 1992b:37)
  13. ^ "تدفقت الموجة الأولى من التسلل في منتصف القرن الثالث عشر (1257 م) عندما احتل هذه المنطقة لأول مرة سلطان البنغال مالك إختيار الدين يوزباگ توگريل خان، الذي أدخل قراءة خطبة الجمعة وأداء الصلاة"(Baruah 1980:570)
  14. ^ أ ب Sarkar, J N (1992). "Chapter IV: Early Rulers of Koch Bihar". In Barpujari, H. K. (ed.). The Comprehensive History of Assam. Vol. 2. Guwahati: Assam Publication Board. p. 46.
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References

  • Baruah, S L (1978). "The Muslim Population of Pre-British Assam: Their Social Status and Role in Cultural History". Proceedings of the Indian Historical Congress. 39: 570–580. JSTOR 44139398.
  • Kar, M (1980). "Muslim Immigration to Assam". Social Scientist. 8 (7): 67–75. JSTOR 3516659.
  • Sarkar, J. N. (1992b), "Chapter II The Turko-Afghan Invasions", in Barpujari, H. K., The Comprehensive History of Assam, 2, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board, pp. 35–48 

قالب:Islam in India by region

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