1257
► | قرن 12 | << قرن 13 >> | قرن 14 | ◄
► | عقد 1220 | عقد 1230 | عقد 1240 | << عقد 1250 >> | عقد 1260 | عقد 1270 | عقد 1280 | ◄
► | ► | 1252 | 1253 | 1254 | 1255 | 1256 | << 1257 >> | 1258 | 1259 | 1260 | 1261 | 1262 | ◄ | ◄
تحويل 1-1-1257م الى هجري (وصلة خارجية) | تحويل 31-12-1257م الى هجري (وصلة خارجية) | ابحث في الموسوعة عن مواضيع متعلقة بسنة 1257
| الألفية: | الألفية 2 |
|---|---|
| القرون: | القرن 12 - القرن 13 - القرن 14 |
| العقود: | عقد 1220 عقد 1230 عقد 1240 - عقد 1250 - عقد 1260 عقد 1270 عقد 1280 |
| السنوات: | 1254 1255 1256 - 1257 - 1258 1259 1260 |
| 1257 حسب الموضوع | |
| السياسة | |
| زعماء الدول – الدول ذات السيادة | |
| تصنيفا المواليد والوفيات | |
| المواليد – الوفيات | |
| تصنيفا التأسيسات والانحلالات | |
| التأسيسات – الانحلالات | |
| الفن والأدب | |
| 1257 في الشعر | |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 1257 MCCLVII |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 2010 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 706 ԹՎ ՉԶ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 6007 |
| التقويم البهائي | −587 – −586 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 664 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 2207 |
| سنة العهد الإنگليزي | 41 Hen. 3 – 42 Hen. 3 |
| التقويم البوذي | 1801 |
| التقويم البورمي | 619 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 6765–6766 |
| التقويم الصيني | 丙辰年 (النار التنين) 3953 أو 3893 — إلى — 丁巳年 (النار الثعبان) 3954 أو 3894 |
| التقويم القبطي | 973–974 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 2423 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 1249–1250 |
| التقويم العبري | 5017–5018 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1313–1314 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 1179–1180 |
| - كالي يوگا | 4358–4359 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 11257 |
| تقويم الإگبو | 257–258 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 635–636 |
| التقويم الهجري | 654–655 |
| التقويم الياباني | Kōgen 2 / Shōka 1 (正嘉元年) |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | 1257 MCCLVII |
| التقويم الكوري | 3590 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 655 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前655年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 1800 |
Year 1257 (MCCLVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
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أحداث
حسب المكان
أوروبا
- Spring - The Epirote–Nicaean conflict begins between the Despotate of Epirus and the Empire of Nicaea. Despot Michael II Komnenos Doukas revolts and defeats the Nicaean army under George Akropolites. The Epirote and Serbian forces join their attacks against Michael, who sends his forces into Macedonia and marches on Thessalonica. In response, Michael is attacked – on the west coast of Epirus – by Manfred of Sicily. Manfred first occupies the major Ionian Islands، including Corfu. Then he lands on the Albanian coast and takes Durazzo، Berat، Valona and their environs.[1]
 ختم ريتشارد من كورنوال (1909) |
- January 13 - At the first recorded meeting of the college of the seven Electors of the Holy Roman Empire، the 48-year-old Richard of Cornwall (the brother of King Henry III of England) is elected King of the Romans. He is crowned at Aachen، on May 17. His candidacy is opposed by King Alfonso X (the Wise), Pope Alexander IV and King Louis IX (the Saint) favour Alfonso, but both are ultimately convinced by Richard's sister-in-law, Queen Eleanor of Provence، to support Richard.[2]
- The pagan Karelians start a destructive expedition to Sweden in which King Valdemar requests Alexander IV to declare a crusade against them. This leads to the Third Swedish Crusade to Finland (see 1293).
الجزر البريطانية
- Battle of Cadfan: An English expeditionary army under Stephen Bauzan is ambushed and defeated by Welsh forces. The English are decimated by devastating guerilla attacks and the Welsh capture the English supply train. Stephen Bauzan is killed along with some 1,000–3,000 of his men. The remaining English flee the battle, Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd is said to have been present at the battle, collecting spoils from the fallen English army. According to sources, it is one of the greatest victories of a Welsh army in the field against a much more powerful English force.[3]
- King Henry III orders the production of a twenty pence، English coin of pure gold. Unfortunately, the bullion value of the coins is about 20% higher than the nominal face value, leading to poor circulation, as coins are melted down by individuals for their gold content.
- Henry III relents to the demands of his son Edward (the Lord Edward) for assistance to fight the Welsh (see 1256). He joins him on a campaign to retake the territories lost to the Welsh forces led by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd.
- Battle of Creadran Cille: Norman invading forces under Maurice FitzGerald are driven out by Gofraid O'Donnell in northern Connacht. Later, FitzGerald is killed in personal combat by O'Donnell, on May 20.[4]
المشرق
- Venetian–Genoese War: The Venetian fleet under Admiral Lorenzo Tiepolo breaks through the harbour chain at Acre and destroys several Genoese ships. He also attacks the fortifications but Tiepolo is unable to expel the Genoese garrison (some 800 men strong and armed with 50–60 ballistae), from their quarter of the city throwing up a blockade.[5]
- 10 أبريل - عز الدين أيبك، السلطان المملوكي على مصر، يُقتل بأمر من زوجته، شجر الدر. وقد خلفه ابنه ذو الأربعة عشر ربيعاً، نور الدين علي، كحاكم سلطنة المماليك (حتى 1259).
أفريقيا
الامبراطورية المنغولية
- Spring - Mongol forces under Uriyangkhadai conduct a campaign against local Yi and Lolo tribes in Vietnam. He returns to Gansu and sends messengers to the court of Möngke Khan informing him that Yunnan is firmly under Mongolian control. Möngke Khan honors and rewards Uriyangkhadai for his military achievements.[6]
- Winter - Mongol forces move down from their base at Hamadan، while Baiju Noyan crosses the Tigris River at Mosul with his army. On the left-wing Kitbuqa enters the plain of Iraq، while Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan advance through Kermanshah.[7]
آسيا
- March - The Japanese Kōgen era ends and the Shōka era begins during the reign of the 14-year-old Emperor Go-Fukakusa (until 1259).
حسب الموضوع
المدن والبلدات
- June 5 - The city of Kraków is granted Magdeburg rights by High Duke Bolesław V (the Chaste), having been rebuilt after being nearly destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Poland.
التعليم
- Louis IX (the Saint) confirms the foundation by his chaplain Robert de Sorbon of the College of Sorbonne in Paris، giving a formal college (and still-common name) to the already existing University of Paris.[8]
الأدب
- Matthew Paris، English monk and chronicler, personally interviews Henry III for an entire week while compiling his major work of English history, Chronica Majora.
كوارث طبيعية
- Samalas eruption: Mount Samalas volcano erupts on Lombok Island، Indonesia. One of the largest volcanic eruptions in the past 10,000 years, it creates severe climatic changes across the globe, leading to severe famine and death, and to one of the biggest geopolitical changes across the globe over the next few centuries.[9][10]
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مواليد
- March 24 - Yolanda I، French noblewoman (ت. 1314)
- August 15 - Muhammad III، ruler of Granada (ت. 1314)
- October 14 - Przemysł II، king of Poland (ت. 1296)
- Agnes of Brandenburg، queen of Denmark (ت. 1304)
- Beatrice of Burgundy، French noblewoman (ت. 1310)
- Frederick I (the Brave), German nobleman (ت. 1323)
- Malise III of Strathearn، Scottish nobleman (ت. 1312)
- Parsoma (the Naked), Egyptian Coptic hermit (ت. 1317)
- Philip III of Falkenstein، count of Münzenberg (ت. 1322)
- Robert de Vere، English nobleman and knight (ت. 1331)
- William Russell، English nobleman and knight (ت. 1311)
وفيات
- 10 أبريل - عز الدين أيبك، حاكم سلطنة المماليك
- April 26 - Euphemia de Walliers، English nun and abbess
- May 3 - Katherine of England، English princess (و. 1253)
- May 5 - Haakon the Young، junior king of Norway (و. 1232)
- May 17 - Choe Hang، Korean general and dictator (و. 1209)
- May 20 - Maurice FitzGerald، Norman nobleman and knight
- June 4 - Przemysł I، Polish nobleman and co-ruler (و. 1221)
- June 8 - Simon of Elmham، English prior and bishop-elect
- August 15 - Hyacinth of Poland، Polish missionary (و. 1185)
- December 24 - John of Avesnes، count of Hainaut (و. 1218)
- December 26 - Richard Blund (or Blundy), English bishop
- Lanfranc Cigala (or Cicala), Genoese nobleman and knight
- Maria of Antioch-Armenia، Outremer noblewoman (و. 1215)
- Matilda I، countess of Nevers، Auxerre and Tonnerre (و. 1188)
- Mohammad Baba as-Samasi، Abbasid Sufi leader (و. 1195)
- Roger Weseham، English bishop of Coventry and Lichfield
- Sartaq Khan (or Sartak), Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde
- Stephen Bauzan، English nobleman, seneschal and knight
- Valdemar III (Abelsøn), Danish prince and heir apparent
- Willikin of the Weald، English warrior and guerrilla leader
- Yuan Haowen، Chinese politician, poet and writer (و. 1190)
المراجع
- ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, pp. 160–161. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
- ^ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 143. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). O'Donnell – Encyclopædia Britannica, pp. 6–8. Vol 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: Kingdom of Acre, p. 238. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
- ^ Rossabi, Morris (2009). Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times, pp. 24–27. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26132-7.
- ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: Kingdom of Acre, p. 252. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
- ^ "La fondation de la Sorbonne au Moyen Âge par le théologien Robert de Sorbon". La Chancellerie des Universités de Paris. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
- ^ Amos, Jonathan (2013-09-30). "Mystery 13th Century eruption traced to Lombok, Indonesia". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
- ^ Alberge, Dalya (2012-08-04). "Mass grave in London reveals how volcano caused global catastrophe". The Guardian. London.