محافظة أرخبيل سقطرى

Coordinates: 12°30′N 53°24′E / 12.5°N 53.4°E / 12.5; 53.4
(تم التحويل من Socotra Governorate)
هذا المقال هو عن the Yemeni archipelago. إذا كنت تريد its main island، انظر Socotra.
Socotra Archipelago
أرخبيل سقطرى (عربية)
Governorate
Socotra Archipelago Governorate
Dracaena cinnabari, also known as the Dragon's Blood tree
Detwah Lagoon in Qalansiyah
Jabal Skand, highest point in the Hajhir Mountain range
Ferhmin Forest in the Diksam Plateau
Arher dunes and the Hoq Cave
Location of the archipelago in Yemen
موقع الأرخبيل في اليمن
Topographic map of the districts of Socotra
خريطة طبوغرافية لمديريات سقطرى
الإحداثيات: 12°30′N 53°24′E / 12.5°N 53.4°E / 12.5; 53.4
البلد اليمن
المديرياتحديبو (شرق)
قلنسية وعبد الكوري (غرب)
العاصمةحديبو
الحكومة
 • المحافظرأفت علي إبراهيم الثقلي[1]
المساحة
 • البر3٬973٫64 كم² (1٬534٫23 ميل²)
التعداد
 (2004)
 • الإجمالي44٬670
ISO 3166 codeYE-SU
أرخبيل سقطرى
خريطة
إجمالي الجزر4 + two rocky islets[2]
الجزر الرئيسيةسقطرى، عبد الكوري، Samhah, Darsah
الاسم الرسميأرخبيل سقطرى
النوعNatural
المعيارx
التوصيف2008 (32nd session)
الرقم المرجعي1263
RegionArab States

أرخبيل سقطرى، هي إحدى محافظات اليمن. ويتكون من أرخبيل سقطرى، الذي يتألف منأربع جزر كبيرة وثلاث جُزَيرات في المحيط الهندي، جنوب بر اليمن الرئيسي وشرق القرن الأفريقي. أكبر الجزر هي سقطرى.

التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ سقطرى

منذ ما قبل الحكم البريطاني، كانت سقطرى جزءاً من سلطنة المهرة، وظلت كذلك حتى أصبحت المهرة جزءاً من محمية عدن. مع استقلال اليمن الجنوبي عام 1967، ضُم الأرخبيل إلى محافظة عدن، بالرغم من طول المسافة بينهما. عام 2004، انتقل الأرخبيل إلى محافظة حضرموت.[3] منذ ديسمبر 2013، أصبح الأرخبيل محافظة قائمة بذاتها.[4]

Since before British rule, Socotra had been part of the Mahra Sultanate but later the British captured it and made Socotra a part of Bombay Presidency in British India and so it remained till 1937. In 1937 British made it part of Aden Protectorate. With the independence of South Yemen in 1967, the archipelago was attached to the Aden Governorate, despite its distance. In 2004, it was moved to the Hadhramaut Governorate.[5]

Protests in Hadibu, November 2011

The formation of the Socotra governorate is linked to the desire of Socotrans for greater political autonomy and direct governance. During the Arab Spring in 2011, Socotrans expressed opposition to the proposed "Socotra Authority", advocating for the archipelago to be integrated more closely into the mainland's administrative structure. They sought to elevate Socotra from its division from two local districts under the governorate of Hadhramaut to a single governorate. This change was aimed at ensuring that all funds allocated to Socotra would reach its elected local councils directly, rather than being channeled through Hadhramaut, where they feared embezzlement or misallocation.[6] Since December 2013, it has been a governorate of its own.[7]

On 30 April 2018, the United Arab Emirates, as a part of the ongoing Yemen Civil War, deployed troops and took administrative control of Socotra Airport and seaport.[8][9] On 14 May 2018, Saudi troops were also deployed on the island and a deal was brokered between the United Arab Emirates and Yemen for a joint military training exercise and the return of administrative control of Socotra's airport and seaport to Yemen.[10][11]

The Southern Transitional Council seized control of the archipelago in June 2020,[12] and controlled it until January 2026.

الجغرافيا

أرخبيل سقطرى.
خريطة طبوغرافية لمديريات محافظة أرخبيل سقطرى.

الموقع

خريطة توضح حدود المهرة وسقطرى التاريخية مع حضرموت والجنوب البريطاني قبل 30 نوفمبر 1967.

شرق خليج عدن بين خطي عرض (12.18ْ – 12.24ْ) شمال خط الاستواء وخطي طول (53.19ْ – 54.33ْ) شرق غرينتش وتبعد (480 كم) عن رأس فرتك في محافظة المهرة كأقرب نقطة في الساحل اليمني (300 ميلاً) كما تبعد عن محافظة عدن بحوالي (553 ميلاً).

المناخ

تضاريس سقطرى

مناخ جزيرة سقطرى حار ممطر صيفاً ومعتدل نسبياً في الشتاء، ويصل متوسط درجة الحرارة في المحافظة بشكل عام خلال أيام السنة إلى (27) درجة مئوية تقريباً.

الجزر والصخور

وتشمل المحافظة الصخور والجزر التالية:

  1. الجزر: جزيرة سقطرى، جزيرة درسة، جزيرة عبد الكوري، جزيرة صيال عبد الكوري، جزيرة سمحة، جزيرة صيال سقطرى.
  2. الصخور: صيرة، ردد، عدلة، كرشح، صيهر، ذاعن ذتل، جالص.

الحياة النباتية

- جزيرة سقطرى والجزر التابعة لها تتميز بغطاء نباتي متنوع يشتمل على الأشجار المعمرة والنادرة ؛ إذ تم رصد (800) نوع من الأشجار والنباتات المتوفرة في الجزيرة، بالإضافة إلى العديد من الحشائش والنباتات النادرة من أهمها : دم الأخوين التي توجد فقط في جزيرة سقطرى وجزر الكناري وشجرة أمعيرو وهي إحدى الأشجار السبع التي تنتج البخور ،شجرة أكشة ،يوهن ،كرتب ،قمهر بالإضافة إلى أنواع أخرى من الأشجار ومعظمها تدخل في صناعة البخور والأطياب والروائح العطرية ،وأما النباتات والأعشاب الصغير فهي كثيرة وتنتشر في أجزاء من جزيرة سقطرى والجزر التابعة لها منها : نبات (مترر)ويعد أكثر انتشارا في الجزيرة ،نبات (سيرة) وهذان النوعان لا يوجدان في إية مكان في العالم ،كذلك نبات (مشحر مهن جربق) ،الصبر السقطري (طيف)هو الأخر لا يوجد إلا في هذه الجزيرة وغيرها من النباتات.

الحياة الحيوانية

وأيضاً توجد أنواع من الطيور مثل الصقور ،الحمام البري ،النسور ،البوم والعصافير التي تكثر في المناطق الكثيفة بالأشجار وبالقرب من الأودية خصوصاً المائية منها.

جزيرة سقطرى فهي تتميز بوفرة وتعدد وتنوع الطيور؛ إذ تم رصد وتسجيل (120) نوع من الطيور منها (30) نوع مستقر ومتوالد في الجزيرة، البعض منها لا يوجد في إي مكان في العالم، كما أن هناك عدد كبير من الطيور التي تم تسجيلها ورصدها في الجزيرة وتعد من الطيور المهاجرة.

الجيولوجيا

انظر أيضاً: جيولوجيا سقطرى
Hawk Cave (Arabic: كهف هوق) in the east of the island
Diksam Plateau

Socotra is one of the most isolated landforms on Earth of continental origin (i.e. not of volcanic origin). The archipelago was once part of the supercontinent of Gondwana and detached during the Miocene epoch, in the same set of rifting events that opened the Gulf of Aden to its northwest.[13] Culturally and politically, the island is a part of Yemen, but geographically it belongs to Africa as it represents a continental fragment that is geologically linked to the continental African Somali Plate.[14]

The archipelago consists of the main island of Socotra (3،665 km2 أو 1،415 sq mi), three smaller islands, Abd al Kuri, Samhah and Darsa, and two rocky islets, Ka'l Fir'awn and Sābūnīyah, both uninhabitable by humans but important for seabirds.[15] The island is about 125 كيلومتر (78 mi) long and 45 كيلومتر (28 mi) north to south.[16] and has three major physical regions:

  • Momi Plateau with rainwater harvest structures, water storage body, shelter for herders
    Momi Plateau with rainwater harvest structures, water storage body, shelter for herders
  • Hajhir Mountains
    Hajhir Mountains
  • A wadi in Socotra
    A wadi in Socotra

الببئة

المقالة الرئيسية: Socotra Island xeric shrublands
انظر أيضاً: List of spiders of Socotra
Dragon's blood tree (Dracaena cinnabari) in the Diksam Plateau
Dendrosicyos socotranus, the cucumber tree

Socotra is considered the jewel of biodiversity in the Arabian Sea.[21] In the 1990s, a team of United Nations biologists conducted a survey of the archipelago's flora and fauna. They counted nearly 700 endemic species, found nowhere else on earth; only New Zealand,[22] Hawaii, New Caledonia, and the Galápagos Islands have more impressive numbers.[23]

The long geological isolation of the Socotra archipelago and its fierce heat and drought have combined to create a unique and spectacular endemic flora. Botanical field surveys led by the Centre for Middle Eastern Plants of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, indicate that 307 out of the 825 (37%) plant species on Socotra are endemic.[24] The entire flora of the Socotra Archipelago has been assessed for the IUCN Red List, with three Critically Endangered and 27 Endangered plant species recognised in 2004.[24]

One of the most striking of Socotra's plants is the dragon's blood tree (Dracaena cinnabari), which is a strange-looking, umbrella-shaped tree. Its red sap was thought to be the dragon's blood of the ancients, sought after as a dye, and today used as paint and varnish.[24] Also important in ancient times were Socotra's various endemic aloes, used medicinally, and for cosmetics. Other endemic plants include the giant succulent tree (Dorstenia gigas), the cucumber tree (Dendrosicyos socotranus), the rare Socotran pomegranate (Punica protopunica), Aloe perryi, and Boswellia socotrana.[25]

The island group has a rich fauna, including several endemic species of birds, such as the Socotra starling (Onychognathus frater), the Socotra sunbird (Nectarinia balfouri), Socotra bunting (Emberiza socotrana), Socotra cisticola (Cisticola haesitatus), Socotra sparrow (Passer insularis), Socotra golden-winged grosbeak (Rhynchostruthus socotranus), and a species in a monotypic genus, the Socotra warbler (Incana incana).[25] Many of the bird species are endangered by predation by non-native feral cats.[23] With only one endemic mammal, six endemic bird species and no amphibians, reptiles constitute the most relevant Socotran vertebrate fauna with 31 species. If one excludes the two recently introduced species, Hemidactylus robustus and Hemidactylus flaviviridis, all native species are endemic. There is a very high level of endemism at both species (29 of 31, 94%) and genus levels (5 of 12, 42%). At the species level, endemicity may be even higher, as phylogenetic studies have uncovered substantial hidden diversity.[26] The reptile species include skinks, legless lizards, and one species of chameleon, Chamaeleo monachus. There are many endemic invertebrates, including several spiders (such as the Socotra Island Blue Baboon tarantula, Monocentropus balfouri) and three species of freshwater crabs in the Potamidae (Socotra pseudocardisoma and two species in Socotrapotamon).[27]

The Socotran pipistrelle (Hypsugo lanzai) is the only species of bat, and mammal in general, thought to be endemic to the island.[28][29] In contrast, the coral reefs of Socotra are diverse, with many endemic species.[25] Socotra is also one of the homes of the brush-footed butterfly Bicyclus anynana.[30]

Over the 2,000 years of human settlement on the islands, the environment has slowly but continuously changed, and, according to Jonathan Kingdon, "the animals and plants that remain represent a degraded fraction of what once existed."[25] The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea states that the island had crocodiles and large lizards, and the present reptilian fauna appears to be greatly diminished since that time. Until a few centuries ago, there were rivers and wetlands on the island, greater stocks of the endemic trees, and abundant pasture. The Portuguese recorded the presence of water buffaloes in the early 17th century. Now there are sand gullies in place of rivers, and many native plants survive only where there is greater moisture or protection from roaming livestock.[25] The remaining Socotran fauna is greatly threatened by goats and other introduced species.

اعتراف اليونسكو بها

The island was recognised by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as a world natural heritage site in July 2008. The European Union has supported such a move, calling on both UNESCO and the International Organisation of Protecting Environment to classify the island archipelago among the major environmental heritages.[31]

التقسيمات الادارية

تنقسم محافظة أرخبيل سقطرى إلى مديريتين:

الاقتصاد

The primary occupations of the people of Socotra have traditionally been fishing, bee keeping, animal husbandry, and the cultivation of dates.[32] Some residents raise cattle and goats. The chief export products of the island are dates, ghee, tobacco, and fish.[33]

Monsoons long made the archipelago inaccessible from June to September each year. In July 1999, however, a new airport opened Socotra to the outside world all year round. There was regular service to and from Aden and Sana'a until the start of the civil war in 2015. All scheduled commercial flights made a technical stop at Riyan-Mukalla Airport. Socotra Airport is located about 12 كيلومتر (7+1⁄2 ميل) west of the main city, Hadibu, and close to the third-largest town in the archipelago, Qād̨ub.[34] Diesel generators make electricity widely available in Socotra. A paved road runs along the north shore from Qalansiyah to Hadibu and then to the DiHamri area; and another paved road, from the northern coast to the south through the Diksam Plateau.[35]

At the end of the 1990s, a United Nations Development Program was launched to provide a close survey of the island of Socotra.[36] The project called Socotra Governance and Biodiversity Project have listed following goals from 2009:

  • Local governance support
  • Development and implementation of mainstreaming tools
  • Strengthening non-governmental organizations' advocacy
  • Direction of biodiversity conservation benefits to the local people
  • Support to the fisheries sector and training of professionals

الديموغرافيا

يبلغ عدد سكان مديريات محافظة سقطرى وفقاً لنتائج التعداد السكاني لعام 2004 م (44,120) نسمة.


المصادر

  1. ^ "Yemen swears in new governors for Hadhramout, Socotra". Reuters. August 2022. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2024.
  2. ^ "Socotra Archipelago". whc.unesco.org. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2 January 2021.
  3. ^ Abulohoom, Ali (29 October 2013). "INDEPENDENT SOCOTRA GOVERNORATE: PAVING THE WAY FOR A FEDERAL YEMEN OR A HINT AT SEPARATION?". Yemen Times. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  4. ^ Yaseen, Mohammad (14 May 2014). "Socotra, promising tourist site facing challenges". Saba News Agency. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  5. ^ Abulohoom, Ali (29 October 2013). "INDEPENDENT SOCOTRA GOVERNORATE: PAVING THE WAY FOR A FEDERAL YEMEN OR A HINT AT SEPARATION?". Yemen Times. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  6. ^ Peutz, Nathalie (2012). "Revolution in Socotra: A Perspective from Yemen's Periphery". Middle East Report (263): 15. ISSN 0899-2851. JSTOR 41702556. ...to "past" regimes, many Socotrans are eager to weigh in as impassioned debates take place over the best political system and administrative structure for their islands. From Authority to Autonomy? When, in early 2011, Socotrans expressed their opposition to the proposed Socotra Authority, they did so largely out of the conviction that the archipelago should become more integrated into the mainland's administrative structure, not less. What they wanted instead, these pastoralists with little pati...
  7. ^ Yaseen, Mohammad (14 May 2014). "Socotra, promising tourist site facing challenges". Saba News Agency. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  8. ^ "Yemen officials say Emiratis boost forces on Socotra island". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018.
  9. ^ "SOCOTRA: HOW A STRATEGIC ISLAND BECAME PART OF A GULF POWER STRUGGLE". Jerusalem Post. 6 May 2018. Archived from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  10. ^ "Yemen PM: Crisis over UAE deployment to Socotra over". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 18 May 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  11. ^ "Yemen, UAE Agree on Deal Over Socotra". Albawaba News. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  12. ^ Mukhashaf, Mohammed; El Yaakoubi, Aziz (21 June 2020). Kasolowsky, Raissa (ed.). "Yemen separatists seize remote Socotra island from Saudi-backed government". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2020. On Saturday, the STC announced it had seized government facilities and military bases on the main island of Socotra, a sparsely populated archipelago which sits at the mouth of the Gulf of Aden on one of the world's busiest shipping lanes.
  13. ^ "Socotra Archipelago – a lifeboat in the sea of changes: advancement in Socotran insect biodiversity survey" (PDF). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae. 52 (supplementum 2): 1–26. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  14. ^ Beydoun, Z. R.; Bichan, H. R. (1970). "The Geology of Socotra Island, Gulf of Aden". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 3: 413–466.
  15. ^ Shobrak, Mohammed; Alsuhaibany, Abdullah; Al-Sagheir, Omer (November 2003). Photographs by Abdullah Alsuhaibany. "Status of Breeding Seabirds in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden" (PDF). PERSGA Technical Series (in الإنجليزية and العربية). Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Regional Organization for Conservation of Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA) (8). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
  16. ^ "Natural History". DBT Socotra Adventure Tour. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  17. ^ Sand dunes of the NE-coast Archived 5 أغسطس 2024 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  18. ^ Elie, Serge D. (2008). "The Waning of Soqotra's Pastoral Community: Political Incorporation as Social Transformation". Human Organization. 67 (3): 335–345. doi:10.17730/humo.67.3.lm86541uv4765823.
  19. ^ "Socotra Fauna and Flora". Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
  20. ^ "Socotra High Point, Yemen". Peakbagger.com. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  21. ^ FACTBOX-Socotra, jewel of biodiversity in Arabian Sea Archived 9 مارس 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters, 23 April 2008
  22. ^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "1 – Native plants and animals – overview – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". www.teara.govt.nz (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  23. ^ أ ب Burdick, Alan (25 March 2007). "The Wonder Land of Socotra". T Magazine. New York: The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2009.
  24. ^ أ ب ت Miller, A.G.; Morris, M. (2004). Ethnoflora of the Socotra Archipelago. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.
  25. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Kingdon, Jonathan (1989). Island Africa: The Evolution of Africa's Rare Plants and Animals. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 38–42. ISBN 978-0-691-08560-9.
  26. ^ Vasconcelos R, Montero-Mendieta S, Simó-Riudalbas M, Sindaco R, Santos X, et al. (2016) Unexpectedly High Levels of Cryptic Diversity Uncovered by a Complete DNA Barcoding of Reptiles of the Socotra Archipelago. PLOS ONE 11(3): e0149985. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149985
  27. ^ Apel, M. and Brandis, D. 2000. A new species of freshwater crab (Crustacea: Brachyura: Potamidae) from Socotra Island and description of Socotrapotamon n. gen. Fauna of Arabia 18: 133-144.
  28. ^ "Endemic Fauna - SOCOTRA.CZ". www.socotra.cz. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  29. ^ "Yemen Endemic Mammals Checklist". lntreasures.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  30. ^ Bicyclus, Site of Markku Savela
  31. ^ "EU to protect Socotra archipelago environment". SabaNews.net. Yemen News Agency. 15 April 2008. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  32. ^ "Welcome to one of the most exotic islands in the world - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East". www.al-monitor.com (in الإنجليزية). 2 April 2016. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  33. ^ Economy of Socotra Archived 25 أغسطس 2024 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  34. ^ "aviationweather.gov". Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
  35. ^ Paved roas in Socotra Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  36. ^ "Default Page". www.socotraproject.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
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