قائمة الطيور

(تم التحويل من List of birds)

انظر أيضاً: List of birds by common name, Lists of birds by region, and List of bird genera
Penguins
Ostriches

This article lists living orders and families of birds. In total there are about 11,000 species of birds described as of 2024,[1] though one estimate of the real number places it at almost 20,000.[2] The order passerines (perching birds) alone accounts for well over 5,000 species.

Taxonomy is very fluid in the age of DNA analysis, so comments are made where appropriate, and all numbers are approximate. In particular see Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy for a very different classification.

Phylogeny

Cladogram of modern bird relationships based on Stiller et al (2024).,[3] showing the 44 orders recognised by the IOC.[4]

Aves

Palaeognathae

 

Struthioniformes (ostriches)

 
Notopalaeognathae

 

 

Tinamiformes (tinamous)

 
 

Rheiformes (rheas)

 
 
Novaeratitae

 

Apterygiformes (kiwis)

 
 

Casuariiformes (emu and cassowaries)

 
 
 
 
Neognathae

Galloanserae

 

Galliformes (chickens, pheasants, and relatives)

 
 

Anseriformes (ducks, geese, and relatives)

 
 
Neoaves

 

Mirandornithes

 

Phoenicopteriformes (flamingos)

 
 

Podicipediformes (grebes)

 
 
 
 

Columbaves

Columbimorphae

 

Columbiformes (pigeons and doves)

 
Pteroclimesites

 

Mesitornithiformes (mesites)

 
 

Pterocliformes (sandgrouse)

 
 
 
Otidimorphae

 

Musophagiformes (turacos)

 
 

 

Otidiformes (bustards)

 
 

Cuculiformes (cuckoos)

 
 
 
 
 

Elementaves

 

Gruae

 

Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin)

 
Gruimorphae

 

Gruiformes (rails and cranes)

 
 

Charadriiformes (waders, gulls, and relatives)

 
 
 
 
 

Strisores

 

Caprimulgiformes (nightjars)

 
Vanescaves

Sedentaves

 

Nyctibiiformes (potoos)

 
 

Steatornithiformes (oilbirds)

 
 
Letornithes

 

Podargiformes (frogmouths)

 
Apodimorphae

 

Aegotheliformes (owlet-nightjars)

 
 

Apodiformes (swifts, treeswifts and hummingbirds)

 
 
 
 
 
Phaethoquornithes

Eurypygimorphae

 

Phaethontiformes (tropicbirds)

 
 

Eurypygiformes (sunbittern and kagu)

 
 
Aequornithes

 

Gaviiformes (loons/divers)

 
Feraequornithes

Austrodyptornithes

 

Procellariiformes (albatrosses, shearwaters, and petrels)

 
 

Sphenisciformes (penguins)

 
 
Pelecanimorphae

 

Ciconiiformes (storks)

 
Pelecanes

 

Suliformes (frigatebirds, gannets, cormorants, and darters)

 
 

Pelecaniformes (pelicans, herons and ibises)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Telluraves

Afroaves

Hieraves

 

Strigiformes (owls)

 
 

Accipitriformes (hawks, eagles, vultures, and relatives)

 
 
Coraciimorphae

 

Coliiformes (mousebirds)

 
Cavitaves

 

Leptosomiformes (cuckoo roller)

 
Eucavitaves

 

Trogoniformes (trogons)

 
Picocoraciae

 

Bucerotiformes (hornbills, hoopoes and relatives)

 
Picodynastornithes

 

Coraciiformes (kingfishers, rollers, bee-eaters and relatives)

 
 

Piciformes (woodpeckers and relatives)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Australaves

 

Cariamiformes (seriemas)

 
Eufalconimorphae

 

Falconiformes (falcons and caracaras)

 
Psittacopasseres

 

Psittaciformes (parrots)

 
Passeriformes

 

Acanthisittidae (New Zealand wrens)

 
 

Tyranni (suboscines)

 
 

Passeri (oscines or songbirds)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Subclass Palaeognathae

The Palaeognathae or "old jaws" is one of the two superorders recognized within the taxonomic class Aves and consist of the ratites and tinamous. The ratites are mostly large and long-legged, flightless birds, lacking a keeled sternum. Traditionally, all the ratites were place in the order Struthioniformes. However, recent genetic analysis has found that the group is not monophyletic, as it is paraphyletic with respect to the tinamous, so the ostriches are classified as the only members of the order Struthioniformes and other ratites placed in other orders.[5][6]

Order Struthioniformes

Greater rhea pair
Eudromia elegans
Casuarius casuarius

Africa; 2 species

Infraclass Notopalaeognathae

Order Rheiformes

South America; 2 species

  • Family †Opisthodactylidae
  • Family Rheidae: rheas

Order Casuariiformes

Australasia; 4 species

Order Apterygiformes

Australasia; 5 species

Order †Aepyornithiformes

Madagascar

Order †Dinornithiformes

New Zealand

Order Tinamiformes

South America; 45 species

Subclass Neognathae

Nearly all living birds belong to the subclass Neognathae or "new jaws". With their keeled sternum (breastbone), unlike the ratites, they are known as carinatae.

Infraclass Galloanserae

Order Galliformes

Australian brush turkey

Worldwide; 250 species

Order †Gastornithiformes

Order Anseriformes

Worldwide; 150 species

Infraclass Neoaves

Superorder Mirandornithes

Order Podicipediformes

Worldwide; 19 species

Order Phoenicopteriformes

Worldwide; 6 species

Superorder Columbimorphae

Order Columbiformes

Worldwide; 300 species

Order Pterocliformes

Africa, Europe, Asia; 16 species

Order Mesitornithiformes

Madagascar; 3 species

Grandorder Strisores

Order Caprimulgiformes

Worldwide; 97 species

Order Steatornithiformes

South America; 1 species

Order Nyctibiiformes

Americas; 7 species

Order Podargiformes
Tawny frogmouth

Asia and Australasia; 14 species

Order Aegotheliformes

Australasia; 10 species

Order Apodiformes

Worldwide; 478 species

Grandorder Otidimorphae

Order Cuculiformes

Worldwide; 150 species

Order Musophagiformes

Africa; 23 species

Order Otidiformes

Africa and Eurasia; 27 species

Superorder Gruae

Order Opisthocomiformes

South America; 1 species

Order Gruiformes

Worldwide; 164 species

Order Charadriiformes

Worldwide; 350 species

Grandorder Eurypygimorphae

Order Eurypygiformes

Neotropics and New Caledonia; 2 species

Order Phaethontiformes

Oceanic; 3 species

Grandorder Aequornithes

Order Gaviiformes

North America, Eurasia; 5 species

Order Sphenisciformes

Antarctic and southern waters; 17 species

Order Procellariiformes

Pan-oceanic; 120 species

Order Ciconiiformes

Worldwide; 19 species

White stork
Order Suliformes

Worldwide; 59 species

Order Pelecaniformes
Hamerkop

Worldwide; 108 species

Grandorder Afroaves

Order Accipitriformes
Osprey

Worldwide; 260 species

Order Strigiformes

Worldwide; 250 species

Order Coliiformes
Blue-naped mousebird

Sub-Saharan Africa; 6 species

Order Leptosomiformes

Madagascar; 1 species

Order Trogoniformes

Sub-Saharan Africa, Americas, Asia; 35 species

Order Bucerotiformes

Old World, New Guinea; 64 species

Order Coraciiformes

Worldwide; 144 species

Kingfisher
Order Piciformes

Worldwide except Australasia; 400 species

Grandorder Australaves

Order Cariamiformes

South America; 2 species

Order Falconiformes

Worldwide; 60 species

Order Psittaciformes

Pan-tropical, southern temperate zones; 330 species

Order Passeriformes
Rock wren
Eurylaimus javanicus
Pitta cyanea
Pachyramphus castaneus
Lyrebird

Worldwide; 6,500 species

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ "Updates – Version 14.2". IOC World Bird List. 2022-01-20. Retrieved 2025-02-04.
  2. ^ Barrowclough, GF; Cracraft, J; Klicka, J; Zink, RM (2016). "How Many Kinds of Birds Are There and Why Does It Matter?". PLOS ONE. 11 (11): e0166307. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1166307B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166307. PMC 5120813. PMID 27880775.
  3. ^ Stiller, J., Feng, S., Chowdhury, AA. et al. Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes. Nature (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07323-1
  4. ^ قالب:Cite taxon
  5. ^ Hackett, S.J.; et al. (2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–1768. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.
  6. ^ Yuri, T (2013). "Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals". Biology. 2 (1): 419–44. doi:10.3390/biology2010419. PMC 4009869. PMID 24832669.
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