ثمرة نبات التفاح الشوكي الداتورة
التفاح الشوكي الداتورة thorn Apple
وإسمه العلمي Datura Stramonium ، وهو أحد أفراد الفصيلة الباذنجانية Solanaceae ، وإسمه مستمد من شكل ثمرته الكبيرة الشوكية التي تشبه الكستناء Chestnut إلى حد ما. ومفعولها كمادة سامة شبيهة بمفعول البلادونا السامة Deadly Nightshade . ويحتوي كلا من النباتين على مادتي الأتروبين Atropine و الهيوسيامين Hyoscyamine التي تعمل على شلل الجهاز العصبي. ويمكن إستخدماها طبيا في علاج الأمراض الشعبية Bronchial مثل حمى القش Hay-fever و الأزما (الربو) Asthma .
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الوصف
السمية All parts of Datura plants contain dangerous levels of the tropane alkaloids atropine , hyoscyamine , and scopolamine , which are classified as deliriants , or anticholinergics . The risk of fatal overdose is high among uninformed users, and many hospitalizations occur amongst recreational users who ingest the plant for its psychoactive effects.[1] [2]
السجل الأحفوري Fossil seeds like seeds of Datura stramonium have been found in Pliocene strata of Belarus .[3]
الهامش
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Preissel ^ AJ Giannini,Drugs of Abuse--Second Edition . Los Angeles, Practice Management Information Corporation, pp.48-51. ISBN 1-57066-053-0 .
^ The Pliocene flora of Kholmech , south-eastern Belarus and it's correlation with other Pliocene floras of Europe by Felix Yu. VELICHKEVICH and Ewa ZASTAWNIAK – Acta Palaeobot. 43(2): 137–259, 2003
وصلات خارجية
Psychedelics (5-HT2A
بنزوفورانات أميدات‐ أمينات‐
2C-x 25x -NBx
25x -NB3OMe 25x -NB4OMe 25x -NBF 25x -NBMD 25x -NBOH 25x -NBOMe بنى غير تقليدية
3C-x 4C-x DOx HOT-x MDxx المسكالين (subst.) TMAs
TMA
TMA-2
TMA-3
TMA-4
TMA-5
TMA-6 أخرى
الپيپرازينات التريپتامينات
alpha -alkyltryptaminesx -DALT x -DET x -DiPT x -DMT
4,5-DHP-DMT 2,N,N-TMT 4-AcO-DMT 4-HO-5-MeO-DMT 4,N,N-TMT 4-Propionyloxy-DMT 5,6-diBr-DMT 5-AcO-DMT 5-Bromo-DMT 5-MeO-2,N ,N -TMT 5-MeO-4,N ,N -TMT 5-MeO-α,N,N-TMT 5-MeO-DMT 5-N ,N -TMT 7,N,N-TMT α,N,N-TMT (Bufotenin) 5-HO-DMT DMT Norbaeocystin (Psilocin) 4-HO-DMT (Psilocybin) 4-PO-DMT x -DPT Ibogaine-related x -MET x -MiPT أخرى
أخرى
Dissociatives (NMDAR antagonists )
Deliriants (mAChR antagonists ) أخرى
Receptor Ligands
Agonists :
77-LH-28-1 •
AC-42 •
AC-260,584 •
Aceclidine •
Acetylcholine •
AF30 •
AF150(S) •
AF267B •
AFDX-384 •
Alvameline •
AQRA-741 •
Arecoline •
Bethanechol •
Butyrylcholine •
Carbachol •
CDD-0034 •
CDD-0078 •
CDD-0097 •
CDD-0098 •
CDD-0102 •
Cevimeline •
cis-Dioxolane •
Ethoxysebacylcholine •
LY-593,039 •
L-689,660 •
LY-2,033,298 •
McNA343 •
Methacholine •
Milameline •
Muscarine •
NGX-267 •
Ocvimeline •
Oxotremorine •
PD-151,832 •
Pilocarpine •
RS86 •
Sabcomeline •
SDZ 210-086 •
Sebacylcholine •
Suberylcholine •
Talsaclidine •
Thiopilocarpine •
Vedaclidine •
VU-0029767 •
VU-0090157 •
VU-0152099 •
VU-0152100 •
VU-0238429 •
WAY-132,983 •
Xanomeline •
YM-796 Antagonists :
3-Quinuclidinyl Benzilate •
4-DAMP •
Anisodamine •
Anisodine •
Atropine •
Atropine Methonitrate •
Benactyzine •
Benzatropine (Benztropine) •
Benzydamine •
BIBN 99 •
Biperiden •
Bornaprine •
CAR-226,086 •
CAR-301,060 •
CAR-302,196 •
CAR-302,282 •
CAR-302,368 •
CAR-302,537 •
CAR-302,668 •
CS-27349 •
Cyclobenzaprine •
Cyclopentolate •
Darifenacin •
DAU-5884 •
Dimethindene •
Dexetimide •
DIBD •
Dicyclomine (Dicycloverine) •
Ditran •
EA-3167 •
EA-3443 •
EA-3580 •
EA-3834 •
Elemicin •
Etanautine •
Etybenzatropine (Ethylbenztropine) •
Flavoxate •
Himbacine •
HL-031,120 •
Ipratropium •
J-104,129 •
Hyoscyamine •
Mamba Toxin 3 •
Mamba Toxin 7 •
Mazaticol •
Mebeverine •
Methoctramine •
Metixene •
Myristicin •
N -Ethyl-3-Piperidyl Benzilate •
N -Methyl-3-Piperidyl Benzilate •
Orphenadrine •
Otenzepad •
Oxybutynin •
PBID •
PD-102,807 •
Phenglutarimide •
Phenyltoloxamine •
Pirenzepine •
Piroheptine •
Procyclidine •
Profenamine •
RU-47,213 •
SCH-57,790 •
SCH-72,788 •
SCH-217,443 •
Scopolamine (Hyoscine) •
Solifenacin •
Telenzepine •
Tiotropium •
Tolterodine •
Trihexyphenidyl •
Tripitamine •
Tropatepine •
Tropicamide •
WIN-2299 •
Zamifenacin ;
Others :
1st Generation Antihistamines (
Brompheniramine •
Chlorpheniramine ,
Cyclizine ,
Cyproheptadine ,
Dimenhydrinate ,
Diphenhydramine ,
Doxylamine ,
Hydroxyzine ,
Meclizine ,
Mepyramine /
Pyrilamine ,
Phenindamine ,
Pheniramine ,
Tripelennamine ,
Triprolidine , etc) •
Tricyclic Antidepressants (
Amitriptyline ,
Doxepin ,
Trimipramine , etc) •
Tetracyclic Antidepressants (
Amoxapine ,
Maprotiline , etc) •
Typical Antipsychotics (
Chlorpromazine ,
Thioridazine , etc) •
Atypical Antipsychotics (
Clozapine ,
Olanzapine ,
Quetiapine , etc)
Agonists :
5-HIAA •
A-84,543 •
A-366,833 •
A-582,941 •
A-867,744 •
ABT-202 •
ABT-418 •
ABT-560 •
ABT-894 •
Acetylcholine •
Altinicline •
Anabasine •
AR-R17779 •
Butyrylcholine •
Carbachol •
Cotinine •
Cytisine •
Decamethonium •
Desformylflustrabromine •
Dianicline •
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium •
Epibatidine •
Epiboxidine •
Ethoxysebacylcholine •
EVP-4473 •
EVP-6124 •
Galantamine •
GTS-21 •
Ispronicline •
Lobeline •
MEM-63,908 (RG-3487) •
Nicotine •
NS-1738 •
PHA-543,613 •
PHA-709,829 •
PNU-120,596 •
PNU-282,987 •
Pozanicline •
Rivanicline •
Sazetidine A •
Sebacylcholine •
SIB-1508Y •
SIB-1553A •
SSR-180,711 •
Suberylcholine •
TC-1698 •
TC-1734 •
TC-1827 •
TC-2216 •
TC-5214 •
TC-5619 •
TC-6683 •
Tebanicline •
Tropisetron •
UB-165 •
Varenicline •
XY-4083 Antagonists :
18-Methoxycoronaridine •
α-Bungarotoxin •
α-Conotoxin •
Alcuronium •
Anatruxonium •
Atracurium •
Bupropion (Amfebutamone) •
Chandonium •
Chlorisondamine •
Cisatracurium •
Coclaurine •
Coronaridine •
Dacuronium •
Decamethonium •
Dextromethorphan •
Dextropropoxyphene •
Dextrorphan •
Diadonium •
DHβE •
Dimethyltubocurarine (Metocurine) •
Dipyrandium •
Dizocilpine (MK-801) •
Doxacurium •
Duador •
Esketamine •
Fazadinium •
Gallamine •
Hexafluronium •
Hexamethonium (Benzohexonium) •
Ibogaine •
Ketamine •
Kynurenic Acid •
Levacetylmethadol •
Malouetine •
Mecamylamine •
Memantine •
Methadone •
Methorphan (Racemethorphan) •
Methyllycaconitine •
Metocurine •
Mivacurium •
Morphanol (Racemorphanol) •
Neramexane •
Pancuronium •
Pempidine •
Pentamine •
Pentolinium •
Phencyclidine •
Pipecuronium •
Radafaxine •
Rapacuronium •
Rocuronium •
Surugatoxin •
سكسامثونيوم (سكسينيل كولين) •
Toxiferine •
Trimethaphan •
Tropeinium •
Tubocurarine •
Vecuronium
Reuptake
Enzyme
Many of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors listed above act as butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors.
Others
