1391
| القرون: | قرن 13 · قرن 14 · قرن 15 |
| العقود: | ع1360 ع1370 ع1380 ع1390 ع1400 ع1410 ع1420 |
| السنوات: | 1388 1389 1390 1391 1392 1393 1394 |
| ألفية: | الألفية 2 |
|---|---|
| قرون: | القرن 13 – القرن 14 – القرن 15 |
| عقود: | عقد 1360 عقد 1370 عقد 1380 – عقد 1390 – عقد 1400 عقد 1410 عقد 1420 |
| سنين: | 1388 1389 1390 – 1391 – 1392 1393 1394 |
| 1391 حسب الموضوع | |
| الفنون والعلوم | |
| العمارة - الفن | |
| السياسة | |
| زعماء الدول - الدول ذات السيادة | |
| تصنيفات المواليد والوفيات | |
| المواليد - الوفيات | |
| تصنيفات التأسيسات والانحلالات | |
| التأسيسات - الانحلالات | |
| الفن والأدب | |
| 1391 في الشعر | |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 1391 MCCCXCI |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 2144 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 840 ԹՎ ՊԽ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 6141 |
| التقويم البهائي | −453 – −452 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 798 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 2341 |
| سنة العهد الإنگليزي | 14 Ric. 2 – 15 Ric. 2 |
| التقويم البوذي | 1935 |
| التقويم البورمي | 753 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 6899–6900 |
| التقويم الصيني | 庚午年 (المعدن الحصان) 4087 أو 4027 — إلى — 辛未年 (المعدن الماعز) 4088 أو 4028 |
| التقويم القبطي | 1107–1108 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 2557 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 1383–1384 |
| التقويم العبري | 5151–5152 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1447–1448 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 1313–1314 |
| - كالي يوگا | 4492–4493 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 11391 |
| تقويم الإگبو | 391–392 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 769–770 |
| التقويم الهجري | 793–794 |
| التقويم الياباني | Meitoku 2 (明徳２年) |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | 1391 MCCCXCI |
| التقويم الكوري | 3724 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 521 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前521年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 1934 |
Year 1391 (MCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.
أحداث
يناير-ديسمبر
- June 6 – Massacre of 1391: Anti-Jewish pogroms erupt in Seville, Spain.[1] Many thousands of Jews are massacred, and the violence spreads throughout Spain and Portugal, especially to Toledo, Barcelona and Mallorca. This event marks a turning-point in the history of the Spanish Jews, with most of the survivors leaving the Iberian Peninsula or being forced to convert.
- July 18 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – Battle of the Kondurcha River: Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde, in present day southeast Russia.[2]
Date unknown
- Manuel II Palaiologos becomes Byzantine emperor after his father, John V Palaiologos, dies of a nervous breakdown, due to his continued humiliation by the Ottoman Empire.[3]
- Yusuf II succeeds Muhammed V, as Nasrid Sultan of Granada (now southern Spain).
- Stephen Dabiša succeeds Stephen Tvrtko I, as King of Bosnia.
- Shah Mansur becomes leader of the Timurid-occupied Muzaffarid Empire, in central Persia.
- A group of Muzaffarids under Zafar Khan Muzaffar establish a new Sultanate at Gujarat, in western India.
- Vytautas the Great, claimant to the throne of Lithuania, forms an alliance with Muscovy.
- Roman I succeeds Petru, as Prince of Moldavia (now Moldova and northeastern Romania).
- Konrad von Wallenrode succeeds Konrad Zöllner von Rotenstein, as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.
- Bridget of Sweden is canonized by Pope Boniface IX.
- Ushkuinik pirates from Novgorod sack the Muscovy towns of Zhukotin and Kazan.
- The Chinese invent toilet paper for use by their emperors.
- Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, takes control of the Shetland Islands and the Faroe Islands.
- The University of Ferrara is founded on the Italian Peninsula.[4]
- The Ming government orders 50 million trees planted in the Nanjing area.
مواليد
- June 24 – Joan of France, Duchess of Brittany (d. 1433)
- July 31 – Cyriacus of Ancona, Italian merchant, "father of archaeology" (d. 1453/5)
- October 31 – Edward, King of Portugal (d. 1438)
- November 6 – Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, English politician (d. 1425)
- Gedun Drub, 1st Dalai Lama (d. 1474)
- Thomas West, 2nd Baron West, English soldier (d. 1415)
وفيات
- January 16 – Emir Muhammed V of Granada (b. 1338)
- February 16 – John V Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (b. 1332)
- March 10 – King Tvrtko I of Bosnia (b. 1338)
- November 1 – Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy (b. 1360)
- Gaston III, Count of Foix, co-prince of Andorra
- date unknown
- Petru, Prince of Moldavia
- Margaret, Countess of Mar (approximate date)
References
- ^ Freund, Scarlett; Ruiz (1994). "Jews, Conversos, and the Inquisition in Spain, 1391–1492: The Ambiguities of History". In Perry, Marvin; Schweitzer, Frederick M. (eds.). Jewish-Christian Encounters Over the Centuries: Symbiosis, Prejudice, Holocaust, Dialogue. P. Lang. pp. 169–195. ISBN 978-0-8204-2082-0.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2009-12-23). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East (in الإنجليزية). ABC-CLIO. p. 428. ISBN 978-1-85109-672-5.
- ^ Barker, John W. (1969). Manuel II Palaeologus (1391-1425); a study in late Byzantine statesmanship. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. pp. xxiv. ISBN 0-8135-0582-8. OCLC 11370.
- ^ Grendler, Paul F. (2004-09-29). The Universities of the Italian Renaissance (in الإنجليزية). JHU Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-8018-8055-1.
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