مينگ يوژن Ming Yuzhen

في هذا article، اسم العائلة هو Ming.
مينگ يوژن
Ming Yuzhen
إمبراطور دولة شيا
العهد1362–1366
تبعهMing Sheng
وُلِد1329
توفي1366 (aged 36–37)
الدفن
Rui Mausoleum (叡陵; in present-day Shangheng Street, Jiangbei District, Chongqing)
العهد والتواريخ
  • Tianqi[أ] (天啟): 1361–1362
  • Tiantong (天統): 1363–1366
الاسم بعد الممات
Emperor Qinwen Zhaowu
(欽文昭武皇帝)
اسم المعبد
Taizu (太祖)
الأسرةXia
الأبMing Xuewen
الأمLady Zhao
Chinese name
الصينية明玉珍
النقحرة
المندرينية الفصحى
هان‌يو پن‌ينMíng Yùzhēn

مينگ يوژن (Ming Yuzhen ؛ 1329 – 1366) كان أحد زعماء تمرد العمائم الحمراء أثناء طور النهائي لأسرة يوان. He was born into a family of landowners and eventually became a general in the rebel Song (Tianwan) state, where he ruled over Sichuan. After the Tianwan regime fell, he declared himself King of Longshu in 1360 and later proclaimed himself emperor of the Xia state in 1362. He died just four years later. His young son succeeded him to the throne but only ruled for five years before the Xia state was conquered by the Ming dynasty in 1371.

السيرة

Ming Yuzhen,[ب] born in 1329[ت] in the village of Meiqiu in Sui County (in present-day Hubei Province), came from a family of landowners. He initially served as an officer in the local militia, holding the position of "commander of local patrolling archers" (xunsi gongbing paizitou, 巡司弓兵牌子頭). When the Red Turban Rebellion broke out, he was entrusted by the village council to protect his hometown.[3] Around 1352, he joined the rebels and quickly rose through the ranks in the "Red Army" of the rebel state of Song (referred to by historians as Tianwan).[1] He was eventually appointed as "Grand Marshal of the Troop Fighting the Barbarians" (tongbing zhenglu da yuanshuai, 統兵征虜大元帥) and served under General Ni Wenjun.

In 1357, Ming was tasked with procuring food supplies for the Red Army in Sichuan. He led the Song (Tianwan) fleet from Yiling up the Yangtze River and easily captured Chongqing, a strategically important city in southern Sichuan. The city's defenses were weak due to the hostility between the Yuan garrison commander Yang Han (楊漢) and the provincial governor, Öljeitu. Following the capture of Chongqing, the Song (Tianwan) emperor Xu Shouhui appointed Ming as governor of Sichuan.[3] He initially only controlled a portion of the province and faced ongoing battles against Yuan forces led by Governor Öljeitu and generals Nanggiyatai and Zhao Zi (趙䋷), who were based in Jiading (present-day Leshan) and Chengdu. These conflicts continued until 1360.[4] In addition to fighting the Yuan forces, Ming also had to defend Sichuan against an invasion from the north, from Shaanxi, in 1358[5] by the "Green Turban Army" led by General Li Sixi.[ث]

While Ming was conquering Sichuan, a power struggle broke out among the leading generals of the Song (Tianwan) state. Chen Youliang assassinated Ni, claiming that he was attempting to overthrow Xu. Ming warned Xu about Chen and successfully defended against an assassination attempt. Chen declared himself King of Han in 1359 and imprisoned Xu. The following year, he waged war against Zhu Yuanzhang, who controlled a large region of the lower Yangtze River (Jiangnan) from Nanjing. Chen then killed Xu and declared himself emperor, taking control of most of the territory of the Song (Tianwan) state. In the midst of this conflict, Chen had previously ordered Ming to send troops on behalf of Xu in the war against Zhu. Ming initially complied, but later recalled the troops upon learning of Xu's murder.[6]

Ming ruled Sichuan in an almost independent manner from an early stage, but he remained loyal to Xu.[7] He rejected Chen's usurpation and cut off all ties with him. In 1360, Ming declared himself King of Longshu (隴蜀王, Longshu Wang; Shu being a designation for Sichuan, while Long is a common abbreviation for Gansu and in this title implied claims to southern Shaanxi). Two years later, in 1362, Ming declared himself emperor of the Great Xia under the influence of his most important minister, Liu Zhen (劉楨).[8]

Despite not recognizing the legitimacy of Chen's regime, Ming did not engage in hostilities with him. Instead, he attempted to expand his territory to the north and south. In the north, he attacked southern Shaanxi Province, which was then controlled by Yuan general Li Shiqi. He was successful in permanently occupying Jiezhou (present-day Longnan in southern Gansu) until 1371, but his attack on Hanzhong and other cities in Shaanxi failed.[8] In the south, Ming attempted to conquer Yunnan in 1363, which was administered by the Mongol governor Boru Temür. He launched three waves of attacks, and in the first wave, General Wan Sheng even managed to capture Zhongqing (present-day Kunming). The Yuan armies quickly regrouped and defeated the Xia army. The remaining troops of Ming retreated to Sichuan.[9]

After the defeat in Yunnan, Ming shifted his focus to strengthening and stabilizing his rule over Sichuan. He restructured the government by implementing a system based on the Rites of Zhou, a work on government offices from the Warring States period. In 1363, he introduced a system derived from the Yuan dynasty, with the Central Secretariat and the Bureau of Military Affairs (shumi yuan) as the highest state administration offices. Local administration continued to follow the traditional division into counties (xian), sub-prefectures (zhou), and prefectures (fu).[10]

He utilized a combination of folk millenarian symbolism, declaring himself as the "Lord of Light" known as Mingzhu, and also showed support for Confucianism.[11] This strategy allowed him to gain the trust of the people and the support of the gentry.[12]

Ming died at the age of 37 in 1366 due to illness.[12] His nine-year-old son, Ming Sheng, succeeded him on the throne.[1] There was a power struggle between ministers Wan Sheng and Dai Shou for control of the child emperor and the state. Dai emerged as the victor while Wan lost his life. In 1367, a regional official named Wu Youzhen rose up against Dai, accusing him of murdering Wan. Unable to defeat Wu militarily, Dai made a deal with him and executed Wan's murderer.[13] This resulted in a lack of strong leadership within the Xia government, causing them to passively wait for events to unfold. Eventually, the Ming dynasty, founded by Zhu Yuanzhang in 1368, conquered Sichuan in 1371 without facing any major obstacles.[12]

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Adopted the era name of the Song (Tianwan) state
  2. ^ In the scholarly literature, it is widely believed that his original name was Min Rui (旻瑞), a view adopted, for example, by William Rowe in Crimson rain: seven centuries of violence in a Chinese county (2007).[1] This information apparently derives from the work Caomuzi, compiled after 1378 by Jie Ziqi. Jie, who resided in Zhejiang, had only secondhand information about Ming Yuzhen, and his work is considered unreliable. Moreover, the surname Min (旻) is not attested for any other individual and appears not to have existed at all.[2]
  3. ^ Max Jakob Fölster, in Legitimation of a 'Marginal Dynasty': The Great Xia in Sichuan 1362-1371 – A case study (2013), gives Ming Yuzhen's year of birth as 1329,[3] whereas William Rowe, in Crimson rain: seven centuries of violence in a Chinese county (2007), and other scholars instead give 1331.[1]
  4. ^ The shattered remnants of the Green Turban Army joined Ming Yuzhen's forces. Among them was Fu Youde, who, however, felt undervalued while serving under Ming. In 1360, he defected to another rebel ruler, Chen Youliang, and in the following year transferred his allegiance to Zhu Yuanzhang.[5] Under Zhu, Fu finally achieved a distinguished career as a successful general, including his role in the conquest of the Sichuan state ruled by Ming's son in 1371.[4]

المراجع

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث Rowe (2007), p. 51.
  2. ^ Fölster (2013), p. 99.
  3. ^ أ ب ت Fölster (2013), p. 77.
  4. ^ أ ب Fölster (2013), p. 78.
  5. ^ أ ب Goodrich & Fang (1976), p. 466.
  6. ^ Fölster (2013), pp. 78–79.
  7. ^ Dreyer (1988), p. 65.
  8. ^ أ ب Fölster (2013), p. 79.
  9. ^ Fölster (2013), pp. 79–80.
  10. ^ Fölster (2013), p. 80.
  11. ^ Farmer (1995), p. 22.
  12. ^ أ ب ت Mote (1988), p. 42.
  13. ^ Fölster (2013), pp. 80–81.

أعمال مذكورة

  • Goodrich, L. Carrington; Fang, Chaoying, eds. (1976). Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-03801-1.
  • Farmer, Edward L (1995). Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004103917.
  • Fölster, Max Jakob (2013). "Legitimation of a 'Marginal Dynasty': The Great Xia in Sichuan 1362-1371 – A case study". Ming Qing Studies (1): 71–116. doi:10.17613/4mqp-he34.
  • Rowe, William T (2007). Crimson rain: seven centuries of violence in a Chinese county. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804754965.
  • Twitchett, Denis C.; Mote, Frederick W., eds. (1988). The Cambridge History of China: The Ming Dynasty 1368–1644, Part 1. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24332-7.
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