متسولو البحر

Battle between Dutch and Spanish ships on the Haarlemmermeer, 26 May 1573. Sailing before the wind from the right are the Spanish ships, identified by the flags with a red cross. Approaching from the left are the ships of the Sea Beggars. Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom.
Relief of Leiden by the Sea Beggars on flat-bottomed boats, on 3 October 1574, during the Siege of Leiden. Otto van Veen, 1574.


متسولو البحر (بالفرنسية: Les Gueux, بالإنگليزية: the Beggars) was a name assumed by the confederacy of Calvinist Dutch nobles and other malcontents, who from 1566 opposed Spanish rule in هولندا. The most successful group of them operated at sea, and so were called Watergeuzen (French: Gueux de mer, الإنگليزية: Sea Beggars). In the Eighty Years' War, the Capture of Brielle by the Watergeuzen in 1572 provided the first foothold on land for the rebels, who would conquer the northern Netherlands and establish an independent Dutch Republic. They can be considered either as privateers or pirates, depending on the circumstances or motivations.[1][2]


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أصل الاسم

Traditional emblem of the Geuzen.


متسولو البحر

William II de la Marck (1542-1578), a leader of the Sea Beggars.
Capture of Brielle, 1 April 1572 (Frans Hogenberg).

في عام 1572، في حرب الثمانين عاماً، استولى متسولو البحر Geuzen على برييل، بمقاطعة زيلاند، من الأسبان، وحصلوا على أول موطئ قدم في الأرضي التي ستصبح الجمهورية الهولندية.

رموز متسولو البحر والدولة العثمانية

Geuzen medal, cast silver, tooled, about 1570, with the slogans LIVER TVRCX DAN PAVS ("Rather Turkish than Papist") and EN DESPIT DE LA MES ("In spite of the Mass").

The Sea Beggars used symbolics associated with the Ottoman Empire. William I of Orange sought Ottoman assistance against the Spanish king Philip II.[3]

Dutch Ships Ramming Spanish Galleys off the Flemish Coast in October 1602, 1617, oil on canvas by Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom and Cornelis Vroom

انظر أيضا

الهوامش

  1. ^ Bandits at sea: a pirates reader C. R. Pennell p.101 Note 28
  2. ^ English/British naval history to 1815: a guide to the literature Eugene L. Rasor p.247, Google Books
  3. ^ New Turkes: dramatizing Islam and the Ottomans in early modern England by Matthew Dimmock p.75

المصادر

Silver medal commemorating the Capture of Brielle in 1572 by the Sea Beggars
  • Kervyn de Lettenhove, Les Huguenots et les Gueux, (six volumes, Brussels, 1882–85)
  • Renon de France, Histoire des causes de la désunion . . . des Pays-Bas, (three volumes, Brussels, 1886–91)
  • Jurien de la Gravìere, "Les gueux de mer" in Revue des Deux Mondes (Paris, 1891–92).
  • Van der Horst (2005) Nederland: de vaderlandse geschiedenis van de prehistorie tot nu. (3rd edition; in Dutch). Amsterdam, Bert Bakker. ISBN 90-351-2722-6. p. 132
  • McCabe, Ina Baghdiantz 2008 Orientalism in early Modern France Berg ISBN 978-1-84520-374-0
  • تحوي هذه المقالة معلومات مترجمة من الطبعة الحادية عشرة لدائرة المعارف البريطانية لسنة 1911 وهي الآن من ضمن الملكية العامة.


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