تورگش

(تم التحويل من Turgesh)
Türgesh Khaganate

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰏𐰾
699–766
Approximate territory of the Second Turkic Khaganate and main contemporary Asian polities, 720ح. 720
الحدود التقريبية لخاقانية التورگش (الخط الأبيض).[note 1]
الحدود التقريبية لخاقانية التورگش (الخط الأبيض).[note 1]
الوضعخاقانية
العاصمةTaraz
Suyab
اللغات المشتركةOld Turkic
الدين
Tengrism
Türgesh Kagans 
• 699–706
Üch Elig
• 750ح. 750–766
Ata Boyla Qaghan
الحقبة التاريخيةالعصور الوسطى المبكرة
• تأسست
699
• انحلت
766
سبقها
تلاها
الخاقانية التوركية الغربية
الخاقانية التوركية الثانية
Karluk Yabghu
Oghuz Yabgu State

قالب:Early Turkic Khaganates The Türgesh or Türgish (Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰏𐰾:𐰉𐰆𐰑, romanized: Türügeš budun, lit.'Türgesh people'; الصينية المبسطة: 突骑施؛ الصينية التقليدية: 突騎施؛ پن‌ين: Tūqíshī؛ ويد–جايلز: T'u-ch'i-shih�; Old Tibetan: Du-rgyas)[1][2] were a Turkic tribal confederation. Once belonging to the Duolu wing of the Western Turkic On Oq elites, Türgeshes emerged as an independent power after the demise of the Western Turks and established a khaganate in 699. The Türgesh Khaganate lasted until 766 when the Karluks defeated them. Türgesh and Göktürks were related through marriage.[3]

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الاسم

Atwood (2013), citing Tekin (1968), etymologizes the ethnonym Türgiş as contains gentilic suffix affixed onto the name of lake Türgi-Yarğun, which was mentioned in Kültegin inscription.[4][5][6]


التركيبة القبلية

By the 7th century, two or three sub-tribes were recorded: "Yellow" Sarï Türgesh tribe Alishi (阿利施) and the "Black" Qara Türgesh tribe(s) 娑葛 (Suoge < *Soq or *Saqal) - 莫賀 (Mohe < *Bağa).[7][8] To the Black Türgesh sub-tribe, Chebishi (車鼻施) (*çavïş, from Old Turkic 𐰲𐰉𐰾 *çabïş[9] or Sogdian čapīş "chief"[10]), belonged 8th century Türgesh chor and later khagan Suluk.[11][12][13][14] The Turgesh Khaganate also contained remnants of the Western Turkic Khaganate: Suluk's subordinate Kül-chor belonged to the Duolu tribe Chumukun (處木昆), who lived south of Lake Balkash between Türgesh and Qarluq.[15][16][17] Tang general Geshu Han was of Duolu Turgesh extraction[18] and bore the Nushibi tribal surname Geshu (阿舒).[19] Chinese historians, when naming the Duolu Turk tribes, might mention Khalajes along with the Türgesh, under the common appellation 突騎施-賀羅施 (Mand. Tūqíshī-hèluóshī; reconstructed Old Turkic *Türgeş-Qalaç).[20]

A late-7th century Uyghur chief was also surnamed Türgesh.[21]

خط زمني

تأسيس خاقانية التورگش

Coin of the Türgesh Kaghans. Early–mid 8th century CE. Semirech'e. Obverse: Sogdian legend around central square hole. Reverse: Curved tamgha around central square hole.[22]

Prior to independence, the Turgesh were ruled by a subordinate tutuk, later shad, of the Western Turkic Khaganate's Onoq elites. Turgesh leaders belonged to Duolu division and held the title chur. A Turgesh commander of the Talas district and the town of Balu possessed a name symbolizing some sacred relation to a divine or heavenly sphere. The first Turgesh Kaghan Wuzhile (Chinese transcription 烏質 Wuzhi means "black substance") was a leader of a Manichaean consortium known as yüz er "hundred men". He established the Turgesh Khaganate in 699. He had driven out the Tang[23] protégé Böri Shad. In 703 he captured Suyab and set up his authority on the territory from Chach to Turfan and Beshbaliq.[24] In 706 his son Saqal succeeded him. Both khagans had a church rank of Yuzlik according to Yuri Zuev.[25]

Saqal attacked the Tang city of Qiuci (Kucha) in 708 and inflicted a defeat on the Tang in 709. However Saqal's younger brother Zhenu rebelled and sought military support from the Qapagan Khaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate in 708. Qapaghan Khagan defeated the Turgesh in 711 in the Battle of Bolchu, and killed both Saqal and Zhenu.[26] The defeated Turgesh fled to Zhetysu. In 714 the Turgesh elected Suluk as their khagan.

خط زمني لسلوك

في 720 قامت قوات تورگش، بقيادة كول-تشور بهزيمة القوات الأموية بقيادة سعيد بن عبد العزيز، بالقرب من سمرقند.[27]

In 722 Suluk married the Tang Princess Jiaohe.[27]

في 724 Caliph Hisham sent a new governor to Khorasan, Muslim ibn Sa'id, with orders to crush the "Turks" once and for all, but, confronted by Suluk on the so-called "Day of Thirst", Muslim hardly managed to reach Samarkand with a handful of survivors, as the Turgesh raided freely.[28]

في 726 the Turgesh attacked Qiuci (Kucha).[23]

في 727 the Turgesh and the Tibetan Empire attacked Qiuci (Kucha).[23]

In 728 Suluk defeated Umayyad forces while aiding the Sogdians in their rebellion, and took Bukhara.[28]

In 731 the Turgesh were defeated at the Battle of the Defile by the Arabs, who suffered enormous casualties.[29][30]

In 735 the Turgesh attacked Ting Prefecture (Jimsar County).[31]

In the winter of 737 Suluk, along with his allies al-Harith, Gurak (a Sogdian leader) and men from Usrushana, Tashkent and the Khuttal attacked the Umayyads. He entered Jowzjan, but was defeated by the Umayyad governor Asad at the Battle of Kharistan.[23]

كـُل-چـُر

Following his defeat Suluk was murdered by his relative Kül-chor. Immediately, the Turgesh Khaganate was plunged into a civil war between the Black (Kara) and Yellow (Sary) factions. Kül-chor of the Sary Turgesh vanquished his rival Tumoche of the Kara Turgesh. In 740 Kül-chor submitted to the Tang dynasty but rebelled anyway when he killed the Turgesh puppet sent by the Tang court in 742. He was then captured and executed by the Tang in 744. The last Turgesh ruler declared himself a vassal of the recently established Uyghur Khaganate. In 766 the Karluks conquered Zhetysu and ended the Turgesh Khaganate.[32]

الأثر

Tuhsi and Azi might be remnants of the Türgesh, according to Gardizi,[33] as well as Khalaj.[34][35][36] The Turgesh-associated tribe Suoge, alongsides Chuyue and Anqing, participated in the ethnogenesis of Shatuo Turks.[37][38]

According to Baskakov, the ethnonym Türgesh survives in the name of the seok Tirgesh among Altaians.[39]

قائمة خاقانات تورگش

تاريخ الشعوب التوركية
تاريخ الشعوب التوركية
قبل القرن 14
الخاقانية التوركية 552–744
  التوركية الغربية
  التوركية الشرقية
خاقانية الآڤار 564–804
خاقانية الخزر 618–1048
شوى‌يان‌توو 628–646
بلغاريا الكبرى 632–668
  بلغاريا الدانوب
  بلغاريا الڤولگا
اتحاد قنغر 659–750
خاقانية تورگش 699–766
خاقانية الويغور 744–840
دولة قارلوق يابگو 756–940
خانية القرةخانات 840–1212
  القرة خانات الغربيون
  القرة خانات الشرقيون
مملكة ويغور گان‌سو 848–1036
مملكة قوچو 856–1335
خانيات الپچنگ
860–1091
خانية كيمك
743–1035
القومان
1067–1239
دولة غز يابگو
750–1055
أسر شاتوو 923–979
  تانگ اللاحقة
  جين اللاحقة
  هان اللاحقة (هان الشمالية)
السلطنة الغزنوية 963–1186
السلاجقة العظام 1037–1194
  سلاجقة الروم
سلطنة خوارزم 1077–1231
سلطنة دلهي 1206–1526
  الأسرة المملوكية
  الأسرة الخلجية
  أسرة تغلق
القبيل الذهبي | [40][41][42] 1240s–1502
السلطنة المملوكية (القاهرة) 1250–1517
  المماليك البحرية
  1. Wuzhile (699–706)
  2. Suoge (706–711)
  3. Suluk (716–738)
  4. Kut Chor (738–739)
  5. Kül Chor (739–744)
  6. El Etmish Kutluk Bilge (744–749)
  7. Yibo Kutluk Bilge Juzhi (749–751)
  8. Tengri Ermish (753–755)
  9. Ata Boyla (750s – 766)


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ملاحظات

  1. ^ Wuzhile ruled over the territory from Chach to Turfan and Beshbaliq. The boundary on the south was established at the Oxus river, but Samarkand and Bukhara were lost 710ح. 710. Khiva was part of Khwarezm. Aksu (along with the principality of Farghana) was under Western Turk rule up to 657. Above Beshbaliq, the border might be at the Altay mountain range. From there onwards, the Türgesh might control the upper Irtysh, Ob, and Tobol regions to oversee the local fur hunting business. This is supported by some archaeological sources of the ancient Hungarians (△), provided by Manichean symbolism, like Srostki (766ح. 766-780) and Zevakino (9-10th centuryح. 9-10th century), and the Türkish language Yenisey inscriptions also groupping there. The Turks/Türgesh (according to one opinionقالب:Whose) might also settle some Chigils from the area of Chach in the Kama-Belaya region, who later became the Szeklers. This is also supported by some archaeological sources of the ancient Hungarians provided by Buddhist symbolism, like Redikor (7-9th century) and Ishimbay.

المراجع

الهامش

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  38. ^ Atwood, Christopher P. (2010). "The Notion of Tribe in Medieval China: Ouyang Xiu and the Shatup Dynastic Myth". Miscellanea Asiatica (16): 693–621.
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المصادر