أسرة كون‌باون

(تم التحويل من Konbaung Dynasty)
Konbaung

ကုန်းဘောင်
1752–1885
{{{coat_alt}}}
Coat of arms
العاصمةShwebo (1752–1760)
Sagaing (1760–1765)
Ava (1765–1783, 1821–1842)
Amarapura (1783–1821, 1842–1859)
Mandalay (1859–1885)
اللغات الشائعةBurmese
الدين Theravada Buddhism
الحكومةAbsolute monarchy
Monarch 
• 1752–1760
Alaungpaya (first)
• 1878–1885
Thibaw (last)
التشريعHluttaw
الحقبة التاريخيةEarly modern period
• Founding of dynasty
29 February 1752
• Reunification of Burma
1752–1757
1760–1854
1765–1769
1824–1826, 1852, 1885
• End of dynasty
29 November 1885
Currencykyat (from 1852)
سبقها
تلاها
Toungoo dynasty
Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
Mrauk-U Kingdom
Ahom kingdom
Kachari kingdom
Lan Na Kingdom
Ayutthaya Kingdom
Qing dynasty
British Raj
British rule in Burma
Principality of Chiang Mai
Principality of Lampang
Principality of Nan
Principality of Lamphum
Principality of Phrae
تاريخ بورما
WikiProject Burma (Myanmar) peacock.svg

أسرة كون‌باون (بالبورمية: ကုန်းဘောင်ခေတ်، تـُنطق [kóʊɰ̃bàʊɰ̃ kʰɪʔ] ؛ إنگليزية: Konbaung dynasty)، وتُعرف أيضاً بإسم الامبراطورية البورمية الثالثة (တတိယမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်) وكانت تُعرف سابقاً بإسم أسرة ألومپرا (အလောင်းဘုရားမင်းဆက် ، Alompra dynasty ، Alaungphra dynasty) و أسرة الصيادين (မုဆိုးမင်းဆက်, Mokso dynasty), كانت آخر أسرة حكمت بورما/ميانمار من 1752 حتى 1885. وقد أنشأت ثاني أكبر امبراطورية في التاريخ البورمي and continued the administrative reforms begun by the Toungoo dynasty, laying the foundations of the modern state of Burma. The reforms, however, proved insufficient to stem the advance of the British, who defeated the Burmese in all three الحروب الأنگلو-بورمية over a six-decade span (1824–1885) وأنهت في 1885 الملكية البورمية التي استمرت طيلة ألفية من الزمان.

An expansionist dynasty, the Konbaung kings waged campaigns against Manipur, Arakan, Assam, the Mon kingdom of Pegu, and the Siamese kingdom of Ayutthaya, and the Qing Dynasty of China – thus establishing the Third Burmese Empire. Subject to later wars and treaties with the British, the modern state of Myanmar can trace its current borders to these events.

Throughout the Konbaung dynasty, the capital was relocated several times for religious, political, and strategic reasons.


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

التاريخ

التأسيس

The dynasty was heroically founded by a village chief, who later became known as Alaungpaya, in 1752 to challenge the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom which had just toppled the Taungoo dynasty. By 1759, Alaungpaya's forces had reunited all of Burma (and Manipur) and driven out the French and the British who had provided arms to Hanthawaddy.[1]

Lion Throne in the throne hall of the royal palace of Amarapura (painting by Colesworthy Grant, 1855)

Alaungpaya's second son, Hsinbyushin, came to the throne after a short reign by his elder brother, Naungdawgyi (1760–1763). He continued his father's expansionist policy and finally took Ayutthaya in 1767, after seven years of fighting.

العلاقات مع سيام

In 1760, Burma began a series of wars with Siam that would last well into the middle of the 19th century. By 1770, Alaungpaya's heirs had temporarily defeated Siam (1765–1767), subdued much of Laos (1765) and defeated four invasions by Qing China (1765–1769).[2] With the Burmese preoccupied for another two decades by another impending invasion by the Chinese,[3] the Siamese recovered their territories by 1770, and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776.[4] Burma and Siam went to war until 1855 but after decades of war, the two countries exchanged Tenasserim (to Burma) and Lan Na (to Siam).

العلاقة مع الصين

In the defence of its realm, the dynasty fought four wars successfully against the Qing dynasty of China which saw the threat of the expansion of Burmese power in the East. In 1770, despite his victory over the Chinese armies, King Hsinbyushin sued for peace with China and concluded a treaty to maintain bilateral trade with the Middle Kingdom which was very important for the dynasty at that time. The Qing dynasty then opened up its markets and restored trading with Burma in 1788 after reconciliation. Thenceforth peaceful and friendly relations prevailed between China and Burma for a long time.

العلاقة مع ڤيتنام

In 1823, Burmese emissaries led by George Gibson, who was the son of an English mercenary, arrived in the Vietnamese capital of Saigon. The Burmese king Bagyidaw was very keen to conquer Siam and hoped Vietnam might be a useful ally. Vietnam had then just annexed Cambodia. The Vietnamese emperor was Minh Mạng, who had just taken the throne after the death of his father, the founder of the Nguyen dynasty Gia Long. A commercial delegation from Vietnam has recently been in Burma, eager to expand the trade in birds nests (tổ yến). Bagyidaw's interest in sending a return mission however was to secure a military alliance.[5][6]

العلاقات مع البريطانيين والسقوط

Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Siam in the east, Bodawpaya acquired western kingdoms of Arakan (1784), Manipur (1814) and Assam (1817), leading to a long ill-defined border with British India.[7]

Europeans began to set up trading posts in the Irrawaddy delta region during this period. Konbaung tried to maintain its independence by balancing between the French and the British. In the end it failed, the British severed diplomatic relations in 1811, and the dynasty fought and lost three wars against the British Empire, culminating in total annexation of Burma by the British.

The British defeated the Burmese in the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) after huge losses on both sides, both in terms of manpower and financial assets. Burma had to cede Arakan, Manipur, Assam and Tenasserim, and pay a large indemnity of one million pounds.

In 1837, King Bagyidaw's brother, Tharrawaddy, seized the throne, put Bagyidaw under house arrest and executed the chief queen Me Nu and her brother. Tharrawaddy made no attempt to improve relations with Britain.

آخر ملك، Thibaw Min (right), here with Queen Supayalat and her sister Junior Queen Supayalay, was forcibly deposed in a war with the British colonialists in 1885.

His son Pagan, who became king in 1846, executed thousands – some sources say as many as 6,000 – of his wealthier and more influential subjects on trumped-up charges.[8] During his reign, relations with the British became increasingly strained. In 1852, the Second Anglo-Burmese War broke out. Pagan was succeeded by his younger brother, the progressive Mindon. Mindon attempted to bring Burma into greater contact with the outside world, and hosted the Fifth Great Buddhist Synod in 1872 at Mandalay, gaining the respect of the British and the admiration of his own people.

Mindon avoided annexation in 1875 by ceding the Karenni States. He died before he could name a successor, and Thibaw, a lesser prince, was manoeuvred onto the throne by Hsinbyumashin, one of Mindon's queens, together with her daughter, Supayalat. (Rudyard Kipling mentions her as Thibaw's queen, and borrows her name, in his poem "Mandalay") The new King Thibaw proceeded, under Supayalat's direction, to massacre all likely contenders to the throne. This massacre was conducted by the queen.[بحاجة لمصدر]

لوحة تقليدية بريشة سايا تشونى تصوِّر تنازل الملك Thibaw.

The dynasty came to an end in 1885 with the forced abdication and exile of the king and the royal family to India. The British, alarmed by the consolidation of French Indochina, annexed the remainder of the country in the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885. The annexation was announced in the British parliament as a New Year gift to Queen Victoria on 1 January 1886.

Although the dynasty had conquered vast tracts of territory, its direct power was limited to its capital and the fertile plains of the Irrawaddy valley. The Konbaung rulers enacted harsh levies and had a difficult time fighting internal rebellions. At various times, the Shan states paid tribute to the Konbaung dynasty, but unlike the Mon lands, were never directly controlled by the Burmese.

الحكام

الرقم اللقب المعنى الحرفي Lineage الحكم ملاحظات
1 Alaungpaya Future Buddha-King village chief 1752–1760 Founder of the dynasty and the Third Burmese Empire, invaded Ayutthaya.
2 Naungdawgyi Royal Elder Brother son 1760–1763 Invaded Ayutthaya with his father.
3 Hsinbyushin Lord of the White Elephant brother 1763–1776 Invaded and sacked Ayutthaya, invaded Chiang Mai and Laos, invaded Manipur,
successfully repulsed 4 Chinese invasions.
4 Singu King Singu ابن 1776–1781
5 Phaungka Younger Brother (Lord of Phaungka) cousin (son of Naungdawgyi) 1782 The shortest reign in Konbaung history of just over one week.
6 Bodawpaya Royal Lord Grandfather uncle (son of Alaungpaya) 1782–1819 Invaded and annexed Arakan, invaded Ayutthaya.
7 Bagyidaw Royal Elder Uncle grandson 1819–1837 Invaded Ayutthaya with his grandfather, invaded Assam and Manipur, defeated in
the First Anglo-Burmese War.
8 Tharrawaddy King Tharrawaddy brother 1837–1846 Fought in the First Anglo-Burmese War as Prince of Tharrawaddy.
9 Pagan King Pagan son 1846–1853 Overthrown by Mindon after his defeat in the Second Anglo-Burmese War.
10 Mindon King Mindon half-brother 1853–1878 Sued for peace with the British; had a very narrow escape in a palace rebellion by
two of his sons but his brother Crown Prince Ka Naung was killed.
11 Thibaw King Thibaw son 1878–1885 The last king of Burma, forced to abdicate and exiled to India after his defeat in the
Third Anglo-Burmese War.

Note: Naungdawgyi was the eldest brother of Hsinbyushin and Bodawpaya who was the grandfather of Bagyidaw who was Mindon's elder uncle. They were known by these names to posterity, although the formal titles at their coronation by custom ran to some length in Pali; Mintayagyi paya (Lord Great King) was the equivalent of Your/His Majesty whereas Hpondawgyi paya (Lord Great Glory) would be used by the royal family.


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

شجرة العائلة

1
Alaungpaya
(1752–1760)
Yun San
362
Me HlaHsinbyushin
(1763–1776)
Bodawpaya
(1782–1819)
Naungdawgyi
(1760–1763)
Shin Hpo U
45
Singu Min
(1776–1781)
Thado MinsawPhaungka
(1782)
78
Bagyidaw
(1819–1837)
Tharrawaddy
(1837–1846)
910
Pagan[N 1]
(1846–1853)
Mindon[N 2]
(1853–1878)
Laungshe Mibaya
11
Thibaw
(1878–1885)
ملاحظات
  1. ^ Half brother of Mindon, son of Princess Me Myat Shwe.
  2. ^ Half brother of Pagan.
Konbaung dynasty
سنة التأسيس: 1752
الاطاحة: 1885
سبقه
Taungoo dynasty
Dynasty of بورما
29 February 1752 – 29 نوفمبر 1885
شاغر


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ Phayre 1883, p. 153.
  2. ^ Lieberman 2003, p. 184–187.
  3. ^ Dai 2004, p. 145–189.
  4. ^ Wyatt 2003, p. 125.
  5. ^ Lost Footsteps. "Diplomatic relations between Burma and Vietnam".
  6. ^ Chinese Business in Penang and Tenasserim (Burma) in the 1820s: A Glimpse from a Vietnamese Travelogue
  7. ^ Myint-U 2006, p. 109.
  8. ^ Sanderson Beck. "Burma, Malaya and Siam 1800–1950". Retrieved 22 April 2007.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية