اللغة البورمية

البورمية Burmese
لغة ميانمار
မြန်မာစာ (البورمية المكتوبة)
မြန်မာစကား (البورمية المحكية)
النطقIPA:[mjəmàzà]
[mjəmà zəɡá]
موطنهاميانمار
العرقBamar
الناطقون الأصليون
33 مليون (2007)ne2007
Second language: 10 million (no date)[1]
الصيغ المبكرة
الأبجدية البورمية
برايل البورمية
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في
 ميانمار
 آسيان
ينظمهامفوضية اللغة بميانمار
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-2bur (B)
mya (T)
ISO 639-2bur (B)
mya (T)
ISO 639-3mya – inclusive code
Individual codes:
int – Intha
tvn – Tavoyan dialects
tco – Taungyo dialects
rki – Rakhine language ("Rakhine")
rmz – Marma ("မရမာ")
Glottolognucl1310
Linguasphere77-AAA-a
Idioma birmano.png
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

اللغة البورمية (Burmese language ؛ بالبورمية: မြန်မာဘာသာ, MLCTS: mranmabhasa, IPA: [mjəmà bàðà]) is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Myanmar where it is an official language and the language of the Bamar people, the country's principal ethnic group. Although the Constitution of Myanmar officially recognizes the English name of the language as the Myanmar language,[2] most English speakers continue to refer to the language as Burmese, after Burma, the older name for Myanmar. In 2007, it was spoken as a first language by 33 million, primarily the Bamar (Burman) people and related ethnic groups, and as a second language by 10 million, particularly ethnic minorities in Myanmar and neighboring countries. In 2014 the Burmese population was 36.39 million, and has been estimated at 38.2 million as of April 2020.

Burmese is a tonal, pitch-register, and syllable-timed language,[3] largely monosyllabic and analytic, with a subject–object–verb word order. It is a member of the Lolo-Burmese grouping of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The Burmese alphabet is ultimately descended from a Brahmic script, either Kadamba or Pallava.

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التصنيف

Burmese belongs to the Southern Burmish branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages, of which Burmese is the most widely spoken of the non-Sinitic languages.[4] Burmese was the fifth of the Sino-Tibetan languages to develop a writing system, after Chinese characters, the Pyu script, the Tibetan alphabet and the Tangut script.[5]


اللهجات

The majority of Burmese speakers, who live throughout the Irrawaddy River Valley, use a number of largely similar dialects, while a minority speak non-standard dialects found in the peripheral areas of the country. These dialects include:

Arakanese (Rakhine) in Rakhine State and Marma in Bangladesh are also sometimes considered dialects of Burmese and sometimes as separate languages.

Despite vocabulary and pronunciation differences, there is mutual intelligibility among Burmese dialects, as they share a common set of tones, consonant clusters, and written script. However, several Burmese dialects differ substantially from standard Burmese with respect to vocabulary, lexical particles, and rhymes.


التاريخ

The Burmese language's early forms include Old Burmese and Middle Burmese. Old Burmese dates from the 11th to the 16th century (Pagan to Ava dynasties); Middle Burmese from the 16th to the 18th century (Toungoo to early Konbaung dynasties); modern Burmese from the mid-18th century to the present. Word order, grammatical structure and vocabulary have remained markedly stable well into Modern Burmese, with the exception of lexical content (e.g., function words).[6][7]

البورمية القديمة

نقش ميازدي، العائد إلى سنة 1113 م، هو أقدم نقش صخري باقي باللغة البورمية.

الصوتيات

The transcriptions in this section use the International Phonetic Alphabet.

الصوامت

The consonants of Burmese are as follows:

Consonant phonemes[8][9]
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Post-al.
/Palatal
Velar Laryngeal
Nasal voiced m n ɲ ŋ
voiceless ɲ̊ ŋ̊
Stop Voiced b d ɡ
plain p t k ʔ
aspirated tʃʰ
Fricative voiced ð ([d̪ð~d̪]) z
voiceless θ ([t̪θ~t̪]) s ʃ
aspirated h
Approximant voiced l j w
voiceless ʍ

According to Jenny & San San Hnin Tun (2016:15), contrary to their use of symbols θ and ð, consonants of are dental stops (/t̪, d̪/), rather than fricatives (/θ, ð/) or affricates.[10]

An alveolar /ɹ/ can occur as an alternate of /j/ in some loanwords.

الصوائت

صوائت البورمية هي:

Vowel phonemes
Monophthongs Diphthongs
Front Central Back Front offglide Back offglide
Close i u
Close-mid e ə o ei ou
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a ai au

الهامش

  1. ^ قالب:E15
  2. ^ Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008), Chapter XV, Provision 450
  3. ^ Chang 2003.
  4. ^ Sinley 1993, p. 147.
  5. ^ Bradley 1993, p. 147.
  6. ^ Herbert, Patricia; Anthony Crothers Milner (1989). South-East Asia: Languages and Literatures: a Select Guide. University of Hawaii Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780824812676.
  7. ^ Wheatley, Julian (2013). "12. Burmese". In Randy J. LaPolla; Graham Thurgood (eds.). Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge. ISBN 9781135797171.
  8. ^ Chang (2003), p. 63. sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFChang2003 (help)
  9. ^ Watkins (2001).
  10. ^ Jenny & San San Hnin Tun 2016, p. 15.


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المراجع


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ببليوگرافيا

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Burmese language قالب:Languages of Burma