شركة شين‌جيانگ للانتاج والإنشاءات

شركة شين‌جيانگ للانتاج والإنشاءات
Xinjiang production and Construction Corps logo.jpg
نشطة1954 – present
البلد الصين
الولاء Communist Party of China
النوعState-owned enterprise & Paramilitary
الحجم2.6 million
Headquarters and area servedÜrümqi & شين‌جيانگ
الكنيةBingtuan ("The Corps")
Divisions14
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.xjbt.gov.cn
القادة
Commander-in-ChiefPeng Jiarui
Political CommissarChen Quanguo
Party SecretarySun Jinlong
أبرز
القادة
Wang Zhen

شركة شين‌جيانگ للانتاج والإنشاءات، وتُعرف بالاختصار XPCC أو Bingtuan ("The Corps") for short, is a unique economic and paramilitary organization in the منطقة شين‌جيانگ ذاتية الحكم الاويغورية (XUAR) of China. The XPCC has administrative authority over several medium-sized cities as well as settlements and farms in Xinjiang. It has its own administrative structure, fulfilling governmental functions such as healthcare, policing, and education for areas under its jurisdiction. Nominally subject to the XUAR, its internal affairs, including the administration of its cities and reclaimed land, is separate from that of the Autonomous Region and under direct control of the central government.

The XPCC was founded by Wang Zhen in 1954 under the orders of Mao Zedong. The stated goals of the XPCC are to develop frontier regions, promote economic development, ensure social stability and ethnic harmony, and consolidate border defense. In its 50-year history, the XPCC has built farms, towns, and cities, provided land and work for disbanded military units, and re-settled Han migrants from other parts of China into Xinjiang as part of a campaign of sinicization. The XPCC also participates in economic activities, and is known as the China Xinjian Group (中国新建集团). It has a number of publicly traded subsidiaries.

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التاريخ

The XPCC draws from the traditional Chinese tuntian system, a policy of settling military units in frontier areas so that they become self-sufficient in food, and similar policies in the Tang and Qing dynasties.[1] Construction corps were set up for several sparsely populated frontier regions, including Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, and شين‌جيانگ . The newly founded People's Republic of China also had the problem of what to do with many former non-Communist soldiers who had been removed from economic production for many years. Ideas about settling such soldiers on the land had been common in China for many years. The Chinese government formed the XPCC from soldiers from the (Communist) First Field Army, former Kuomintang soldiers[1] and soldiers from the local Ili National Army.[2] The XPCC itself was founded in October 1954 by Wang Zhen in 1954 under the orders of Mao Zedong, comprising 175,000 military personnel based in Xinjiang, led by Tao Zhiyue as its first commander-in-chief.[2]

The XPCC was initially focused on settling, cultivating, and developing sparsely populated areas, such as the fringes of the Taklimakan Desert and Gurbantunggut Desert, under the principle of "not competing for benefits with the local people".[3] It also served as a reserve force for the military in Xinjiang, although they were not called upon, since relations with the Soviet Union were good in the early years of the People's Republic.[2][1] The ranks of the XPCC were also joined by many youth, both male and female, from other parts of China, to balance out its sex ratio and include members with better education. In 1962, after the Sino-Soviet split, rioting occurred in Yining and 60,000 ethnic minorities living near the border fled to the Soviet Union. The Chinese government feared that the Soviet Union was trying to destabilize China[1] and start a war.[2] The XPCC was ordered to cultivate the farms of those who fled.[2] By 1966 the XPCC had a population of 1.48 million.

The XPCC, together with many other governmental and party organizations, was severely damaged by the chaos of the Cultural Revolution. In 1975 it was abolished completely, with all of its powers transferred to the government of Xinjiang and regional authorities.[3] After the Soviet Union invaded neighbouring Afghanistan in 1979, and the Islamic mujahid movement gained force, fears of Soviet encirclement and Islamic fundamentalism lead to the re-establishment of the XPCC in 1981[3] as well as the cultivation of frontier lands and economic development.[3]


هيكل الشركة

The XPCC is administered by both the central government of the China as well as the government of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Its internal affairs, including the administration of its cities and reclaimed land, is separate from that of the Autonomous Region and under direct control of the central government.[4] It has sub-provincial powers on par with sub-provincial cities. The Party Secretary of Xinjiang serves as the "executive political commissar" of the XPCC, while the XPCC's own party chief usually concurrently serves as the political commissar of the XPCC and acts as its highest day-to-day authority. The party chief of the XPCC also has power in Xinjiang second only to the party chief of the region.[5] The area and population of the XPCC are generally given as part of Xinjiang's total figures, but the GDP of the XPCC is generally listed separately.

The XPCC is subdivided into divisions, then regiments. It is headquartered at Urumqi. Each XPCC division corresponds to a prefecture-level administrative division of Xinjiang, and are in themselves sub-prefectural in rank. In addition to regiments, the XPCC also administers regiment-level farms and ranches.

The XPCC itself, as well as each individual division, is headed by three leaders: a first political commissar, a political commissar, and a commander. The Party Committee Secretary of the Xinjiang Autonomous Region is the first political commissar of XPCC ex officio and the first political commissars of each XPCC division are likewise the committee secretaries in each of the corresponding prefecture-level divisions.

At the end of the 20th century, the military role of the XPCC was diluted, being given instead to the Xinjiang Military District, a part of the current Western Theater Command that includes all of western China. At present, the military personnel of the XPCC are mostly reservists or militia.

الهيكل الاداري

The XPCC consists of 14 divisions which are then subdivided into 185 regiment-level entities (including regiments, farms, and ranches), scattered throughout Xinjiang, mostly in previously unpopulated or sparsely populated areas.

الأقسام هي:

الاسم تأسس الموقع (التقريبي) المقر
1st Division 1953 Aksu Prefecture Aral
2nd Division 1953 Bayingolin Autonomous Prefecture Tiemenguan
3rd Division 1966 Kashgar Prefecture Tumxuk
4th Division 1953 Ili Autonomous Prefectur
(southern, directly administered portion)
Kokdala
5th Division 1953 Bortala Autonomous Prefecture Shuanghe
6th Division 1953 Changji Autonomous Prefecture Wujiaqu
7th Division 1953 Ili Autonomous Prefecture
and Karamay
Huyanghe
8th Division 1953 area east of Karamay Shihezi
9th Division 1962 Tacheng Prefecture Emin County
10th Division 1959 Altay Prefecture Beitun
11th Division
the former Construction Division
1953 Ürümqi Xinshi, Ürümqi
12th Division 1982 Ürümqi Ürümqi
13th Division 1982 Hami Hami
14th Division 1982 Hotan Prefecture Kunyu

In May 1953, the PLA's 25th, 26th and 27th Divisions from the 9th Corps were reorganized as 7th, 8th and 9th Agriculture Construction Division of the XPCC, respectively.[بحاجة لمصدر]

المستوطنات

The XPCC has settled Han Chinese in Xinjiang[6] and has built eleven medium-sized cities during its history, and now controls ten of them.[7] The governments of these cities are combined entirely with the division that controls them. For example, the division headquarters is the same entity as the city government, the division political commissar the same person as the city committee secretary, the division commander the same person as the city's mayor, and so forth. Ten XPCC-administered cities are nominally listed as "sub-prefectural-level cities" of Xinjiang Uyghur Administrative Region, but the government of Xinjiang is usually not involved in the administration of these cities.

Name Dates of official
designation as a "city"
Governing period Division
Kuytun[2] 奎屯市 1975-08-29 1953–1975 7th
Tianbei New Area 天北新区 - 2002–2019
Shihezi[3] 石河子市 1976-01-02 1953–1975, 1980–present 8th
Aral 阿拉尔市 2004-01-19 1953–1975, 1980–present 1st
Wujiaqu[3] 五家渠市 2004-01-19 1953–1975, 1980–present 6th
Tumxuk 图木舒克市 2004-01-19 1966–1975, 1980–present 3rd
Beitun 北屯市 2011-11-28 2002–present 10th
Tiemenguan 铁门关市 2012-12-30 2002–present 2nd
Shuanghe 双河市 2014-02-26 2002–present 5th
Kokdala 可克达拉市 2015-03-18 2003–present 4th
Kunyu 昆玉市 2016-01-20 2003–present 14th
Huyanghe 胡杨河市 2019-12-06 2010–present 7th
Xiaobaiyang 小白杨市 TBD 2010–present 9th
Beiting 北亭市 TBD 2010–present 12th
Hongxing 红星市 TBD 2010–present 13th

الديمغرافيا

37 ethnic groups are represented in the XPCC, the largest of which are the Han, Uyghur, Kazakhs, Hui, and Mongol. Muslims, numbered at 250,000, are the largest religious group represented, while there exist smaller populations of Buddhists, Protestants, and Catholics.[3] While the Han have been the largest group of XPCC workers, their relative numbers have seen a decline: from 1980 to 1993 the overall membership of the XPCC remained constant, while Han membership declined from 90% to 88%.[1] As of 2014, about 12% of the population of Xinjiang was connected to the XPCC.[8]

Ethnic groups in XPCC, 2002 estimate[9]
Nationality Population Percentage
Han 2,204,500 88.1
Uyghur 165,000 6.6
Hui 64,700 2.6
Kazakh 42,700 1.7
Mongol 6,200 0.3
others 18,100 0.7

The Eighth Division is the most populous division, with a population of 579,300 (2002).

الاقتصاد

The XPCC is currently focused on economic development as its stated primary goal. With the continued opening up of the economy, the XPCC has created many publicly traded subsidiary companies involved in the production and sale of a variety of products.[10] When involved in such economic activities, the XPCC uses the name "China Xinjian Group".[3] XPCC made up 17% of Xinjiang's GDP in 2013.[8]

The primary economic activity of the XPCC remains agriculture, including cotton, fruit, vegetables, food crops, vegetable oils, sugar beets, and so forth. Important products are cotton, tomatoes, ketchup, Korla pears, Turpan grapes, wine, and so forth. The XPCC has a mix of factory farming and smaller farms. The XPCC has mostly dominated Xinjiang's agriculture and controls large amounts of lands.[7] During its history, XPCC established a large amount of mining and mining-related industries, most of which have subsequently been handed over to the Xinjiang government. The XPCC is also involved in a variety of tertiary industries, including trade, distribution, real estate, tourism, construction and even insurance.[7]

Currently the XPCC has eleven publicly traded subsidiaries. They are:

الثقافة

The XPCC operates its own educational system covering primary, secondary and tertiary education (including two universities, Shihezi University (石河子大学) and Tarim University (塔里木大学)); its own daily newspaper, the Bingtuan Daily; and its own TV stations at both the XPCC and division levels.[بحاجة لمصدر]

References

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المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Rossabi, Morris (2005). Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers. University of Washington Press. pp. 157–158.
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح O'Neill, Mark (2008-04-13). "The Conqueror of China's Wild West". Asia Sentinel. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 2011-04-22.
  3. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د "IX. Establishment, Development and Role of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps". History and Development of Xinjiang. State Council of the People's Republic of China. May 2003. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
  4. ^ Bao, Yajun. "The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps" (PDF). Oxford University BSG. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  5. ^ "Dismantling China's Muslim gulag in Xinjiang is not enough, Dismantling China's Muslim gulag in Xinjiang is not enough". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 19 January 2020. Retrieved 2020-01-19.
  6. ^ Ramzy, Austin; Buckley, Chris (2019-11-16). "'Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims". The New York Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-16.
  7. ^ أ ب ت "Many Han Chinese don't mind the gulag for their Uighur neighbours". The Economist. 9 January 2020. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 2020-01-12.
  8. ^ أ ب Olesen, Alexa. "China's Vast, Strange, and Powerful Farming Militia Turns 60". Foreign Policy (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-19.
  9. ^ "Source". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 2 July 2005.
  10. ^ Feng, Emily (23 May 2018). "China tightens grip on restive western region". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-19.

المصادر

  • Originally translated from the Chinese Wikipedia article
  • Becquelin, Nicolas. "Xinjiang in the Nineties." The China Journal, no. 44 (2000): 65–90.
  • Desai, Sohum, Study of the Infrastructure of Xinjiang, Security Research Review.
  • McMillen, Donald H. "Xinjiang and the Production and Construction Corps: A Han Organisation in a Non-Han Region." The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, no. 6 (1981): 65–96.
  • O'Neill, Mark, "The Conqueror of China’s Wild West", Asia Sentinel, 13 April 2008.
  • For additional information, see James D. Seymour, "Xinjiang’s Production and Construction Corps, and the Sinification of Eastern Turkestan", Inner Asia, 2, 2000, pp. 171–193.

وصلات خارجية


قالب:Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps cities

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