مقاطعة سيليزيا

(تم التحويل من Silesia Province)
هذا المقال هو عن المقاطعة الپروسية في القرنين 19 و 20. إذا كنت تريد الدوقية القروسطية، انظر دوقية سيليزيا. إذا كنت تريد التقسيم الحالي في پولندا، انظر الڤويڤودية السيليزية.
مقاطعة سيليزيا
Provinz Schlesien
مقاطعة في پروسيا
1815–1919
1938–1941
علم سيليزيا
Flag
الدرع سيليزيا
الدرع

مقاطعة سيليزيا (أحمر) ضمن پروسيا (أصفر)،
ضمن الامبراطورية الألمانية، 1871
العاصمةبرسلاو
المساحة 
• 1905
40،319 km2 (15،567 sq mi)
التعداد 
• 1905
4935823
التاريخ
التاريخ 
• Established
1815
• Disestablished
1919
• أعيد تأسيسها لفترة وجيزة
1938–1941
التقسيمات السياسيةبرسلاو
Liegnitz
أوپلن
سبقها		 تلاها
تاريخ سيليزيا#العصر الناپليوني
مقاطعة سيليزيا السفلى
مقاطعة سيليزيا العليا

مقاطعة سيليزيا (ألمانية: Provinz Schlesien؛ پولندية: Prowincja Śląska؛ بالسيليزية: Prowincyjŏ Ślōnskŏ؛ إنگليزية: Province of Silesia) كانت مقاطعة في مملكة پروسيا الألمانية، تواجدت من 1815 حتى 1919، حتى انقسمت إلى مقاطعتي سيليزيا العليا والسفلى، ومرة أخرى لفترة وجيزة من 1938 حتى 1941. وكمقاطعة پروسية، أصبحت سيليزيا جزءاً من الامبراطورية الألمانية أثناء توحيد ألمانيا بقيادة پروسيا في 1871. العاصمة الإقليمية كانت برسلاو (التي هي الآن: ڤروتسواف، پولندا).

الجغرافيا

Physical map of Silesia in 1905

The Province of Silesia encompassed lands surrounding the Oder River, with the Sudetes mountain range forming its southwest border. The province had a humid continental climate, which progressed to a subalpine climate at higher elevations of the Sudetes. It was divided into 3 Regierungsbezirke; Liegnitz and Breslau (corresponding to Lower Silesia), and Regierungsbezirk Oppeln (corresponding to Upper Silesia).

In the west, the province reached the Schwarze Elster river and included a portion of Lusatia around the large town of Görlitz. The Lusatian Neisse river crossed this part of the province from south to north. Other major rivers of this region included the Quies and Bober. These rivers had their source in the Giant Mountains (ألمانية: Riesengebirge), which formed part of the border between Silesia and Bohemia; here stood Schneekoppe (تشيكية: Śnieżka, پولندية: Sněžka), which at 1,603 meters above sea level was the highest peak of the province. The foothills of the Giant Mountains saw economic development first through the mining of iron and other ores, and later through tourism. The towns of Hirschberg (پولندية: Jelenia Góra) and Landeshut (پولندية: Kamienna Góra) were located at the feet of the Giant Mountains.

Further north, western Silesia was generally flat and heavily wooded. The town of Grünberg (پولندية: Zielona Góra) was a regional agricultural and textile-manufacturing center, with a historical focus on wine-growing. The town of Bunzlau (پولندية: Bolesławiec) had a strong tradition in pottery, while Glogau (پولندية: Głogów) served as a transportation hub. The Bartsch River joined with the Oder just upstream from Glogau. The Katzbach river flowed from the foothills of the Sudetes through the regional capital of Liegnitz (پولندية: Legnica) before joining the Oder.

In the central portion of the province, its capital of Breslau (پولندية: Wrocław) was found on the Oder river. Tributaries such as the Weistritz, Ohle, and Weide rivers all joined the Oder in the vicinity of Breslau. Also included in the Breslau region was the town of Glatz, which was found in the eponymous Glatz Valley, a basin around 300 meters above sea level surrounded by hills and mountains. The Eastern Neisse river flowed through the valley to the northeast, eventually joining the Oder upstream from the town of Brieg.

In the southeast, the province included the majority of historical Upper Silesia. The regional capital of Oppeln (پولندية: Opole) was located on the Oder near the border with Middle Silesia. Important tributaries of the Oder found here included the Malapane and Klodnitz, the latter of which connected the Oder valley to the industrial heartland of Upper Silesia around the towns Gleiwitz (پولندية: Gliwice), Beuthen (پولندية: Bytom), and Kattowitz (پولندية: Katowice), among others. The Upper Silesian Coal Basin facilitated the development of mining and metallurgical industries which led to immense population growth in the 19th and 20th centuries. Further south, the river Oder entered Prussian Silesia about 20 kilometers upstream from the town of Ratibor (پولندية: Racibórz). In the far southeast, the province reached to the left bank of the upper Vistula River.

الجغرافيا السياسية

The Prussian Province of Silesia comprised the bulk of the former Bohemian crown land of Upper and Lower Silesia as well as the adjacent County of Kladsko, all of which the Prussian King Frederick the Great had conquered from the Austrian Habsburg monarchy under Empress Maria Theresa in the 18th century Silesian Wars. It also included the northeastern part of Upper Lusatia around Görlitz and Lauban (Lubań), ceded to Prussia by the Kingdom of Saxony according to the resolutions of the Congress of Vienna in 1815.

The province bordered on the Prussian heartland of Brandenburg (including the newly acquired lands of Lower Lusatia) in the northwest, and on the Grand Duchy of Posen (Province of Posen from 1848) in the north, i.e. the Greater Polish lands that before the 18th century Partitions of Poland had belonged to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

In the northeast, Upper Silesia bordered on Congress Poland, i.e. the Kingdom of Poland which had been reconstituted from the Duchy of Warsaw and was made up of former parts of the Prussian and Austrian partitions. Congress Poland was in a personal union with the Russian Empire until 1867 when it was formally integrated as the Vistula Land.

In the east lay the Austrian share, the Lesser Polish Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria with the Free City of Kraków until 1846, and in the south the remaining Bohemian crown lands of Austrian Silesia, Moravia and Bohemia proper. The incorporated Upper Lusatian strip of land in the west touched the remaining territory of the Saxon kingdom and in the furthest west the Prussian Province of Saxony.

أرض التاج سيليزيا حتى 1742 (محددة بالسيان) ومقاطعة سيليزيا من 1815 (محددة بالأصفر)، ومركـَّبة على الحدود الدولية الحديثة.


التاريخ

Crown land of Silesia until 1742 (shaded in cyan) and Silesia Province from 1825 (outlined in red), superimposed on modern international borders
للمزيد من المعلومات: تاريخ سيليزيا

Prussian Silesia, 1742–1815

The coronation of Maria Theresa as queen regnant of the Kingdom of Bohemia immediately triggered an invasion of the region of Silesia by King Frederick the Great of Prussia, thereby starting the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748). By the end of the First Silesian War in 1742, the Prussian forces had conquered almost all of the Habsburg crown land in Silesia. The conquest marked the beginning of the era of Prussian Silesia.

According to the peace treaties of Breslau and Berlin, only some smaller parts in the extreme southeast, like the Duchy of Cieszyn as well as the southern parts of the duchies of Troppau and Nysa, remained possessions of the Habsburg monarchy as Austrian Silesia. Attempts by Maria Theresa to regain the crown land in the Second Silesian War (1744–1745) failed and she ultimately had to relinquish her claims over Silesia by the Treaty of Dresden.

The Third Silesian War (1756–1763), a theatre of the Seven Years' War, once again confirmed Prussian control over most of Silesia, and due to its predominantly Protestant population especially in Lower Silesia, it became one of the most loyal territories of the House of Hohenzollern. When the Prussian territories were reorganized upon the Congress of Vienna, the province of Silesia was created out of the territories acquired by Prussia in the Silesian Wars, as well as those Upper Lusatian territories which King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony had to relinquish due to his indecisive attitude in the Napoleonic Wars. As the lands had been part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1806, Silesia was among the western Prussian provinces that lay within the borders of the German Confederation.

Province of Silesia

Kingdom of Prussia and German Empire

ملف:Province of Silesia, Kingdom of Prussia, 1905, Administrative Map.png
Administrative map of the province of Silesia, 1905

In 1815, after the Napoleonic wars, Prussian Silesia was formally reorganized into the province of Silesia. The character of the province's eastern third, Upper Silesia, had been much lesser shaped by the medieval German Ostsiedlung. According to the census of 1905, about three-quarters of the Silesian inhabitants were German–speaking, while a majority of the population to the east of the Oder river spoke Polish, including Silesian and Lach dialects. The indigenous Polish and Sorbian population was subjected to Germanisation policies. Sorbian-language Lutheran preparations for Confirmation were prohibited with the ban lifted only after World War I.[1]

Because of the extended iron ore and black coal deposits of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, there was considerable industrialization and urbanization in Upper Silesia and many people from neighbouring Posen and Congress Poland immigrated at that time. In 1871, Silesia became part of the German Empire as a province of Prussia following the unification of Germany. The Upper Silesian Industrial Region was the second largest industrial agglomeration of the German Empire after the Ruhr area.

Over decades the mainly Catholic Upper Silesian citizens in majority voted for the German Centre Party, while the Lower Silesian constituencies were dominated by the Free-minded Party and the Social Democrats. Ethnic tensions rose on the eve of World War I, with politicians like Wojciech Korfanty separating from the Centre Party and giving utterance to distinct Polish interests.

Weimar Republic

Market Square in Breslau (Wrocław), 1890–1900

In 1919, a year after the war ended, the parts of Silesia remaining in Weimar Germany were re-organized into the two provinces of Lower Silesia (Niederschlesien) and Upper Silesia (Oberschlesien, the former Regierungsbezirk Oppeln). After three Silesian Uprisings and the 1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite, the East Upper Silesian part of the province around the industrial city of Katowice was transferred to the Second Polish Republic and incorporated into the Silesian Voivodeship in 1922. In 1920 the Hlučín Region was ceded to Czechoslovakia according to the Treaty of Versailles.

Division after WWI
Division of Prussian Silesia between Weimar Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia after World War I
Division of: Area in 1910 in km2 Share of territory Population in 1910 After WW1 part of: Notes
Lower Silesia 27,105 km2 [2] 100% 3.017.981 Divided between:
to Poland 527 km2 [3][4] 2% 1% Poznań Voivodeship

(Niederschlesiens Ostmark[5])

[Note 1]
to Germany 26,578 km2 98% 99% Province of Lower Silesia
Upper Silesia 13,230 km2 [2] 100% 2.207.981 Divided between:
to Poland 3,225 km2 [6] 25% 41% [6] Silesian Voivodeship [Note 2]
to Czechoslovakia 325 km2 [6] 2% 2% [6] Hlučín Region
to Germany 9,680 km2 [6] 73% 57% [6] Province of Upper Silesia

Nazi Germany

المقالة الرئيسية: Gau Silesia
Plaque in Opole commemorating deportations of Poles to concentration camps in 1939

On 1 April 1938 the province of Silesia was re-established by Nazi Germany by uniting the existing Upper Silesia and Lower Silesia provinces. Nazi German persecution of Poles in the province intensified in 1938–1939 with expulsions of Polish activists, distributors of Polish press, priests, craftsmen, farmers, students etc., attacks on Polish cultural centers, banks, enterprises, schools, churches and houses, seizure of Polish libraries, confiscations of Polish press, arrests and deportations of Polish activists to concentration camps and even assassinations.[8]

In 1938, Nazi authorities forced the Lutheran Church not to staff bilingual German-Sorbian parishes with new Sorbian preachers, and the Bund Deutscher Osten demanded a ban on Sorbian church masses, but only a limit of two such masses per month was imposed.[9] There were instances of expulsions of Sorbian pastors.[9]

During the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, Gestapo carried out mass arrests of Polish activists, teachers, journalists, entrepreneurs, library directors and chairmen of local branches of the "Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society, shut down Polish newspapers and seized the funds of Polish banks from the pre-war German Province of Silesia.[10] The arrested Poles were deported to concentration camps.[11] Polish church services were abolished, with the last Polish service held in the Saint Martin church in Wrocław on 17 September 1939.[12] Soon the border was extended eastwards when parts of Polish Silesia were annexed into the province. In the annexed pre-war Polish part the occupiers conducted the genocidal Intelligenzaktion campaign and expulsions of Poles.

The Germans also established the Gross-Rosen concentration camp and multiple prisoner-of-war camps with numerous forced labour subcamps in the region, including Stalag VIII-A, Stalag VIII-B, Stalag VIII-C, Stalag VIII-E, Oflag VIII-A, Oflag VIII-B, Oflag VIII-C, Oflag VIII-F, for Polish POWs and civilians, and French, Belgian, Dutch and later also other Allied POWs.[13]

On 27 January 1941, during World War II, the province of Silesia was divided again by reverting into Upper Silesia and Lower Silesia.[citation needed]

الادارة

Regierungsbezirk برسلاو

  1. برسلاو
  2. Brieg (منذ 1907)
  3. Schweidnitz
  • الأقضية الريفية (Landkreise)
  1. برسلاو
  2. Brieg
  3. Frankenstein
  4. Glatz (former County of Kladsko)
  5. Groß Wartenberg
  6. Guhrau
  7. Habelschwerdt (former County of Kladsko)
  8. Militsch
  9. Münsterberg
  10. Namslau
  11. Neumarkt
  12. Neurode (former County of Kladsko)
  13. Nimptsch
  14. Oels
  15. Ohlau
  16. Reichenbach
  17. Schweidnitz
  18. Steinau
  19. Strehlen
  20. Striegau
  21. Trebnitz
  22. Waldenburg
  23. Wohlau

Regierungsbezirk Liegnitz

  1. Görlitz
  2. Liegnitz
  • الأقضية الريفية (Landkreise)
  1. Bolkenhain
  2. Bunzlau
  3. Freystadt
  4. Glogau
  5. Goldberg
  6. Görlitz (former Saxon Upper Lusatia)
  7. Grünberg
  8. Hirschberg
  9. Hoyerswerda (former Saxon Upper Lusatia)
  10. Jauer
  11. Landeshut
  12. Lauban (former Saxon Upper Lusatia)
  13. Liegnitz
  14. Löwenberg
  15. Lüben
  16. Rothenburg (former Saxon Upper Lusatia)
  17. Kreis Sagan
  18. Schönau
  19. Sprottau

Regierungsbezirk Oppeln

  1. Beuthen
  2. Gleiwitz
  3. Kattowitz
  4. Königshütte
  5. Oppeln
  6. Ratibor (منذ 1904)
  • الأقضية الريفية (Landkreise)
  1. Beuthen
  2. Cosel
  3. Falkenberg
  4. Groß Strehlitz
  5. Grottkau
  6. Zabrze (from 1915: Hindenburg)
  7. Kattowitz
  8. Kreuzburg
  9. Leobschütz
  10. Lublinitz
  11. Neiße
  12. Neustadt
  13. Oppeln
  14. Pleß
  15. Ratibor
  16. Rosenberg
  17. Rybnik
  18. Tarnowitz
  19. Tost–Gleiwitz

وصلات خارجية

  1. ^ Pjech, Edmund (2008). "Życie kościelne ewangelickich Serbołużyczan w ramach wrocławskiego Konsystorza Ewangelickiego (1918–1945)". Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka (in البولندية). Wrocław. LXIII (1): 60. ISSN 0037-7511.
  2. ^ أ ب "Gemeindeverzeichnis Deutschland: Schlesien".
  3. ^ أ ب "Rocznik statystyki Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 1920/21". Rocznik Statystyki Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (in البولندية and الفرنسية). Warsaw: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. I: 56–62. 1921.
  4. ^ "Schlesien: Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert". OME-Lexikon - Universität Oldenburg.
  5. ^ Sperling, Gotthard Hermann (1932). "Aus Niederschlesiens Ostmark" (PDF). Opolska Biblioteka Cyfrowa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
  6. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Weinfeld, Ignacy (1925). Tablice statystyczne Polski: wydanie za rok 1924 [Poland's statistical tables: edition for year 1924]. Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy "Bibljoteka Polska". p. 2.
  7. ^ Mały Rocznik Statystyczny [Little Statistical Yearbook] 1939 (PDF). Warsaw: GUS. 1939. p. 14.
  8. ^ Cygański, Mirosław (1984). "Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939-1945". Przegląd Zachodni (in البولندية) (4): 25–30, 37.
  9. ^ أ ب Pjech, pp. 65–66
  10. ^ Cygański, pp. 32–34, 37–38
  11. ^ Cygański, p. 35
  12. ^ Urban, Wincenty (1961). "Ostatnie kazanie polskie w Kościele Św. Marcina we Wrocławiu". Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka (in البولندية). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. XVI (1): 102–103.
  13. ^ Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 254–257, 443. ISBN 978-0-253-06089-1.


خطأ استشهاد: وسوم <ref> موجودة لمجموعة اسمها "Note"، ولكن لم يتم العثور على وسم <references group="Note"/>

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=مقاطعة_سيليزيا&oldid=4279520"