گاتي‌لوزيو Gattilusio

(تم التحويل من Gattilusio)
Gattilusio
البيت الأمعائلة دوريا (من جهة الأم)
البلدجمهورية جنوة
 الإمبراطورية البيزنطية
تأسس1355
المؤسسفرانشسكو الأول گاتي‌لوزيو
آخر حاكمنيكولو گاتي‌لوزيو
الألقاب
الأملاكلسبوس، إمبروس، ساموتراقيا، لمنوس, ثاسوس، Aenus
الانفضاضالقرن 15
الفروعGattilusio of Aenus
Gattilusio of Thasos

بيت گاتي‌لوزيو كانت عائلة نبيلة من جنوة حكمت العديد من الإمارات في شمال بحر إيجة بين 1355 and 1462. Their rise began in 1354, when Francesco I Gattilusio assisted Emperor John V Palaiologos in regaining Constantinople from John VI Kantakouzenos. As a reward, Francesco married the emperor's sister Maria and received the island of Lesbos as her dowry.[1]

من قاعدتهم في ميتيليني، مدَّ الگاتي‌لوزي سلطتهم إلى إمبروس وساموتراقيا وثاسوس ولمنوس والميناء التراقي آينوس (حالياً إينز). Controlling these islands gave them a strategic role in safeguarding the sea routes between Constantinople and the Aegean and in defending the northern approaches to the Dardanelles.

Their authority combined Genoese commercial interests with Byzantine legitimacy, reinforced through repeated marriages with the Palaiologos dynasty. Contemporary inscriptions and coinage reflected these ties, displaying both imperial and family emblems. Their rule ended with the Ottoman conquest of Lesbos in 1462.[2]

التاريخ

الأصول

The Gattilusi family was founded by two brothers, Genoese adventurer Francesco Gattilusio and Niccolò Gattilusio, nephews of Oberto Gattilusio. The name of their father is not known, based on heraldic evidence Medieval historian Anthony Luttrell argues that their mother was a member of the Doria family.[3]

According to historian Christopher Wright, the rise of the Gattilusio lordship coincided with major changes in the Aegean world. The mid-fourteenth century marked the collapse of the last Christian efforts to restore the Byzantine world and the beginning of Ottoman expansion following the fall of Gallipoli in 1354 and the death of Serbian emperor Stefan Dušan in 1355.[4]

The weakening of Byzantine authority, together with the rivalry between the Genoese and Venetian republics for maritime dominance, allowed smaller powers to take root in the region. In this fragmented political landscape, semi-autonomous regimes such as the Gattilusio domains emerged across the northeastern Aegean, acting as intermediaries between Byzantine, Latin, and Ottoman spheres of power.[4]

التأسيس

In 1354 Francesco Gattilusio helped Emperor John V Palaiologos retake Constantinople and remove John VI Kantakouzenos from power. In gratitude, the emperor married him to his sister Maria and granted him Lesbos, then known by its capital, Mytilene, as her dowry.[1][أ] Wright notes that contemporary accounts indicate that John V commanded a substantial force beyond Francesco's small flotilla. The emperor seems to have granted Lesbos voluntarily recognising in Gattilusio a loyal intermediary capable of safeguarding imperial interests in the Aegean.[5][ب]

Through dynastic marriages with Orthodox families, the Gattilusi allied themselves with the imperial families of Byzantium and Trebizond and with the princely house of Serbia, connections that enhanced their prestige.[6] During the fifteenth century, the Gattilusi acquired additional territories, the islands of Imbros, Samothrace, Lemnos, and Thasos, as well as the fortress of Kotsinos on Lemnos and the mainland city of Aenos (modern Enez).[7][8] From this position, they became heavily involved in the mining and marketing of alum, a profitable Genoese-controlled trade.[9][ت] Relations between the Gattilusi and their Greek subjects appear to have been generally peaceful.[10]

العلاقة ببيزنطة

The family became closely assimilated into Byzantine society, speaking Greek, following the Orthodox Church, and maintaining Genoese ties while avoiding conflict with the Ottomans.[11] Unlike other Latin rulers in the region, the Gattilusi did not adopt grand titles; they remained simply "lords" of their domains, relying on their imperial connections as the main source of their authority.[12] Luttrell notes that "four successive generations of Gattilusio married into the Palaiologos family, two to emperors' daughters, one to an emperor, and one to a despot who later became an emperor", explaining their repeated involvement in Byzantine affairs.[13] Around 1397, a granddaughter of Francesco I of Mytilene married Emperor John VII Palaiologos, and in 1441 Dorino Gattilusio's daughter wed the future Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos.[14]

الانحدار والسقوط

After the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Gattilusi briefly retained control of their possessions under Ottoman suzerainty, but were soon forced out. In 1456, the Ottomans appointed Michael Critobulus as governor of Imbros and removed the Gattilusi from their remaining lands, except Lesbos, which they held in return for an annual payment of 4,000 gold pieces.[7]

The lord of Lesbos, Domenico Gattilusio, was strangled and briefly succeeded by his brother Niccolò, before an Ottoman fleet captured the island in September 1462, sending Niccolò as prisoner to Constantinople and putting an end to the family's power.[15]

الذكرى

Relief at the Castle of Mytilene, showing the Palaiologoi imperial monogram, the Byzantine double-headed eagle ودرع عائلة گاتي‌لوزيو.

Letters from Demetrios Kydones mention Francesco I Gattilusio, offering glimpses of the family's ties with Byzantium.[16] Archaeological and numismatic evidence shows how strongly the Gattilusi emphasised their loyalty to the Byzantine emperors.[17] Their coins and heraldic plaques combine the Gattilusio arms with Palaiologos symbols such as the four Betas and the Doria eagle, reflecting their Byzantine and Genoese heritage.[18] Fortifications on Lesbos and other islands were strengthened under their rule, and surviving mine workings may relate to the alum trade that sustained their economy.[19]

Archaeological excavations in the Castle of Mytilene since 1983 by the University of British Columbia, directed by Caroline and Hector Williams, uncovered the possible burial chapel of the Gattilusio.[20][21]

الأملاك والحكام

The succession of Gattilusio lords known from contemporary and later records.[22]

دوكات ذهبي من ياكوپو گاتي‌لوزيو، سيّد لسبوس (1404–1428)، مصكوكة في ميتيليني؛ وجه العملة عليه القديس مرقس وساجداً أمامه دوگى، وعلى الظهر المسيح ضمن لوزية.

لسبوس

آينوس

ثاسوس

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Lesbos was commonly referred to by the name of its capital, Mytilene, in contemporary sources.[2]
  2. ^ This arrangement reflected a wider late Byzantine practice of entrusting maritime territories to capable allies[5]
  3. ^ Alum was essential for textile dyeing and one of the most lucrative commodities traded by Genoese merchants in the late medieval eastern Mediterranean.[9]

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب Setton 1976, p. 225.
  2. ^ أ ب Harris, Holmes & Russell 2012, p. 248.
  3. ^ Luttrell 1986, p. 110.
  4. ^ أ ب Wright 2014, pp. 6–7.
  5. ^ أ ب Harris, Holmes & Russell 2012, p. 256.
  6. ^ Wright 2014, p. 272.
  7. ^ أ ب Setton 1984, p. 188.
  8. ^ Harris, Holmes & Russell 2012, p. 259.
  9. ^ أ ب Setton 1984, p. 239.
  10. ^ Harris, Holmes & Russell 2012, p. 255.
  11. ^ McKitterick 1995, p. 804.
  12. ^ Harris, Holmes & Russell 2012, p. 251.
  13. ^ Luttrell 1986, p. 112.
  14. ^ Harris, Holmes & Russell 2012, p. 250.
  15. ^ Setton 1984, p. 238.
  16. ^ Wright 2014, p. 13.
  17. ^ Harris, Holmes & Russell 2012, p. 249.
  18. ^ Wright 2014, pp. 120–122.
  19. ^ Wright 2014, p. 14.
  20. ^ Williams 2015, p. 84.
  21. ^ Hector Williams 2022.
  22. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر Wright 2014, p. vii.
  23. ^ Wright 2014, p. 61.

المصادر

  • Harris, Jonathan; Holmes, Catherine; Russell, Eugenia (2012-11-29). Byzantines, Latins, and Turks in the Eastern Mediterranean World After 1150. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-964188-8.
  • Luttrell, Anthony (1986). "John V's Daughters: A Palaiologan Puzzle". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 40: 110–112. JSTOR 1291531.
  • McKitterick, Rosamond (1995). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 7, c.1415–c.1500. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-38296-0.
  • Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Vol. I. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-114-9.
  • Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1984). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571: The Fifteenth Century. Vol. II. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-162-0.
  • Williams, Hector (2015). "Archaic Architectural Fragments from Ancient Mytilene". Publications de l'Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes. 3 (1): 83–87.
  • "Hector Williams". Department of Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Studies. 2022-11-02.
  • Wright, Christopher (2014). The Gattilusio Lordships and the Aegean World, 1355–1462. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 100. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004264816. ISBN 978-90-04-26481-6.

للاستزادة

  • Miller, William (2008). "The Gattilusio of Lesbos (1355–1462)". In Luttrell, Anthony (ed.). Essays on the Latin Orient. Variorum. pp. 313–353.

قالب:Republic of Genoa

?
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=جاتيلوزيو&oldid=4197122"