باهيا بلانكا

باهيا بلانكا Bahía Blanca
Skyline of Bahía Blanca Nation Bank of Bahia Blanca Municipal Palace of Bahia Blanca Bahía Blanca Sud railway station Argentine Club Municipal Theatre of Bahia Blanca National University of the South
Flag Coat of arms
باهيا بلانكا Location in Argentina باهيا بلانكا باهيا بلانكا (الأرجنتين)
الإحداثيات: 38°43′0″S 62°16′0″W
البلد	الأرجنتين
المحافظة	بوينس آيرس
الپارتيدو	باهيا بلانكا
تأسست	1828
الحكومة
• المدير	گوستاڤو خوسيه بـِڤيلاكوا
المساحة
• الإجمالي	2٬247 كم² (868 ميل²)
المنسوب	20 m (70 ft)
التعداد  (2010)
• الإجمالي	301٬572
الرمز البريدي	B 8000
مفتاح الهاتف	+54 291
المناخ	شبه استوائي رطب
الموقع الإلكتروني	الموقع الرسمي

باهيا بلانكا Bahía Blanca (النطق الإسپاني: [baˈi.a ˈβlaŋka])، هي مدينة في جنوب-غرب محافظة بوينس آيرس، الأرجنتين، تطل على المحيط الأطلسي، وهي مقر حكومة پارتيدو باهيا بلانكا. في تعداد 2010 كان عدد سكانها 301.572 نسمة. وتعتبر المدينة الرئيسية في تجمع باهيا بلانكا الكبرى الحضري.

للمدينة ميناء بحري هام بعمق 15 متر، بمنبع ثابت تقريباً على طول الخليج، حيث أحواض تصريف ناپوستا ستريم.

باهيا بلانكا تعني "الخليج الأبيض".

باهيا بلانكا هي مدينة علي إسم الخليج التي تطل عليه "خليج باهيا بلانكا", والخليج عبارة عن مصب لأنهار منها فرع من نهر كولورادو, يسمي كولورادو تشيكو ...

وسبب الاسم هو اللون التقليدي للملح الذي يغطي التربة المحيطة بشواطئ الخليج (وهو في الواقع عبارة عن خليج نهري) رآه ماجلان أثناء دورانه الأول حول العالم بأمر من كارلوس الأول من إسپانيا، في 1520، للبحث عن قناة تصل بين المحيط الأطلسي والهادي على إمتداد سواحل أمريكا الجنوبية.

وتعتبر باهيا بلانكا مركزاً تجارياً مهماً للشحن، حيث ترتبط بها تجارة الصادرات الكبيرة للحبوب والصوف من محافظة بوينس آيرس، والنفط من محافظة نيوكوين، والفاكهة من وادي ريو نيگرو.

 التاريخ

تأسست المدينة عام 1828 كحصن، قلعة الحماية الأرجنتينية (Fortaleza Protectora Argentina)؛ لحماية الماشية من الحف المحلي ولحماية الساحل من القوات البحرية البرازيلية التي أتت إلى المنطقة في السنة السابقة.

The city was founded as a fortress on 11 April 1828 by Colonel Ramón Estomba on the orders of Brigadier-General and subsequent Governor of Buenos Aires, Juan Manuel de Rosas. It was initially named Fortaleza Protectora Argentina (Argentine Protective Fortress), built for the purpose of protecting inhabitants from cattle rustlers, and also to guard the coast against the Brazilian navy, which had landed in the area the previous year. It was visited by Charles Darwin during his travels through South America in September 1833. The fortress was attacked by Malones (incursions of nomadic aboriginals on horseback) several times, most notably in 1859 by 3,000 Calfucurá warriors. It became commercially important after the Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway linked the town to the city of Buenos Aires in 1885, facilitating the transport of grain from the Pampas.

European immigrants in gaucho attire taking their children to an Argentine school, 1940.

The rapid growth of the local economy, the policy encouraging immigration from Europe, and the country's abundant natural resources attracted many immigrants, mainly from Spain and Italy, and a remarkable number from France, who settled in Pigüé, about 125 km to the north of the city. Another important foreign settlement close to the city was of Dutch settlers, in Tres Arroyos, located about 250 km northeast. Major groups of immigrants from Germany and Jews from Eastern Europe also arrived in the city and the region at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as during World War II and the post-war period.

European immigrants brought their customs and culture. There were at least five opera houses in Bahía Blanca at the beginning of the 20th century and six cinemas by 1920.

Puerto Belgrano, located 29 كيلومتر (18 mi) to the southeast, is Argentina's largest naval base. Its construction started with a secret decree signed by President José Evaristo Uriburu. It was designed and built from 12 May 1898 to 8 March 1902 by the Italian engineer Luigi Luiggi, and a Dutch company named Dirks, Dates & Van Hattem.

In March 2025, Bahía Blanca and neighboring towns were flooded by a 12-hour long rain. The estimated precipitation was 290 ميليمتر (11 in), being the most devastating rainfall in Argentina since 1975 and over half of the average annual precipitation in the city of 584 ميليمتر (23.0 in). The flood, preceded by unusually high humidity stretching across the north of the Patagonia region and the north of Argentina, left at least 16 deaths and hundreds of disappearances. The disaster prompted a national humanitarian effort; non-perishable food, hygiene elements, and cleaning supplies have been donated from across Argentina. President Javier Milei cancelled a trip to Chile, and the national government collaborated with Axel Kicillof, the governor of Buenos Aires Province and usually a political rival, due to the flooding. The Chilean government expressed its solidarity towards the victims, as did Volodymyr Zelenskyy, the president of Ukraine, during a phone call with President Milei. Elon Musk also announced that Starlink would offer free Internet services to Bahía Blanca residents for 30 days.

 الحوكمة

The municipal government of Bahia Blanca includes the mayor, in charge of the executive branch, the city council, and the local legislation, approval and audit of the municipal budget, and a local Judiciary System, in charge of administering justice on behalf of the city regarding all the aspects of municipal legislation. The mayor and the members of the council are elected by direct vote, while the municipal judges are appointed. The mayor appoints the members of his cabinet of Secretaries who can be summoned by the council to whom they are mainly accountable.

A local political crisis in March 2006 resulted in the mayor's request for leave, which was granted by the city council on 27 March 2006. The mayor, Rodolfo Lopes, was indicted, and the case continued in the local judiciary. The president of the city council, Christian Breitenstein, then took over as interim mayor. However, on 24 August 2006, the city council decided, for the first time in the history of the city, to unseat the elected mayor. With the approval of the supreme court of the Buenos Aires Province, the interim mayor and former president of the city council was appointed to complete his predecessor's term.

 المناخ

هطول الأمطار ودرجات الحرارة سنوياً. (العواميد الزرقاء)، المتوسطة (الخضراء)، القصوى (الحمراء) والدنيا (الزرقاء).

Bahía Blanca's climate is subtropical and characterized by wide variations in temperatures. It is influenced by the location of the city by the ocean with warm superficial streams by the shores. Winters are characterized by cool temperatures during the day with cold nights. The mean temperature during winter is 8 °C (46.4 °F). Temperatures can fall below 0 °C (32.0 °F) although snowfalls are rare, averaging 0.2 days of snow per year. The last significant snowfall took place recently in July 2009. The one before was in May 2007, although it sometimes does snow in Sierra de la Ventana. On average, there are 35 days with frost, most of it occurring in June–August. Winters are characterized by cloudy and damp weather, averaging 9–11 overcast days.

Lola Mora's fountain at the entrance of the Universidad Nacional del Sur

Spring and fall are characterized by mild temperatures during the day and cool to cold nights. Normally, the last frost occurs on 1 October while the first frost occurs on 9 May although frosts have been recorded as early as 16 March and as late as 8 November. Although the majority of frosts occurs in June–August, the occurrence of frosts in Spring and Fall can potentially damage crops.

Summers are hot during the day and night. Most of the precipitation is concentrated in the summer months, which can bring thunderstorms. Average temperatures during the summer is around 23 °C (73.4 °F). It tends to be sunnier, averaging 4–7 overcast days and 9–10 clear days.

Bahia Blanca receives 645.4 mm (25.41 in) of precipitation per year, most of it concentrated in the summer months and there are 79 days with measurable precipitation. However, precipitation is highly variable from year to year, with some years receiving over 1،000 mm (39 in) and other years where precipitation is less than 400 mm (16 in). The average relative humidity is 64%, with the winter months having higher humidity than the summer months. Winds are moderate throughout the year, with an average wind speed of 24.0 km/h (14.9 mph). Most of the winds either come from the north or from the northwest. Bahia Blanca receives an average of 2,310.7 hours of bright sunshine per year (about 6.3 hours of sunshine per day or 51% of possible sunshine), ranging from a high of 67% in January (9.7 hours of sunshine per day) to a low of 36% in July (3.6 hours of sunshine per day). The highest recorded temperature was 43.8 °C (110.8 °F) on 21 January 1980 while the lowest recorded temperature was −11.8 °C (10.8 °F) on 4 July 1988.

بيانات المناخ لـ باهيا بلانكا (1961–1990، العظمى، 1970–الآن)
الشهر	ينا	فب	مار	أبر	ماي	يون	يول	أغس	سبت	أكت	نوف	ديس	السنة
القصوى القياسية °س (°ف)	43.8 (110.8)	40.6 (105.1)	38.8 (101.8)	34.5 (94.1)	32.8 (91.0)	27.8 (82.0)	27.0 (80.6)	32.6 (90.7)	32.1 (89.8)	34.9 (94.8)	38.4 (101.1)	42.2 (108.0)	43.8 (110.8)
متوسط القصوى اليومية °س (°ف)	30.6 (87.1)	29.5 (85.1)	25.9 (78.6)	21.6 (70.9)	17.5 (63.5)	13.8 (56.8)	13.7 (56.7)	15.9 (60.6)	18.4 (65.1)	21.3 (70.3)	25.6 (78.1)	28.9 (84.0)	21.9 (71.4)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف)	23.0 (73.4)	21.9 (71.4)	18.7 (65.7)	14.6 (58.3)	11.0 (51.8)	7.9 (46.2)	7.6 (45.7)	9.1 (48.4)	11.4 (52.5)	14.4 (57.9)	18.4 (65.1)	21.4 (70.5)	14.9 (58.8)
متوسط الدنيا اليومية °س (°ف)	15.7 (60.3)	14.9 (58.8)	12.6 (54.7)	8.9 (48.0)	5.9 (42.6)	3.2 (37.8)	3.0 (37.4)	3.6 (38.5)	5.3 (41.5)	7.9 (46.2)	11.2 (52.2)	14.2 (57.6)	8.9 (48.0)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف)	2.4 (36.3)	2.4 (36.3)	−1.5 (29.3)	−3.4 (25.9)	−6.4 (20.5)	−9.8 (14.4)	−11.8 (10.8)	−7.9 (17.8)	−7.3 (18.9)	−4.5 (23.9)	−1.5 (29.3)	0.5 (32.9)	−11.8 (10.8)
متوسط تساقط الأمطار mm (inches)	61.8 (2.43)	67.1 (2.64)	89.6 (3.53)	62.9 (2.48)	32.7 (1.29)	25.5 (1.00)	29.6 (1.17)	27.9 (1.10)	45.3 (1.78)	70.4 (2.77)	61.8 (2.43)	70.8 (2.79)	645.4 (25.41)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	7	6	7	6	6	5	6	5	6	9	8	8	79
متوسط الرطوبة النسبية (%)	52	56	65	70	73	74	74	67	64	65	58	53	64
Mean monthly ساعات سطوع الشمس	300.7	254.3	195.3	192.0	127.1	111.0	111.6	145.7	156.0	201.4	249.0	266.6	2٬310٫7
نسبة السطوع المحتمل للشمس	67	66	52	57	40	38	36	44	44	49	58	58	51
Source 1: نوا، Oficina de Riesgo Agropecuario (record highs and lows)
Source 2: الخدمة الوطنية للأرصاد الجوية (أيام هطول الأمطار)، UNLP (sun only)

 الاقتصاد

The Bahía Blanca branch of the National Bank of Argentina

San Martín Street

Bahía Blanca is an important trans-shipping and commercial center, handling the large export trade of grains and wool from the southern area of Buenos Aires Province, oil from Neuquén Province, and fruit from the Río Negro Valley. Its group of seaports is one of the most important in the country as the only ones that are naturally 10 m (33 ft) deep, although the depth of the main channel is kept at 12.19 m (40 ft) by regular maintenance. Along the northeastern shore of the bay, these ports are Puerto Ingeniero White for grains and containers, and Puerto Galván, a smaller one specialising in sunflower and soy oil, and chemicals such as urea. One of the largest urea industrial producers in the world, Profertil, is located there. Between these two main ports, several industrial and chemical plants operate their piers. The petrochemical pole of the region made the port a very convenient one. Competence between Puerto de Bahía Blanca and those located on the shores of Patagonia (subsidized by provincial governments through the National Treasury) made it stronger and very well organized having received investments from the private sector like Cargill that upgraded facilities in the 1980s. The combination of a railroad network for grains linking Rosario, Santa Fe, by the shore of Paraná River to Bahía Blanca, and its trade potential, linking also Bahía Blanca to Zapala. the availability of energy (natural gas and electricity) and human resources make the area quite an interesting one from industrial and commercial perspectives.

Port of Ingeniero White, Bahía Blanca

There are several local societies representing economic activities taking place in the region such as Sociedad Rural, Corporación del Comercio y de la Industria, and Sociedad Industrial, all of whom organize conferences and exhibits linked to the branch of trade, commerce, or industry their associates carry out. Some of the exhibits are quite traditional and have taken place for many years, such as "Exposición Nacional de Ganadería e Industria de la Sociedad Rural de Bahía Blanca", mainly grouping those devoted to cattle husbandry and sheep breeding, which up to 2006 account for 122 annual displays when there is a contest awarding prizes to the best-presented animals. As far as the retail business goes the biggest presence is the BPM store with over 300 locations in the city and more than 2500 worldwide. The very first location is still open and operated personally by the founders. It is located downtown right next to "Teatro Don Bosco", this was key to their success.

 النقل

محطة حافلات.

محطة قطار باهيا بلانكا سود على سكك حديد جنرال روكا.

 العمارة

ريڤاداڤيا پلازا وقاعدة المدينة.

The city has the common features of those founded by the Spanish and their descendants: a main square at the centre surrounded by relevant buildings the likes of The City Hall and the Church (located on opposite although facing sides of the main square). Buildings of administrative importance also surround the main square or are located nearby. The planning which took place before its foundation and during its early development conceived streets parallel to the sides of the main square. Almost all the blocks are then rectangular in shape. As the city developed the streets were extended and more rectangular blocks were added at the edges. The Administration of the City decided then to observe a plan of development probably about 1960, when it might have been ruled that further developments would follow established criteria according to their purpose: permanent dwellers, public places, industries. Most of the city has terraced houses although detached houses surrounded by extensive gardens are well developed in some areas such as barrio Palihue, with an adjacent golf course at Club de Golf Palihue. Barrio Patagonia and country clubs for permanent and also for week-end dwellers were designed and developed at the outskirts of the city.

Club Argentino

The architecture of Bahía Blanca is notable as well. Public buildings such as the seat of the Banco de la Nación, Bolsa de Comercio de Bahía Blanca (Chamber of Commerce, the stock exchange), the main Post Office, the former building of the local newspaper La Nueva Provincia, the City Hall, the Rectorate and academic departments of Universidad del Sur, its 'Casa de la Cultura', Teatro Municipal (Opera House of the city), Biblioteca Rivadavia and Club Argentino, amongst others, are well-considered pieces of architecture, most of them extremely well preserved. Some of them are of French neoclassical influence (L'École des Beaux Arts, Paris).

Suburban Bahía Blanca

There are excellent monuments and pieces of sculpture scattered all along the city: in the streets, main buildings and green spaces such as Caronti's bust, facing the City Hall, the Memorial to Bernardino Rivadavia, at the centre of the main square, Fuente de los Ingleses and Memorial of the Israeli community, in the same square. The statue of José de San Martín, in Parque de Mayo, the sculpture group of Lola Mora in the fountain at the front of Universidad del Sur, the memorial to Giuseppe Garibaldi, the statue of Isabel I of Castile in front of the bus station, donated by the Government of Spain (no such pieces are donated to non capital cities as it has been this case, enhancing the importance of the local Spanish descendants), the pieces which decorate the frontispieces of Banco de la Nación, Edificio Banco Provincia, to the side of the City Hall, Saint George and the Dragon of the former electrical power plant of Ingeniero White in the Port, the ones of the former building of La Nueva Provincia and those of the cathedral are unique, as well as the modern art ones which form the group of Paseo de las Esculturas, indeed remarkable. Although not a sculpture, the mural mosaic of Colegio Don Bosco, on the corner of Vieytes and Moreno streets, by Aurelio Friedrich -a local plastic artist- is to be mentioned. All of them do enrich the architectural, artistic and cultural patrimony and heritage of the city. Multiple green spaces have been created in the city: Plaza Rivadavia (its main square), Parque de Mayo, Paseo de las Esculturas, Parque Independencia, Plaza 9 de Julio, and Plaza Villa Mitre, are the most familiar ones.

Besides the usual areas included when the city is to be shown to somebody who is unfamiliar with it, other areas of interest include the Barrio Inglés ('English Quarter') where the British foremen and technicians who built the railways and ports lived, and Villa Harding Green, a suburb where the railway and port managers dwelled.

 الثقافة والتعليم

نافورة للنحات الأرجنتيني لولا مورا.

The city is a developed one including cultural and educational aspects. It has a permanent Symphony Orchestra and a Company of Classical Ballet (Ballet del Sur) with an associate School of Classic Dances. For further education there are two tertiary institutes and two national universities. The first ones are Instituto Superior Juan XXIII, (probably linked to the future UNISAL (standing for Universidad Salesiana) of the Salesians) and Instituto Avanza (tertiary institute of humanities). National Universities are Facultad Regional Bahía Blanca Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, devoted mainly to exact sciences and intended for students who do have a job for making a living, with formal activities in the evening; and the Universidad Nacional del Sur (National University of the South), founded in January 1956. This last one has associated internationally known institutes of research in biological, biochemical and technological sciences such as INIBIB and Instituto de Oceanografia, among others. Both national universities are free of tuition fees for all students. Nobel laureate César Milstein was born and raised in Bahía Blanca.

فرع البنك الوطني الأرجنتيني في باهيا بلانكا.

النادي الأرجنتيني

Initial and basic education depend on the province of Buenos Aires although there is a locally elected Municipal Educational Counselor holding some degree of influence and supervision on both. The system was transformed about ten years ago through the Secretary of Education. What used to be a system with primary (mandatory) and secondary (non-mandatory) education before continuing university studies (the 'French model') became Basic General Education (mandatory) and Polimodal Education (the 'Spanish-Catalan model') although nowadays it is being reviewed and likely to be modified again. Free education is granted by the state although there are semi-private and private schools.

There are reputed provincial Schools of Plastic Arts and Music, free of tuition fees. Foreign languages are taught at public schools at a rather basic level. However, there are local foreign language schools such as the Asociación Bahiense de Cultura Inglesa (English, also taught by many other institutions), the Alliance Française (French), the Dante Alighieri Society (Italian) and Goethe-Institut (German), all of them private although with a good number of students. Portuguese is also taught. There used to be a school of Basque language at "Unión Vasca" also named "Euzkadi" with a much smaller group of students.

 المكتبات

The main public library, Biblioteca Bernardino Rivadavia, is one of the oldest in the area, possessing a curated collection of around 160,000 books, newspapers, and magazines. In addition, the library of Universidad Nacional del Sur and several smaller council-supported libraries are open to the public.

 المتاحف

Ferrowhite Museum

There are several museums in the city which include the Port Museum, the History Museum, the Fine Arts Museum and the Contemporary Arts Museum, these last two ones headed by Betiana Gerardi, where permanent and temporary exhibits take place. Pieces of art from reputed local and Argentine artists belonging to the City patrimony are shown. There are at least two known large oils on canvas by Benito Quinquela Martín, one there—at the Museum—and the other in the mayor's office. Other exhibits do regularly take place at Biblioteca Rivadavia, Chamber of Commerce, Casa de la Cultura and Alliance Française, where frequent vernissages are organized on the responsibility of different curators. There are at least two associations of local and regional plastic artists, Asociación de Bahiense de Artistas Plásticos and Asociacion de Artistas del Sur, both of them actively promoting workshops and exhibits throughout the year, also in charge of the organization of multiple cultural activities.

A military museum organised by the Army at its local "Comando del V Cuerpo de Ejército" (V Army Corps Command) at which a miniaturized recreation of the original Fortress is on display, made by César Puliafito, as well as a collection of ancient maps, documents and pieces alongside one of the most important -and rather unknown- libraries of history in the region: this one and that of the Salesians, at Inspectoría San Francisco Javier (Head of the Salesians of Don Bosco for the whole Patagonia) have fantastic collections with many priceless documents related to the conquest and "civilization" of Patagonia, almost completely carried out by the Army and the Salesians. The Army Museum of History of Bahía Blanca is open to the public with guided tours being available on appointment. All museums in the city have free admission.

 التسوق

شارع ألسينا، مخصص للمشاة حالياً.

 الترفيه والسياحة

ضاحية في باهيا بلانكا.

 الرياضة

مانو گينوبيلي مع الرئيس السابق كيرشنر.

خريطة الممشى المجاور، أوتودرومو ألديا رومانا دى باهيا بلانكا.

 الأديان

المقالة الرئيسية: الدين في الأرجنتين and أبرشية باهيا بلانكا

The vast majority of the inhabitants of the city are Roman Catholics although there are Protestant churches and a synagogue. There are also Muslims in the city, but no mosque. The city is religiously tolerant, a common nationwide characteristic guaranteed by the Argentine Constitution. The city is the seat of the Archdiocese of Bahía Blanca. Its mother church is a neoclassical cathedral (the Our Lady of Mercy Cathedral). The Archbishop since 2003 is Guillermo José Garlatti. The Archbishop presides the local branch of the relief and social assistance organization Caritas, which supports itself through the help of Catholic and non-Catholic individuals as well as non-governmental organizations.

 القنصليات

The city is the seat of several foreign consulates including the Spanish, Italian and Chilean. There are also Honorary Consulates of France, Denmark, Norway and the Netherlands.

 انظر أيضاً

• قائمة المدن والبلدات الشقيقة في الأرجنتين
• إيسلا برميخو

 كتب

• Fittkau, E.; Illies, J.; Klinge, H.; Schwabe, G. (1969). Biogeography and Ecology in South America. Springer.

 وصلات خارجية

• (بالإسپانية) إدارة المدينة