46 ق.م.
| 46 ق.م. حسب الموضوع |
| السياسة |
|---|
| التصنيفات |
خطأ لوا: Invalid number -45. السنة 46 ق.م. . (الرابط يعرض روزنامة كاملة) من التقويم اليوليوسي. وكان يسبقها سنة 47 ق.م. وتلتها سنة 45 ق.م..
This year marks the change from the pre-Julian Roman calendar to the Julian calendar. The Romans had to periodically add a leap month every few years to keep the calendar year in sync with the solar year but had missed a few with the chaos of the civil wars of the late republic. Julius Caesar added Mercedonius (23 days) and two other intercalary months (33 and 34 days respectively) to the 355-day lunar year, to recalibrate the calendar in preparation for his calendar reform, which went into effect in 45 BC.[1][2][3] The resulting calendar year, the longest calendar year in recorded history, lasted 445 days — nearly 80 days longer than the sidereal year (the orbit of Earth around the Sun) — and was nicknamed the annus confusionis ("Year of Confusion").[4]
الأحداث
حسب المكان
مصر
الإمبراطورية الرومانية
.JPG&filetimestamp=20251220172557&) The Triumph of Caesar, IX - Julius Caesar on his triumphal chariot؛ أندريا مانتنيا (1484-92). |
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- Julius Caesar establishes Julia Paterna Arelate as a colony in Gaul for veterans of the Sixth Legion، في الموقع الحالي لمدينة آرل.[5]
- حرب قيصر الأهلية:
- 4 يناير – Titus Labienus يقاتل يوليوس قيصر في معركة روزپينا.
- أبريل - Caesar defeats Pompey loyalists at ثاپسوس.[6]
- 6 أبريل – Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio and Juba I of Numidia at ثاپسوس. After the battle Caesar grants Legio V Alaudae the right to bear the elephant symbol on its shields and standards, for bravery against a charge of elephants.
- 20 أبريل – Cicero, in Rome, writes to Varro "If our voices are no longer heard in the Senate and in the Forum, let us follow the example of the ancient sages and serve our country through our writings, concentrating on questions of ethics and constitutional law."
- عشيقة قيصر السابقة، الملكة كليوپاترا السابعة من مصر، وابنها فيصريون بجانبها، يتخذان مسكناً في أحد ضيع الديكتاتور على التيبر.
- September 26 – Julius Caesar dedicates a temple to his mythical ancestor Venus Genetrix in fulfillment of a vow he made at the battle of Pharsalus.
- November – Caesar leaves for Hispania to deal with a fresh outbreak of resistance.
- Caesar reforms the Roman calendar to create the Julian calendar. The transitional year is extended to 445 days to synchronize the new calendar and the seasonal cycle. The Julian Calendar would remain the standard in the western world for over 1600 years, until superseded by the Gregorian Calendar in 1582.
- Caesar appoints his nephew Octavian his heir.
- Caesar subdues a mutiny of his Tenth Legion.
- Caesar celebrates his Gallic Triumph, after which Vercingetorix is executed. The celebrations run for forty days in Rome, and include public banquets, plays and gladiatorial games.
الصين: الهان والشيونگنو
- The Han authorities rebuilt the Gaochang settlement .
- The Kangju king invites Zhizhi to join him in the war against the Wusun . Zhizhi migrates to Kangju , but loses many men due to the difficult journey, frost, and snowstorms.
حسب الموضوع
الدين
المواليد
- Antipater, son of Herod the Great (d. 4 BC)
- Lucius Seius Strabo, Roman prefect of the Praetorian Guard (d. 16 AD)
- Publius Quinctilius Varus, Roman politician and general (d. 9 AD)
الوفيات
- April 12 - Marcus Porcius Cato (the Younger), Roman politician (b. 95 BC) (commits suicide)
- Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Roman politician and quaestor
- Juba I, king of Numidia (killed after the Battle of Thapsus)
- Saburra, General of Juba I (killed in battle by Publius Sittius)
- Lucius Afranius, Roman consul and governor (b. 112 BC)
- Lucius Manlius Torquatus, Roman politician and general
- Marcus Petreius, Roman politician and general (b. 110 BC) (commits suicide)
- Quintus Caecilius Metellus Scipio, Roman consul and general (commits suicide)
- Vercingetorix, Gaulish king and chieftain of the Arverni tribe (executed at the end of a triumph)
المصادر
- ^ Tranquillus, C. Suetonius (1893) [121]. "Caius Julius Casar". The Lives of the Twelve Caesars. Translated by Thomson, Alexander.
- ^ "The Longest Year in History". The Engines of Our Ingenuity. No. 2364.
- ^ Manoukian, Marina (August 26, 2020). "Why 46 BC Was The Longest Year Ever". Grunge.com.
- ^ Pogge, Richard. "Lecture 11: The Calendar". Astronomy 161: An Introduction to Solar System Astronomy. Ohio State University.
- ^ Stambaugh, John E. (1988). The Ancient Roman City. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 275. ISBN 0-8018-3574-7.
- ^ LeGlay, Marcel; Voisin, Jean-Louis; Le Bohec, Yann (2001). A History of Rome (Second ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. p. 129. ISBN 0-631-21858-0.
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