1251
| القرون: | قرن 12 · قرن 13 · قرن 14 |
| العقود: | ع1220 ع1230 ع1240 ع1250 ع1260 ع1270 ع1280 |
| السنوات: | 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 |
| ألفية: | الألفية 2 |
|---|---|
| قرون: | القرن 12 – القرن 13 – القرن 14 |
| عقود: | عقد 1220 عقد 1230 عقد 1240 – عقد 1250 – عقد 1260 عقد 1270 عقد 1280 |
| سنين: | 1248 1249 1250 – 1251 – 1252 1253 1254 |
| 1251 حسب الموضوع | |
| السياسة | |
| زعماء الدول – الدول ذات السيادة | |
| تصنيفا المواليد والوفيات | |
| المواليد – الوفيات | |
| تصنيفا التأسيسات والانحلالات | |
| التأسيسات – الانحلالات | |
| الفن والأدب | |
| 1251 في الشعر | |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 1251 MCCLI |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 2004 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 700 ԹՎ Չ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 6001 |
| التقويم البهائي | −593 – −592 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 658 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 2201 |
| سنة العهد الإنگليزي | 35 Hen. 3 – 36 Hen. 3 |
| التقويم البوذي | 1795 |
| التقويم البورمي | 613 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 6759–6760 |
| التقويم الصيني | 庚戌年 (المعدن الكلب) 3947 أو 3887 — إلى — 辛亥年 (المعدن الخنزير) 3948 أو 3888 |
| التقويم القبطي | 967–968 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 2417 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 1243–1244 |
| التقويم العبري | 5011–5012 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1307–1308 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 1173–1174 |
| - كالي يوگا | 4352–4353 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 11251 |
| تقويم الإگبو | 251–252 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 629–630 |
| التقويم الهجري | 648–649 |
| التقويم الياباني | Kenchō 3 (建長３年) |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | 1251 MCCLI |
| التقويم الكوري | 3584 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 661 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前661年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 1794 |
Year 1251 (MCCLI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
أحداث
حسب المكان
Europe
- April – The first Shepherds' Crusade، a domestic French uprising in response to events in Egypt during the Seventh Crusade، occurs.[1][2]
- December 26 – King Alexander III of Scotland marries Margaret، daughter of King Henry III of England، precipitating a power struggle between the two monarchs.[3][4]
- Andrew de Longjumeau، dispatched two years earlier by King Louis IX of France as an ambassador to the Mongols, meets the king in Palestine, with reports from the Mongols and Tartary; his mission is considered a failure.[5][6]
- Mindaugas of Lithuania is baptized, in prelude to his crowning as King of Lithuania in 1253.[7][8]
- Alexander Nevsky signs the first peace treaty between Kievan Rus' and Norway.[9][10][11]
- King Conrad IV of Germany invades Italy، but fails to subdue the supporters of Pope Innocent IV.[12][13]
- The German city of Berlin، founded some 50 years earlier, receives its city charter.[citation needed]
- Ottokar II of Bohemia، later to become King of Bohemia، is elected Duke of Austria.[14][15]
- The earliest known manuscript of The Proverbs of Alfred, a collection of sayings of England's Alfred the Great، is written.[16]
Asia
- Möngke Khan is elected as the fourth great Khan of the Mongol Empire.[17][18]
- The carving of the Tripitaka Koreana, a collection of Buddhist scriptures recorded on some 81,000 wooden blocks, is completed.[19][20][21]
مواليد
- September 2 – Francis of Fabriano، Italian writer (ت. 1322)[22]
- Adelaide, Countess of Auxerre، French countess (ت. 1290)[citation needed]
- Hōjō Tokimune، 8th regent of the Kamakura shogunate (ت. 1284)[23][24]
وفيات
- يناير – Bohemund V of Antioch[25][26]
- January 25 – Princess Rishi of Japan (و. 1197)[citation needed]
- February 9 – Matthias II, Duke of Lorraine[27]
- March 6 – Rose of Viterbo، Italian saint (و. 1235)[28][29]
- March 31 – William of Modena، Bishop of Modena[30][31]
- June 6 – William III of Dampierre، Count of Flanders[32][33]
- September 7 – Viola, Duchess of Opole[citation needed]
- مجهولة التاريخ
- Eljigidei، Mongol commander of Persia[34][35]
- Isobel of Huntingdon (و. 1199)[36]
- Oghul Qaimish، the 3rd regent of the Mongol Empire، after her husband died[37][38]
المراجع
- ^ Dickson, Gary (2015). Murray, Alan V. (ed.). The Crusades to the Holy Land: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide (in الإنجليزية). Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. pp. 217–218. ISBN 9781610697804.
- ^ Buc, Philippe (2015). Holy War, Martyrdom, and Terror: Christianity, Violence, and the West (in الإنجليزية). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 172. ISBN 9780812290974.
- ^ Weiler, Björn K. U. (2006). Henry III of England and the Staufen Empire, 1216-1272 (in الإنجليزية). Woodbridge, UK and Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer. p. 142. ISBN 9780861932801.
- ^ Toplis, William (1814). A Genealogical History of the English Sovereigns, from William I. to George III. inclusive, accompanied with A brief Statement of the principal Events in each Reign; Biographical notices of all the noble families connected with the royal houses; and illustrated by genealogical tables (in الإنجليزية). London: Thomas Underwood. p. 16.
- ^ Aigle, Denise (2014). The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality: Studies in Anthropological History (in الإنجليزية). Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 47. ISBN 9789004280649.
- ^ Marshall, Robert (1993). Storm from the East: From Ghengis Khan to Khubilai Khan (in الإنجليزية). Berkeley, CA and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. pp. 161–162. ISBN 9780520083004.
- ^ Janonienė, Rūta; Račiūnaitė, Tojana; Iršėnas, Marius; Butrimas, Adomas (2015). The Lithuanian Millenium: History, Art and Culture (in الإنجليزية). Vilnius, Lithuania: Vilnius Academy of Arts Press. p. 48. ISBN 9786094470974.
- ^ International Business Publications (2013). Lithuania Constitution and Citizenship Laws Handbook: Strategic Information and Basic Laws (in الإنجليزية). Washington, DC: International Business Publications. p. 47. ISBN 9781438779348.
{{cite book}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ Nansen, Fridtjof (2014) [1911]. In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early Times (in الإنجليزية). Vol. Volume 2. Translated by Arthur G. Chater. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 141. ISBN 9781108071697.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ Khodakovsky, Evgeny; Lexau, Siri Skjold (2017). Architectural Conservation and Restoration in Norway and Russia (in الإنجليزية). New York and London: Routledge. ISBN 9781351995658.
- ^ Pavloskaya, Anna (2011). CultureShock! Russia: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette (in الإنجليزية). Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish International Asia. p. 86. ISBN 9789814435574.
- ^ Sodders, Daniel R. (2004). Kleinhenz, Christopher (ed.). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia (in الإنجليزية). New York and London: Routledge. p. 247. ISBN 9781135948801.
- ^ Middleton, John (2015). World Monarchies and Dynasties (in الإنجليزية). New York and London: Routledge. p. 403. ISBN 9781317451587.
- ^ Teich, Mikulas (1998). Bohemia in History (in الإنجليزية). Cambridge, New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 51. ISBN 9780521431552.
- ^ Mahoney, William (2011). The History of the Czech Republic and Slovakia (in الإنجليزية). Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 46. ISBN 9780313363061.
- ^ Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2010). Encyclopedia of the Literature of Empire. Facts on File Library of World Literature (in الإنجليزية). New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9781438119069.
- ^ De Nicola, Bruno (2016). "The Economic Role of Mongol Women: Continuity and Transformation from Mongolia to Iran". In De Nicola, Bruno; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Mongols' Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran (in الإنجليزية). Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 89. ISBN 9789004314726.
- ^ Overy, R. J. (2014). A History of War in 100 Battles (in الإنجليزية). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 144. ISBN 9780199390717.
- ^ Kang, Chae-ŏn; Kang, Jae-eun (2006). The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism (in الإنجليزية). Paramus, NJ: Homa & Sekey Books. p. 139. ISBN 9781931907378.
- ^ Jong-myung, Kim (2013). "The Tripitạka Koreana: Its Computerization and Significance for the Cultural Sciences in a Modern Globalized World". In Lewis, James B.; Sesay, Amadu (eds.). Korea and Globalization: Politics, Economics and Culture (in الإنجليزية). New York and London: Routledge. p. 157. ISBN 9781136859786.
- ^ Park, Sang-jin (2013) [2007]. "Preface: A Microscopic Look at the Secrets of the Tripitaka Koreana". Under the Microscope: The Secrets of the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks (in الإنجليزية). Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. xi. ISBN 9781443867320.
- ^ Calloway, Donald H. (2016). Champions of the Rosary: The History and Heroes of a Spiritual Weapon (in الإنجليزية). Stockbridge, MA: Marian Press. ISBN 9781596143937.
- ^ Perez, Louis G. (2013). Japan at War: An Encyclopedia (in الإنجليزية). Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 129. ISBN 9781598847413.
- ^ Morrell, Sachiko Kaneko; Morrell, Robert E. (2012). Zen Sanctuary of Purple Robes: Japan's Tokeiji Convent Since 1285 (in الإنجليزية). 2006: State University of New York Press. pp. xi. ISBN 9780791481448.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Porteous, John (1989). "Crusader Coinage with Greek and Latin Inscriptions". In Setton, Kenneth Meyer; Hazard, Harry W.; Zacour, Norman P. (eds.). A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe (in الإنجليزية). Vol. Volume VI: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 404. ISBN 9780299107444.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ Wise, Leonard F.; Hansen, Mark Hillary; Egan, E. W. (2005) [1967]. Kings, Rulers, and Statesmen (in الإنجليزية). New York: Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 19. ISBN 9781402725920.
- ^ Wispelwey, Berend (2008). Biographical Index of the Middle Ages (in الإنجليزية). Munich, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. p. 762. ISBN 9783110914160.
- ^ Pryds, Darleen (2012). "Franciscan Lay Women and the Charism to Preach". In Johnson, Timothy (ed.). Franciscans and Preaching: Every Miracle from the Beginning of the World Came about Through Words (in الإنجليزية). Leiden, Boston: BRILL. pp. 45–46. ISBN 9789004231290.
- ^ Vauchez, Andri (2005) [1988]. Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages (in الإنجليزية). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 376. ISBN 9780521619813.
- ^ Fischer, Dr Mary (2013). The Chronicle of Prussia by Nicolaus von Jeroschin: A History of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia, 1190–1331. Crusade Texts in Translation (in الإنجليزية). Vol. 20. Surrey, UK and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 91. ISBN 9781409481942.
- ^ Brundage, James A. (2016). "Introduction: Henry of Livonia, The Writer and his Chronicle". In Tamm, Marek; Kaljundi, Linda; Jensen, Carsten Selch (eds.). Crusading and Chronicle Writing on the Medieval Baltic Frontier: A Companion to the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia (in الإنجليزية). New York and London: Routledge. p. 7. ISBN 9781317156796.
- ^ Nicholas, Karen (1993). "Women as Rulers: countesses Jeanne and Marguerite of Flanders". In Vann, Theresa M. (ed.). Queens, Regents and Potentates (in الإنجليزية). Cambridge and Dallas, TX: Boydell & Brewer. p. 85. ISBN 9780851156491.
- ^ Nicholas, David M. (2014). Medieval Flanders (in الإنجليزية). Nee York and London: Routledge. p. 157. ISBN 9781317901556.
- ^ Korobeinikov, Dimitri (2014). Byzantium and the Turks in the Thirteenth Century (in الإنجليزية). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 183. ISBN 9780191017940.
- ^ Baumer, Christoph (2016). The History of Central Asia: The Age of Islam and the Mongols (in الإنجليزية). London and New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 205. ISBN 9781838609405.
- ^ Colcock, Charles Jones (1959). Family of Hay (in الإنجليزية). Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing. p. 186. ISBN 9781455604050.
- ^ Hamil, Donna (2016). May, Timothy (ed.). The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia (in الإنجليزية). Vol. Volume I. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. pp. 169–170. ISBN 9781610693400.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ Nicola, Bruno De (2017). Women in Mongol Iran: The Khatuns, 1206-1335 (in الإنجليزية). Edinburgh and Stockport: Edinburgh University Press. p. 76. ISBN 9781474415484.